Syrian Studies Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

The forced transfer of children from one group to another is considered an element of the crime of genocide, yet this subject has attracted little scholarly attention. Using the history of the mass transfer of Armenian children during the Armenian Genocide of 1915-1922 as a case, this article argues that the study of child transfer and recovery is critical to both the history of human rights and a more sophisticated understanding of genocide, including the forms of genocide accompanying the colonial encounter. The experience of transferred children and their recovery or loss can help better clarify the historical relationship between the concepts of the rights of the child and individual human and minority rights as these have evolved before and immediately after World War II. Moreover, this article also contends that it is important to characterize child transfer as genocide, as opposed to colonial assimilation or acculturation as a feature of modernization, when explaining the broader social impact of mass violence, forced migration, and cultural destruction on victim/survivor and perpetrator communities.

INTRODUCTION Despite a speculated assault by the Assad regime on opposition controlled the Idlib region, Turkey and Russia have reached an agreement that averted the attack. The Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on the Stabilization of the Situation in Idlib’s De-escalation Zone was signed by Russian Minister of Defense Sergei Shoigu and his Turkish counterpart Minister of National Defense Hulusi Akar following the Sochi summit held, in the Russian coastal city of Sochi, on September 17, 2018. In addition to its success in averting a humanitarian catastrophe, the Sochi accord will have several implications on the ground, and will further influence the future of the Idlib region and Syria in general. Yet, this accord would face several challenges in both short and long terms.

- by Bilal Salaymeh
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- Syrian Studies, Syria, Syrian Conflict, Syrian Civil War
- by Nikolaos Van Dam
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- Syrian Studies, Syrian History, Syria, Syrian Conflict

The political and diplomatic relations between Turkey and Syria have often been characterized by tensions and conflicts. Among the critical moments that have constantly occurred between these two Middle Eastern countries there is a particular common thread that is rarely subjected to critical analysis: water conflicts. In these respects, Ankara and Damascus have given rise to decades of strenuous disputes in order to obtain a geopolitical advantage in terms of hydro-hegemony. The battlefield was the Euphrates River, one of the most iconic waterways in western Asia. Dangerous tensions between Turks and Syrians occurred until 1998, when the Adana Protocol was signed. Since then, the two so-called ‘riparian’ states have inaugurated a new phase in their foreign relations, particularly concerning the common management of transboundary waters. To cement this new era of peace and stability, both governments have launched a joint project renamed ‘Friendship Dam’, a water infrastructure on the Orontes River, located on the border between Turkey and Syria. However, the crisis erupted in 2011 and the umpteenth military operation carried out by the Turkish army on Syrian soil in October 2019 have significantly thwarted the political coordination process aimed at building this mutually beneficial project.

The Syrian civil war has seen the weaponization of its land and property rights system by the primary combatant groups in the country. The government is the most robust in its use of the tenure system to locate, target, destroy, confiscate, cleanse, and gain revenue by way of the institutions and attributes comprising the system. Based on fieldwork with Syrian refugees in Lebanon, Jordan, and Turkey, this article describes seven ways the Syrian government is currently using the land and property rights system in its military-on-civilian engagements. While the objective of such use is presumably to permanently prevail over opposition civilian constituencies, the article describes how this actually creates evidence usable for effective restitution of lands and properties subsequent to the war. Introduction The ongoing civil war in Syria has emerged as a laboratory of new weapons used by the various sides in the conflict. While a number of these are purely kinetic-involving both crude and innovative forms of firepower, executions, troop movements and strategies-others take advantage of society based structures and institutions which facilitate targeting specific constituencies within the civilian population and then become attached to kinetic objectives. Statutory land and property rights systems are particularly vulnerable to being used in this way, with significant effect and lasting repercussions. While the Syrian government is not the first to use aspects of land and property rights systems in the pursuit of military objectives, it is the most current, egregious and sophisticated. This paper describes how the statutory land and property rights system has become an important weapon in the Syrian conflict with a number of uses, but with the ultimate counterinsur-gency strategic objective of spatially and permanently prevailing over the insurgency and its civilian constituencies. Permanently ridding certain landscapes of opposition supporters and replacing these with pro-regime inhabitants is just as important to the overall objective of 'prevailing' as is military victory over insurgent combatants for the Syrian government.

- by Jon D Unruh
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- Middle East Studies, Property Rights, War Studies, Transition Economics

As the crisis in Syria keeps escalating and the violent crackdown of the Bashar al-Assad regime results in more civilian deaths, the growing instability and civil opposition is significantly challenging the die-hard regime and raises questions regarding how much longer it can keep up with the deteriorating domestic situation and the increasing international pressure. More importantly, the troubling question that emerges is what might happen when the regime is finally overthrown?

- by Zenonas Tziarras
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- Middle East Studies, Iranian Studies, Israel/Palestine, Lebanon

This papers aims at investigating the relationship between traditional and social media during the first six months of the Syrian uprising. Thanks to direct testimony made available to the author by various cyber activists inside and outside Syria and through constant monitoring of the official propaganda and the coverage of the Syrian events by the two main pan-Arab satellite TVs, this article intends to investigate how both the regime and the activists attempt to represent the " real events on the ground ". In a country where the foreign and pan-Arab press have been mostly expelled since the beginning of the protests and the consequent repression, these two opposite poles heavily fight on the media level. On the one hand, the propaganda dominates traditional media and has sought to show familiarity with new methods, while maintaining the same content and rhetorical tone. On the other hand, the activists, masters of the new media, attempted to overcome the limitations of their tools, aiming at more traditional forms of communication. In both cases, the Internet has emerged as the main weapon of this media confrontation.

- by Lorenzo Trombetta (Ph.D.)
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- Media Studies, Journalism, Syrian Studies, Social Media

It presents a brief history of the role of religion in the history of Syria and the Middle East from early Roman times to the rise of ISIS, with particular relevance to understanding the genesis of the regional civil war sparked in 2011 as a result of the Arab Spring uprisings. It contains portraits of Syria's religious and sectarian communities, describes their origins and development over time, and identifies sources of intractable conflict among some groups. Its source material varies from primary source documents to books, magazines, Web sites, and ruminations on personal experience that that mix memoir with historical perspective. It fills a gap in recent years with respect to scholarship on the relationship among Middle Eastern Sunni Muslims, Shiites, Christians, and sects perceived as heretical or nontraditional such as Alawite, Bahai, Druze, Mandaean, and Yezidi. It engages with recent scholarship on religious studies, economic history, the study of democratization, Syrian history, and history of the Baath Arab Socialist Party in Iraq and Syria.

- by Mark Tomass
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- Middle East Studies, Civil War, Syrian Studies, Sectarianism
- by Rahman DAG
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- Russian Studies, Regional competitiveness, Geopolitics, Syrian Studies

Mit den Golanhöhen eroberte Israel 1967 auch fünf drusische Dörfer. Die meisten der Golan-Drusen haben die israelische Staatsbürgerschaft trotz erheblichem Druck nicht angenommen. Sie leben seit 50 Jahren in einem Provisorium, halten Kontakt nach Syrien und protestieren gegen die Besatzung. Der Bürgerkrieg im Nachbarland ändert ihre Situation nun aber grundlegend.

- by Tobias Lang
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- Israel Studies, Syrian Studies, Syria, Israel

I am almost confident that most of you would not open the door to a Syrian refugee if you have the slightest doubt that this person could harm you in any way. I am also confident that this doubt and fear could be explained and dissolved and that inclusion could triumph.
In this paper, I posit that the similarity-attraction hypothesis, the integrated threat theory(ITT), the contact hypothesis, the common in-group identity model, and the mutual identity differentiation model could clarify some of the factors that are at stake when it comes to the inclusion and the integration of the Syrian refugees in host societies.

- by Yaron Harel
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- Jewish Studies, Ottoman History, Jewish History, Syrian Studies

By getting involved in the Arab Spring, Qatar was determined to continue waging its foreign policy aimed at strengthening the positions of the country combined with the intention to create corresponding markets outside the country for Qatari gas. The
Russia-Iran-US agreement on the destruction of Syrias chemical weapons, along with the newly-emerging Iran-US approchement, urged Qatar to re-think its Syrian agenda, especially in light of the diplomatic blockade by the Gulf states. It is concluded in the article that after the Syrian crisis, Qatar will continue seeking gas markets in order to ensure its national
interests.

- by Edgar Elbakyan
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- Syrian Studies, Qatar, Arab Spring (Arab Revolts), History Of Qatar
- by Tufan Buzpinar
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- Syrian Studies, Egypt, Abdulhamid II, British Occupation of Egypt

In Turkey, it is obvious that there has been a huge academic gap in Syrian studies and scholars dealing with Syrian politics and foreign policy generally do not go over the pre-Baath period. The main objective of this book is to analyze a... more

- by Nuri Salik
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- Syrian Studies, Syrian History, Syria, Suriye

This report narrates the conditions and experiences of the women that are detained in the Syrian prisons unlawfully.

- by Humanitarian and Social Research Center (INSAMER) and +2
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- Human Rights, Syrian Studies, Woman Studies

Voici la première étude sur la guerre civile syrienne faite à partir d’entretiens réalisés en Syrie même et dans les pays voisins. 2011 : des centaines de milliers de Syriens de toutes confessions et origines ethniques manifestent pacifiquement pour réclamer la démocratisation du régime. La violence de la répression les contraint à prendre les armes, à organiser une contre-société et à regrouper des unités militaires improvisées au sein de l’Armée syrienne libre.
Après 2013, cette logique inclusive et unanimiste cède progres- sivement devant la montée des groupes transnationaux comme le PKK et l’État islamique, marginalisant les groupes les plus modérés.
Comment se structure l’économie de guerre? Quels sont les effets de la guerre sur la société syrienne? Quelles nouvelles hiérarchies communautaires et sociales résultent de la violence généralisée? Comment les trajectoires sociales des Syriens sont-elles affectées?
Un livre unique qui combine une recherche de terrain – rare sur le conflit syrien – et une réflexion théorique novatrice sur les situations de guerre civile.

- by Adam Baczko
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- Political Science, Revolutions, Syrian Studies, Insurgency/Counterinsurgency(COIN)

The documentary depicts the journey of a teenage girl and her mother who move to California in 2012 because of the Syrian civil war. Together they learn to live in a different culture and face challenges to their traditions - all while... more

- by Edith Szanto
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- American Studies, Gender Studies, Middle East Studies, Religion in America
- by Tobias Lang
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- Middle East Studies, Syrian Studies, Syria, Druze

Syria’s main cities, beginning with Damascus and Aleppo, are padded with neighborhoods whose housing, design, and sewage facilities, are the product of the residents themselves. Known in the common official dictum as “the zones of illicit... more

- by Zouhair Ghazzal
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- Syrian Studies, Urbanism, Cities (Sociology), Slums, Favelas, and Shanty-towns
- by Scholar Pakistan
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- Israel Studies, Iranian Studies, Israel/Palestine, Syrian Studies

I. PROSPECTS FOR PEACE OR WAR II. MAJOR TRENDS IN FORCE STRENGTH III. COMPARATIVE LAND FORCE STRENGTH: ACTIVE VERSUS MOBILIZED STRENGTH IV. COMPARATIVE AIR STRENGTH: QUALITY OVER QUANTITY V. COMPARATIVE NAVAL STRENGTH: PERIPHERAL MISSIONS VI. TOTAL RESOURCES: RECAPITALIZATION, FORCE MODERNIZATION, AND IMPACT ON EFFECTIVENESS VII. THE MILITARY FORCES OF ISRAEL VIII. THE MILITARY FORCES OF SYRIA IX. WAR ON THE GOLAN HEIGHTS X. CONTINUING EXTERNAL ASYMMETRIC WARS SOURCES AND METHODS OTHER BOOKS BY ANTHONY H. CORDESMAN

- by Aram Nerguizian
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- Israel Studies, Syrian Studies, Middle Eastern Studies, Syrian History

for adult, adolescent, and child

- by Daniel M Keeran MSW
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- Psychology, Health Sciences, Communication, Humanities

JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and... more

- by stephanie papa
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- Non Fiction Writing, Journalism, Violence, Human Rights
- by Yaron Harel
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- Jewish Studies, Ottoman History, Jewish History, Syrian Studies

Choosing and structuring a word, making a statement, and comprehending the formulated statement require complexprinciples andprocesses. Within this context, complicated procedures and processes might be faced in the second language learning as well. Learning a second language means grasping the syntacticprinciples of a language and transforming these principles into language skills. In our very specific study, ten Syrian primary school students comingfrom diverse psychological and sociological backgrounds, and being at varying ages were investigated. The participants were asked to narrate the pictured book Frog, Where Are You? by Mercer Mayer in Turkish language and the narrations were audio-taped by the researchers. Based on a descriptive research design, the data were collected and analysed qualitatively. As a result of this study which investigated the morphosyntactic developmental features of Syrian primary school students, diverse and common morpho-syntactic features were detec...

- by Lütfi ÜREDİ
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- Psychology, Syntax, Syrian Studies, Turkish and Middle East Studies
- by Yassamine Mather
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- Iranian Studies, Syrian Studies, Middle East Politics, Middle East
- by Anne-Marie McManus
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- Arabic Literature, Syrian Studies

NAWA city in Syria
Historical and social background for peacebuilding and recovery

- by samir AITA
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- Syrian Studies, Syria War, Syrian Refugee Crisis, Syrian Civil War

Interview on Syria with Nikolaos van Dam on the regime of Bashar al-Assad, by Tigrane Yégavian

- by Nikolaos Van Dam and +1
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- Syrian Studies, Syrian History, Syria, Syrian Conflict

Te total number of registered Syrians in Turkey reached 2.5 million by the end of 2015. After fve years during which Turkey claims to have been maintaining an ‘open-door’ policy for those seeking protection, the Syrians inTurkey are still given only ‘temporary protec- tion’ status, which limits their access to the labor force, education, healthcare, and other support systems. With a majority of those who are registered being under 18 years old, not knowing Turkish and having minimal access to a basic education, the problems of integration into and acceptance by the host-country society will only grow in time. Te Syrians, when they can fnd employment on the black market, are paid less than half the minimum wage, work without security or job safety, or even any guarantee of payment. As the Syrian border area is being militarized and repressed parallel to developments in Turkish politics, and the situation in Syria is not improving but dislocating more people each day, more and more Syrians are joining the transit migrants in making life-threatening journeys to reach Europe, paying whatever savings they have left to human smugglers. Whether or not they will one day return to their left-behind ‘paradise’ or reach their ‘imagined paradise’ – Europe – they seem to be stuck in ‘purgatory’ in Turkey without any prospect of making the place a ‘home’.
Keywords: Refugees, Syrians, Turkey, integration, ‘temporary protection centers’

- by Jade Cemre Erciyes
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- Migration, Syrian Studies, Turkey, Migration Studies

در این مقاله نگارنده در صدد است تا با نگاهی اجمالی به بررسی تحولات اجتماعی و سیاسی در سوریه در طول تاریخ پر تلاطم این کشور بپردازد، و روشن سازد که چه عواملی منجر به شکل‌گیری شکاف‌های سیاسی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی در این کشور شده است. نگارنده با بررسی تاریخ سوریه علل‌الخصوص در دوران امپراطوری عثمانی و بعد از جنگ جهانی دوم در تلاش بوده تا به علل ایجاد این شکاف‌ها در بستر تاریخی آن بپردازد. همچنین در راستای شناخته بهتر گروه‌های معارض درگیر در بحران سوریه، نگارنده با دیدی تحلیلی-- توصیفی دیدگاه‌های اصلی معارضان را در چارچوب سه طیف فکری" سکولاریسم، اسلام‌گرای میانه و اسلام‌گرای تندرو" مورد بررسی قرار می‌دهد. در ادامه سابقه گروه‌های معارض در تاریخ سوریه به صورت اجمالی و بخصوص بعد از به قدرت رسیدن حافظ اسد در سال 1970 بررسی شده است. در نهایت آینده گروه‌های معارض در سوریه و نقشی که آنها در آینده سوریه می‌توانند داشته باشند مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است و اینکه در صورت به قدرت رسیدن گروه‌های تندرو اسلامی در سوریه چه سرنوشتی در انتظار اقلیت‌ها علل‌الخصوص علویان خواهد بود.

- by Fateh Moradi Niaz
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- Syrian Studies

Tras el surgimiento de la Primavera Árabe, muchos países de medio oriente llevaron a cabo revoluciones que buscaban instaurar nuevos gobiernos que suplantarían autoritarismos y dinastías gobernantes. En Siria, lo que comenzó como protestas populares en contra del gobierno autoritario de Bashar AlAssad terminó convirtiéndose en una Guerra Civil. La magnitud del conflicto ha sido tal que incluso potencias mundiales han intervenido en asistencia a bandos opuestos, Estados Unidos apoyando a los rebeldes sirios, mientras que Rusia en favor del gobierno de Bashar Al Assad.

- by Josefina Caro and +1
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- Middle East Studies, Syrian Studies, Refugees, Refugiados

Kitap Türkiye'deki Suriyeli mültecilerin yeni hayatlarını gözler önüne seriyor.

- by Serdar Korucu
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- Syrian Studies, Syrian History, Syrian Conflict, Syrian Refugee Crisis

Civil War in Syria created a large scale humanitarian crisis causing a mass human migration up to seven million in total. The largest neighboring country-Turkey has the greatest number of Syrian refugees exceeding 2.7 million. In the expectation of a quick resolution for the conflict and sending the immigrants back, the host country has taken only palliative temporary actions. This study investigates the options that Turkey has for the immigration problem. Elaborating on integration techniques for immigrants, the paper suggests possible policies for implementation of social integration in the future decades. Based on strategic management principles, the author presents advantages and disadvantages of integration, maintenance of status quo, and prevention of immigration.

تبحث الورقة سبل تحويل مبادئ الثورة إلى قضية في أذهان السوريين وذلك انطلاقا من دراسة التجربة الفلسطينية التي تمكنت من غرس قضيتها في الأجيال اللاحقة ومعرفة ادواتها وسياساتها المستخدمة، ثم تحديد العوائق أمام تحويل الحالة السورية إلى قضية... more

- by Syrian Dialogue Center
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- Syrian Studies, Palestinian Studies, Syrian Revolution, Syrian Conflict

Music is a powerful force represented in many different countries as a cultural treasure with many colorful threads of various textures. Occasionally, a common thread of a similar color and texture is found and a meaningful and enriching exchange or comparison can be made. In an ethnomusicological study of Moroccan Gnawa music and Syrian Arabic-Jazz Fusion, a golden thread appeared in the form of trance and diasporic identity. In these cultures, music often bears the burden of a ‘great sorrow’ and translates itself into trance or ‘ecstasy’ through a multi sensory and interaesthetic experience involving gestural, musical, olfactory, and linguistic systems. To achieve this effect of tarab in Syrian-Egyptian music or hal in ritual Gnawa practice, the musical pacing is rooted in traditional text or the pacing of ancient poetry with drones to heighten tonal awareness and sparing modulations to create a strong sense of home. It is this home that provides the roots for a diasporic identity.

- by Andrea Vos-Rochefort
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- Diasporas, African Diaspora Studies, Syrian Studies, Diaspora Studies

نيقولاوس فان دام، تدمير وطن - الحرب الاهلية في سوريا، دار جنى تامر، نيسان/ابريل ٢٠١٨، بيروت

- by Nikolaos Van Dam
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- Syrian Studies, Syria, Syrian Conflict, Syrian Civil War
- by Ghada Alatrash
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- Literature, Poetry, Syrian Studies, Syria

"The Contemporary Art Scene in Syria. Social Critique and an Artistic Movement" focuses on the expanding contemporary art scene in Syria, particularly Damascus, during the first decade of the twenty-first century and considers it within the history of committed and engaged art in the country. The 2000s were characterized by a high degree of experimentation as young artists began to work with artistic media that were new in Syria, such as video, installation and performance art. They were rethinking the role of artists in society and looking for ways to reach audiences in a more direct manner and address socio-cultural and socio-political issues.

- by Charlotte Bank
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- Art History, Contemporary Art, Syrian Studies, Modernism (Art History)