Urban Poverty Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

En zengin 62 kişinin, dünyanın
%50’sine tekabül eden 3,6 milyar
insan ile eşit mal varlığına sahip olduğu
bir dünyada yaşıyoruz. En zengin
20 ülkenin geliri, en fakir 20 ülke
gelirinin tam 46 katı daha fazla. Küresel
adaletsizliğin bu kadar rahatsız
edici boyutlarda olması ve servetin
bu kadar adaletsiz paylaşımı, yoksulluk
gibi ciddi sosyal problemlerin
ortaya çıkmasına neden olmaktadır.
Bu durumun daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi
adına bu çalışmada, eşitsizliğin
hangi sebeplerden kaynaklandığı, sonuçlarının
ne olduğu ve önümüzdeki
yıllarda daha vahim bir tablonun ortaya
çıkmaması için neler yapılması
gerektiği ele alınacaktır.
Bu bağlamda, raporun ilk kısmında
yoksulluk ve eşitsizlik kavramlarına
değinilecektir. İkinci kısmında Dünya
Bankası, Birleşmiş Milletler (BM)
gibi uluslararası resmî kurumların
yayınladıkları veriler incelenecektir.
Sonrasında yoksulluk ve eşitsizliğin
ortaya çıkmasının nedenleri ele alınacak
olup, son kısımda uluslararası
literatürde bu sorunların aşılması
için önerilen uygulamalar dikkatlere
sunulacaktır

- by and +1
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- Finance, Sociology, Economic Sociology, Political Sociology
- by Godfried Engbersen
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- Sociology, Human Geography, Anthropology, Welfare State
- by Bob Baulch
- •
- International Development, Economic policy, Public sector, Urban Poverty

The high levels of inequality which characterize the South African political economy are reflected in its patterns of energy use and consequent environmental impacts. In spite of significant overcapacity on the national electricity grid, twothirds of households do not have access to electricity, and rely instead on dirtier and less convenient fuels, such as coal. As a result, urban air quality is severely degraded, with health guidelines for concentrations of particulate matter frequently being exceeded. Adverse effects on residents' health have been observed. On the whole, the impacts of a national electrification initiative are likely to be positive, although a complete switch to electricity may not occur immediately. It is argued that efficiency measures should form part of an electrification initiative to ameliorate environmental costs. Finally, this paper considers some investment implications of mass electrification and concludes that the electricity supply industry itself has the means to bring about more equitable access to electricity services for the urban poor.

- by Hilton Trollip
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- Poverty, Energy Policy, Urban Poverty, Multidisciplinary
- by Novos Debates and +1
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- Poverty, Homelessness, Social Exclusion, Urban Poverty

A key contemporary issue in International Development lies in questioning the adequacy for using the Capability Approach in differentiated cultural contexts. This paper argues that the socio-historical construction of the Capability Approach has been mostly embedded in liberalism and individualism – which led to the acceptance and use of the concept in the Western world but also beyond, in differentiated contexts where the sole actions of individuals are explored as if they showed and revealed the full extent of the influence of social institutions or external circumstances.
As a result, neglecting the cultural aspects and the institutional factors shaping motivations highlights a consequent gap in the capability space which is illustrated in this paper through the case study of Kathmandu urban slums. It appears that the Capability Approach considers the freedom of choosing a life one’s has reasons to value as the main determinant of slum dwellers’ strive for self-realization. However, reasons for valuing a certain life over another engage with broader processes at the collective level.
Consequently, approaches to tailoring the concept of capability to different strands of International Development and Development Studies may encompass a common bias – a bias relating to the socio-historical construction of a concept which, in spite of its apparent generalizability, presents a range of risks as to how collective norms, identities and belief systems are incorporated in defining the lives people value and how they achieve to arrange these lives for themselves.
I conclude that future research should attempt at shifting the focus from an individual-based to a social-system-based investigation of what determines and influences people’s decisions and reasons for living the way they do.

- by Raphaëlle Bisiaux
- •
- Poverty, Capability Approach, Nepal, Urban Poverty

The SNP government in Scotland has acted to make historic, anti-democratic Poll Tax debts unenforceable.

‘If the nation doesn’t work, cities won’t.’ This statement lies behind The Wealth and Poverty of Cities: Why Nations Matter, an intriguing journey into the failures and successes of many cities – with a predominant focus on North America – aimed at unfolding the factors determining wealth and prosperity across diverse urban agglomerations. Author Mario Polèse openly declares the purpose of moving the study of cities and economics beyond an academic audience to create a book that is fun to read. That goal has been achieved here.

- by Lorenzo De Vidovich
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- Poverty, Urban Studies, Urban Poverty, Urban Development

Vulnerability is the degree to which a system or unit is likely to expierence harm due to exposure to perturbations or stress. The vulnerability concept emerged from the recognition that a focus on perturbations alone was insufficient for understanding responses of and impacts on the peoples, ecosystems, and places exposed to such perturbations. With vulnerability, it became clear that the ability of a system to attenuate stresses or cope with consequences constituted an important determinant of system response, and ultimately, of system impact. While vulnerability can expand our ability to understand how harm to people and ecosystems emerges and how it can be reduced, to date vulnerability itself has been conceptually hampered. It tends to address single stresses or perturbations on a system, pays inadequate attention to the full range of conditions that may render the system sensitive to perturbations or permit it to cope, accords short shrift to how exposed systems themselves may act to amplify, attenuate, or even create stresses, and does not emphasize the importance of human-environment interactions when defining the system exposed to stresses. An extended framework for vulnerability designed to meet these needs is emerging from a joint research team at Clark University, the Stockholm Environment Institute, Harvard University, and Stanford University, of which several authors on this paper are part. This paper is a first attempt to explore the utility of this extended vulnerability framework, by conducting a preliminary application of it to three global coastal cities with regard to their vulnerabilities to climate hazards. While this new framework needs further refinement and testing, and some methodological obstacles remain, our research suggests there is benefit from using the extended framework to guide assessments of vulnerability. The framework illuminated further system characteristics that, in unique combinations, create place-based vulnerabilities to climate hazards. The framework's complexity, however, required us to conduct outside the framework several analyses comparing bundles of stresses to which the systems were exposed, and system characteristics that give rise to vulnerabilities, to uncover some of the most insightful results.

- by Alex de Sherbinin
- •
- Climate Change, Climate variability, Urban Planning, Urban Poverty

The overarching goal of this article is to sensitize the insensitive governments, institutions , and civil societies for homeless population in social sphere. Routes into home-lessness are complex, multiple and interlinked. The complex triggers consist of biographical, structural and behavioural factors, when combined, increase people's vulnerability to homelessness. Despite the high economic growth and double digit GDP growth that gives opportunity to celebrate the country's achievement, the worsening condition of the homeless, underlaid by huge inequality, creates the huge contradiction for such celebrations. The problems and complexity associated with homelessness require several stages of prevention, intervention and system-based response for a solution. Thus, policy response requires the urgent need to move away from discussions on general welfare policies to context-specific policies; otherwise, the aspirations of sustainable development will be castles in the air.

- by Nishikant Singh and +1
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- Poverty, Homelessness, Poverty Alleviation Programmes, Poverty Reduction Strategies

LA nuEVA pObREzA uRbAnA: DInámIcA GLObAL, REGIOnAL y ARGEnTInA En LAS úLTImAS DOS DécADAS • GAbRIEL KESSLER, mARíA mERcEDES DI VIRGILIO LA nuEVA POBREzA uRBAnA: DInáMICA GLOBAL, REGIOnAL y ARGEnTInA En LAS úLTImAS DOS DécADAS • GAbRIEL KESSLER, mARíA mERcEDES DI VIRGILIO LA nuEVA POBREzA uRBAnA: DInáMICA GLOBAL, REGIOnAL y ARGEnTInA En LAS úLTImAS DOS DécADAS • GAbRIEL KESSLER, mARíA mERcEDES DI VIRGILIO 35

- by María Mercedes Di Virgilio and +1
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- Poverty, Urban Studies, Urban Sociology, Urban Poverty

The book highlights important urban development issues in Punjab such as urbanisation, slums, housing, poverty, urban governance, development, infrastructure/ services etc and suggests major reforms to improve quality of life in urban... more

- by Manoj Kumar Teotia
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- Urban Geography, Housing in Developing Areas, Poverty, Infrastructure Planning

A growing literature examines the extent to which the criminal justice system perpetuates poverty and inequality. This research examines how anti-homeless laws produce various forms of police interactions that fall short of arrest, yet have wide-ranging impacts on the urban poor. Our analysis draws on a citywide survey of currently and recently homeless people, along with 43 in-depth interviews, to examine and reveal the mechanisms through which consistent punitive interactions, including move-along orders, citations, and destruction of property, systematically limit homeless people's access to services, housing, and jobs, while damaging their health, safety, and well-being. Our findings also suggest that anti-homeless laws and enforcement fail to reduce urban disorder, but create instead a spatial churn in which homeless people circulate between neighborhoods and police jurisdictions rather than leaving public space. We argue that these laws and their enforcement, which affected the majority of study participants, constitute a larger process of pervasive penality-consistent punitive interactions with state officials that rarely result in arrest, but that do material and psychological harm. This process not only reproduces homelessness, but also deepens racial, gender, and health inequalities among the urban poor.

- by Chris Herring and +1
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- Urban Geography, Criminal Justice, Poverty, Homelessness

Le non-recours aux hébergements d'urgence par les sans-abri est couramment expliqué de deux façons : d'un côté, par les critiques portées par les sans-abri à l'encontre des hébergements qui leur sont proposés ; de l'autre, par les processus d'exclusion et de désocialisation qu'ils subissent et qui les conduisent à rejeter l'assistance et même la société. Ces deux types d'analyses, nécessaires, ne suffisent pourtant pas à rendre compte du fait que des personnes restent installées dans les espaces publics. La défaillance de ces analyses provient de l'individualisation excessive qu'elles appliquent à ces situations, en mettant en scène les sans-abri comme des individus détachés de tout lien, faisant face, isolés, à des dispositifs.
Pour comprendre ces situations extrêmes, qui éclairent les situations de pauvreté en général, il faut, au contraire, sortir les personnes des ruptures de liens sociaux auxquelles elles sont trop systématiquement réduites, pour voir que tout processus de désocialisation, par rapport à certains groupes, se poursuit par un processus de resocialisation, dans d'autres groupes. Autrement dit, c'est en se rendant plus attentif aux formes de vie collective auxquelles sont attachés les sans-abri vivant dans les espaces publics, qu'on se donne une chance de mieux comprendre sociologiquement leur non-recours aux hébergements sociaux.

- by édouard gardella
- •
- Sociology, Pragmatism, Social Policy, Social Sciences

La presenza della povertà appare un elemento caratteristico della città contemporanea. È anzi possibile sostenere che sono proprio alcune dinamiche urbane relative alle forme di insediamento della popolazione, agli assetti demografici e produttivi, alle modalità di governo della città che alimentano la povertà urbana. Nel capitolo si discute innanzitutto la riscoperta in Europa e Stati Uniti della questione sociale della povertà negli anni Ottanta, e del suo carattere sempre più spiccatamente urbano. La povertà infatti, come viene rapidamente discusso in seguito, cessa di essere una condizione ineluttabile della condizione umana per diventare una questione politicamente rilevante con il processo di sviluppo delle città sostenuto dalla Rivoluzione industriale: la povertà moderna diventa soprattutto una questione urbana. Vengono poi discusse le principali interpretazioni della natura della povertà urbana e presentate alcune delle principali ricerche sulle caratteristiche della povertà urbana in Italia. Infine, l’ultima parte del capitolo è dedicato alle politiche di contrasto della povertà urbana con particolare riferimento alla dimensione del quartiere.

- by David Benassi
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- Poverty, Urban Poverty, Poverty (Sociology), Povertà
- by Nadine Roudil
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- Sociology Of Deviance, Urban Poverty, Social Housing, Social Control

Drawing from the problem of typology creation in its current forms that can be found mainly in policy papers, Berescu offers a critical overview of some of the ways in which the places where impoverished Roma live are named, then labelled and categorized. The delimitation and counting of extreme poverty areas is a highly contentious issue in itself, but admitting that racial segregation exists is an even more difficult one. This is why official documents tend to circumvent the problem of slums and ghettos in Romania and, to a lesser extent, in Eastern Europe. By analysing the underlying methods and the language of reports and strategies we can comprehend the ways in which new ghettos are formed and concealed, and how they will be governed.

- by Catalin Berescu
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- Poverty, Urban Planning, Urban Studies, Poverty Reduction Strategies

The paper guides the reader through a commentary of Singapore’s development in its early stages, and how it balanced development with income equality. It then moves to the modern times, which informs the reader that Singapore of today relies on government schemes to achieve greater equality. However, there are still certain imbalances that exist and cannot be made up with just funds such as ComCare, and bursaries by the government. Furthermore, for a developed Singapore, it needs to provide for the social disadvantage of poor kids in order to push for innovation to drive economic growth of the future.
Later, the paper discusses, Singapore’s social policies and how the state manages to provide assistance to citizens in all income quantiles. Some of the assistance schemes available for children are also listed. Using the Household Survey 2012/ 13, the characteristics of the lower income quantile Singaporeans are taken into consideration. The housing policy for the needy is then taken as a case point, and the options for the needy who cannot afford a house are explained.
An ethnographic study is then conducted of areas under the Public Rental Scheme in Lengkok Bahru, and Henderson Heights. This is followed by the paper’s focus moving towards children in those neighbourhoods. Specifically, looking at the various influences in their lives that influence their academic achievement in terms of grades. Using a Systems Dynamic approach, key areas of intervention are then detailed and validated using surveys and literature review.
Areas on intervention are then highlighted to work in tandem with government schemes so as to correct the social disadvantage facing children. Firstly, is the need for continued presence on the ground so as to deliver a more structured environment to the children in the form of enrichment programmes, and expanding the interest in CCA’s for the children. Secondly, is the focus on maternal education due to its importance in the upbringing of the child. Attention, could be paid to the efforts of Early Childhood Development Agency and the Continuing Education and Training programmes to reinforce the importance of upbringing of the child.

- by Abhishek Bajaj
- •
- Systems Engineering, Urban Planning, System Dynamics Modeling, Urban Poverty

The report highlights the root causes leading children to the street and the risks children face while living or working on the street. Among these causes are poverty, conflict, cultural norms and attitudes, restricted access to education and family factors. Moreover, refugee and displaced children are particularly given attention to. While on the streets, children face numerous risks including sexual abuse, violence and exploitation, drug use and health risks. The study explores the situation in five specific OIC countries: Pakistan, Egypt, Turkey, Lebanon and Bangladesh.

In this paper I explore tensions and conflicts over poverty reduction and urban development in Kigali, Rwanda's capital in terms of theories of performativity. On one hand, motorcycle taxis offer large numbers of young men good livelihoods -reflecting the government of Rwanda's stated commitment to poverty reduction, especially amongst youth; on the other, motorcycle taxi drivers suffer harassment at the hands of city authorities and police, who are keen to eradicate motorcycle taxis from the urban scene altogether. I interpret this tension as a conflict over the appropriate performance of development in the city; I argue that in pursuit of urban development, the city itself becomes an image, projected in order to attract the investment which will give body to the simulated spectacle that Kigali present. Conflicts between the city and motorcycle taxi drivers erupt because motorcycle taxis cannot perform to the aesthetic standards of the new Kigali. In conclusion, I suggest that the rendition of Kigali's development as image has broader lessons for studies of development in general. Specifically, these conflicts expose the operation of images and their performance as political resources, conferring intelligibility and legitimacy in the spectacle of national development. afrika focus -Volume 26, Nr. 2 [ 10 ] w. rollason afrika focus -2013-12 [ 11 ] Performance, poverty and urban development afrika focus -Volume 26, Nr. 2 [ 12 ] w. rollason afrika focus -Volume 26, Nr. 2 [ 14 ]

- by Afrika Focus
- •
- African Studies, Poverty, Africa, Performativity

This paper provides estimates of poverty and inequality across states as also for different subgroups of population for 2004-05 by using the old and new methods of the Planning Commission. The new method is critically evaluated with the help of some existing literature and its limitations discussed with regard to doing away with calorie norm, use of median expenditure as a norm for education when the distribution is positively skewed, difficulty in reproducing results for earlier rounds acting as a constraint on comparisons, and using urban poverty ration of the old method as a starting point to decide a consumption basket. More importantly, it discusses the implications on financial transfers across states if the share of poor is only taken into account without accounting for an increase in the total number of poor. Despite these limitations, on grounds of parsimony and prudence the state-specific poverty lines suggested in the new method, as also in the old method, are used to calculate incidence, depth (intensity) and severity (inequality among poor) estimates of poverty for different subgroups of population, viz., NSS regions, social groups and occupation groups.

- by Srijit Mishra
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- Poverty, Rural, Urban Poverty, Social Groups
- by Alexandre A Gomide
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- Public Transport, Urban Poverty, Urban mobility

This article discusses the links between poverty, HIV/AIDS, and barriers to education, based on the first-hand experiences of 'street children' in northern Tanzania. Within the context of national levels of poverty, 'cost-sharing' in health and education sectors, and the AIDS epidemic, poor families in Tanzania are under considerable pressure, and increasing numbers of girls and boys are consequently seeking a living independently on the streets of towns and cities. My research with street children shows that some children orphaned by AIDS are subject to rejection and exploitation by the extended family after the death of their parent(s). They are exposed to considerable risks of abuse, sexual violence and HIV within the street environment. Here, I discuss the links between poverty, HIV and barriers to education, which compound young people's vulnerability, and offer some policy recommendations in response to the young people's experiences.

- by Ruth Evans
- •
- Poverty, HIV/AIDS, East Africa, Urban Poverty

Since the turn of the 21st century several US cities have witnessed the resurgence of large-scale homeless encampments. This paper explains how and why such encampments emerged during a period of national economic expansion through a comparative study of encampments in Fresno, California and Seattle, Washington. Contrary to the widespread media coverage of tent cities as a consequence of the most recent recession, the paper argues they are instead rooted in penal and welfare urban policies. Precipitating as both protest and containment, durable encampments relieve the fiscal and legitimation crises of criminalization and shelterization for the local state and simultaneously function as preferred safe-grounds to the shelter for homeless people in both cities. Rather than contradicting the existing policies and theories of the ongoing punitive exclusion of marginalized populations, the seclusion of the homeless into large encampments complements its goals of managing marginality across the city.

- by Chris Herring and +1
- •
- Social Movements, Urban Geography, Welfare State, Poverty

This paper reflects on findings from a recent study on the provisions for homeless and poor people in Greece. The paper revisits the concept of 'shelterisation' and assesses whether it can be usefully employed, albeit with certain modifications, in the current discussion of urban and social policy responses to poverty and homelessness. Using Athens, Greece as a case study, we comment on policy changes in Southern European welfare regimes and the countries most affected by the current financial crisis. We argue that shelterisation forms an integral part of an emergency model for managing the social effects associated with the sovereign debt crisis and austerity, we highlight criticisms of the concept and we set out alternatives that have been suggested by service providers and civil society organisations.

- by Dimitra Siatitsa
- •
- Homelessness, Urban Poverty
- by Davide Caselli
- •
- Social Policy, Poverty, Urban Poverty, Public Policy - Social Welfare Policy

The URBEX project aims at increasing our knowledge of the spatial dimensions ofurban social exclusion and integration by comparing eleven cities in six countries in Europe. The comparison is made on the basis of a common statistical analysis and the application of a common analytical framework and commonly designed fieldwork. The programme’s focus is on the spatial patterns of exclusion, and on the extent to which concentrations of deprivation create added problems for the development of effective policy responses. The research investigates and compares the extent to which groups
experiencing social exclusion are spatially segregated in different European cities. It also examines whether spatial segregation aggravates exclusion and whether this makes
the task of combating exclusion more difficult. Moreover, it considers the trajectoriesand coping strategies of individuals in a condition of need, how they enter this condition and how they try to cope with and get out of it. Finally, it considers the impact of
different policy initiatives designed to combat exclusion in areas where problems of deprivation and exclusion are concentrated.

- by Alberta Andreotti
- •
- Coping Strategies, Segregation, Single Mothers, European Neighbourhood Policy

Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi, Sosyoloji Bölümü

- by Egemen Yılgür
- •
- Sociology, Urban Poverty, Sosyoloji, Türkiyede Yoksulluk

The project of privatisation of water has been floated in Bangalore since 1999, and though it has been kept in abeyance by social activists and non-government organisations working with the urban poor, water is being commoditised. In this article, I examine the impact of this process on the struggles of poor women to access water for themselves and their dependants, in a slum rehabilitation area in Bangalore. Women are resisting the monetisation of water, which they consider to be a human right. While the advantages of the technologies that accompany this process are emphasised by the authorities – piped water is seen as saving time and increasing mobility, as well as delivering a higher-quality resource – women retort that the requirement to pay for water outweighs any benefits, and other material realities of life still bind them to their homes.

- by Kaveri Haritas
- •
- Social Movements, Gender, Urban Poverty, Water Rights

RESUMO: Este artigo tem como objetivo discutir o processo de apropriação diferenciada da orla fortalezense, com ênfase nas transformações socioespaciais decorrentes da implantação do projeto Vila do Mar no Grande Pirambu, porção oeste do litoral, apresentando as mudanças socioespaciais ao longo das últimas duas décadas, identificando as diferenças entre dois projetos de urbanização e requalificação realizados na área e como estes projetos interferiram na forma de apropriação dos espaços públicos do litoral oeste. As intervenções realizadas no Grande Pirambu, por parte do poder público, geraram novas formas de apropriação do espaço, alterando o cotidiano da população e favorecendo a construção de um sentimento de pertencimento e identidade com este lugar. ABSTRACT: This article aims to discuss the process of differentiated appropriation of the Fortaleza's waterfront, with an emphasis on sociospatial transformations resulting from implementing of the project Vila do Mar in the Grande Pirambu, western portion of the coast, presenting the sociospatial changes over the last two decades, identifying the differences between two urbanization and requalification projects carried out in the area and how these projects interfered in the form of appropriation of the public spaces of the west coast. The interventions carried out in the Grande Pirambu, by the public power, have spawned new ways of space's appropriation, changing the everyday of population and providing the construction of a feeling of belonging and identity with this place. RESUMEN: Este articulo tiene como meta discutir el proceso de apropiación diferenciada de la orilla fortalezense, enfatizando en las transformaciones socioespaciales resultantes de la implantación de proyecto Vila do Mar en el Grande Pirambu, porción oeste de la costa, presentando los cambios socioespaciales a lo largo de las últimas décadas, identificando las diferencias entre dos proyectos de urbanización y recualificación realizados en el área y como estos proyectos interfirieron en la forma de apropiación de los espacios públicos, generaron nuevas formas de apropiación de lo espacio, cambiando lo cotidiano de la populación y favoreciendo la construcción de un sentimiento de pertenencia e identidad con este lugar.

- by Alexandre Queiroz Pereira
- •
- Brazilian Studies, Urban Planning, Urban Studies, Urban Poverty
- by Rojda Seval Akdogmus
- •
- Poverty, International Political Economy, Basic Income, Urban Poverty

This working paper is the result of a project that examines the impact of COVID-19 on women and girls in urban poor communities in Metro Manila. We focus on resilience, rights, and equity to ascertain the broader structural and cultural challenges and constraints that determine how COVID-19 has affected women and girls and their families in urban poor communities. We also briefly explore some of the solutions that women, community-workers, faith-based organisations, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and public servants have devised in the face of these challenges.

- by Pauline Eadie and +2
- •
- Human Rights, Gender, Philippines, Community Participation

En la actualidad la aproximación más difundida para la identificación de la pobreza es el método de la línea de pobreza (LP). Sin embargo, dentro de la literatura especializada se ha cuestionado su capacidad para dar cuenta de un fenómeno multidimensional como lo es la pobreza y se han propuesto distintas metodologías, entre las cuales se destacan aquellas basadas en el enfoque directo, es decir que intentan dar cuenta del acceso efectivo a determinados bienes y servicios.
En este marco, la presente ponencia tiene dos objetivos principales. Por un lado, adaptaremos el método de las necesidades básicas insatisfechas aplicado a los datos censales, de forma tal de poder utilizarlo con los de la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares (EPH). Por otro lado, habida cuenta de la relación complementaria que existe entre esta metodología y la de la LP, analizaremos la evolución de la pobreza a la luz de estos dos indicadores desde el año 2003, en perspectiva histórica.
El presente artículo busca retomar una línea de investigación abordada en trabajos anteriores, en dos sentidos: actualizaremos las series construidas hasta el momento y extenderemos los resultados en términos de cobertura geográfica, expandiendo el universo de análisis a los 28 aglomerados urbanos cubiertos por la EPH para el período 1995-2013.

- by Agustín Arakaki
- •
- Poverty, Argentina, Urban Poverty, Pobreza

This article analyses the Gini coefficient and its alternative, the Palma index, to unpack patterns and trends of inequality in South Africa. This study is based on a continuous series of secondary data sourced from the United Nations University Wider from 1960 to 2015. Data was only available on an annual basis for this period. No new primary data was collected for this study. Exploratory graphs were used to understand the behavioural patterns in the trends of the indices. The overall simple linear regression was fitted for the Gini coefficient and was found to be significant. However, there was a notable change in the Gini coefficient trend after 1988, calling for segmented regression with 1988 as the break-point. The results show that for the entire period from 1960 to 2015, the Gini coefficient for South Africa has been significantly increasing on average by 0.35 units per year (p<0.001). However, pre-1988, the Gini coefficient was declining at 0.39 units (p=0.012) per year, the period during which it averaged 50.1±4.56. Post-1988, the Gini coefficient increased to an average of 63.7±4.65, the period during which there was no statistically significant change per year despite the upward direction of 0.27 units. The study also shows that the poor share, as a proportion of the rich share, in the gross national income is declining over time. The article suggests that policy action needs to be taken to tackle the increasing Gini coefficient involving redistributive measures in the interest of justice and fairness. Inequalities take various forms, and reinforce each other as they all matter.

- by Oliver Mtapuri
- •
- Poverty, Poverty Reduction Strategies, Urban Poverty, Inequality (Economics)
- by Laura Harrison
- •
- Urban History, Social History, Urban Poverty, Yorkshire
- by Egemen Yılgür
- •
- Sociology, Urban History, Romani Studies, Urban Poverty

In the past decade, urban regeneration policy makers and practitioners have faced a number of difficult challenges, such as sustainability, budgetary constraints, demands for community involvement and rapid urbanization in the Global South. Urban regeneration remains a high profile and important field of government-led intervention, and policy and practice continue to adapt to the fresh challenges and opportunities of the twenty-first century, as well as confronting long-standing intractable urban problems and dilemmas. This Companion provides cutting-edge critical review and synthesis of recent conceptual, policy and practical developments within the field. With contributions from 72 international experts within the field, it explores the meaning of ‘urban regeneration’ in differing national contexts, asking questions and providing informed discussion and analyses to illuminate how an apparently disparate field of research, policy and practice can be rendered coherent, drawing out common themes and significant differences. The Companion is divided into six parts, exploring: globalization and neo-liberal perspectives on urban regeneration; emerging econceptualizations of regeneration; public infrastructure and public space;
housing and cosmopolitan communities; community centred regeneration; and culture-led regeneration. The concluding chapter considers the future of urban regeneration and proposes a nine-point research agenda. This Companion assembles a diversity of approaches and insights in one comprehensive volume to provide a state-of-the-art review of the field. It is a valuable resource for both advanced undergraduate
and postgraduate students in Urban Planning, Built Environment, Urban Studies and Urban Regeneration, as well as academics, practitioners and politicians.

Studies of cultural resilience concentrate on socio-cultural processes that allow societies to resist the erosive strain of socio-economic marginality and in response create social networks that provide cultural resilience. This study of a chronically poor, United States (U.S.) African-American urban community in Champaign, Illinois, examines the community's adaptation to structurally generated socioeconomic marginality. This study finds that the theory of balanced, socioeconomic exchange relations helps to understand the intricate social dynamics of cultural resilience. The adaptive advantage of balanced exchange relationships are confirmed by an empirical analysis of personal social network data gathered female gang members.

Canary Wharf stands as the largest financial district in the world (Moshinsky 2017),
providing 450,000 employment opportunities nationwide (Canary Wharf Group 2018)
from land, surveyors deemed 60% derelict in 1980 (Brown 2017). Michael Haseltine’s
impact led to London City Airport, the Millennium Dome and the Olympic Park at
Stratford (Allen 2016) initiating the revival of East London. Most would not query Canary
Wharf not being a successful modern urban development. Yet 53.4% of Children in Tower
Hamlets lived in poverty in 2017 (Butler 2018). Yet 39% of households are below the
poverty line in Tower Hamlets (Tower Hamlets 2018 p.1). Yet Tower Hamlets has the
highest pensioner poverty rate in the country (Tower Hamlets Council 2018 p.1). Margaret
Thatcher and John Major’s Conservative governments invested £5.8 billion of taxpayer’s
money in Canary Wharf (Museum of London Docklands {MoLD} 2019; Bank of England
2019). Do most still see Canary Wharf as a success?

- by Ben Gillham
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- Child Poverty, Poverty, Gentrification, Urban Poverty

Identifying what the poor have, rather than what they do not have, focuses on their assets. This paper contributes to the extensive vulnerability/assets literature, by categorizing the assets of the urban poor in terms of an 'asset vulnerability framework'. These include both tangible assets, such as labor and human capital, less familiar productive assets, such as housing, as well as intangible assets, such as household relations and social capital. Results from a recent urban study show that the poor are managers of complex asset portfolios, and illustrate how asset management affects household poverty and vulnerability. Translated into operational practice this framework facilitates interventions promoting opportunities, as well as removing obstacles, to ensure the urban poor use their assets more productively.

- by caroline s
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- Economics, Social Capital, Housing, Human Capital

The Governor of the Capital City and Mayor of Ulaanbaatar, E.Bat-Uul and the Team Leader, ADB PPTA for MFF on Ulaanbaatar Urban Services and Ger Areas Development Investment Program, Bharat Dahiya met residents of Bayanlkhoshuu, suburb... more

- by Susan Parnell
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- Local Government, Urban Poverty, Urban Transformation, Inequality

There are various reasons as to why there are economically challenged students, first is the income status. Poverty either situational or generational makes it difficult for the students to afford some of the essentials that facilitate learning in school especially food. The other reason is migration and runaway status where most families are refugees making it hard for them to survive in an economic standard that is high compared to their mother country. The misconception that most people have is that these poor students are not intellectual enough to achieve success and this is not the case. Most of them, if provided with the basic needs, can be able to progress to high order skills (Thompson).

has written a great book, a history of human development as he calls it, which offers a fascinating account of global capitalism as it evolved over a period of four centuries. Bagchi provides a perspective on the global ascendancy of... more

- by Erhard Berner
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- Economics, Urban Poverty, Civil Society, Local governance

This short essay discusses the issue of poverty in Nepal. Despite a number of poverty-reduction programs run by a myriad of actors, poverty in Nepal is still rampant, and the country remains one of the poorest countries in the world. In this essay, I argue that many poverty alleviation programs in Nepal failed because they isolated poverty as an economic and growth problem, whereas, poverty should have been identified and tackled as a political and a human rights issue. I begin the essay by briefly sharing my own experience of poverty while growing up in rural Nepal. I, then, explore the overall poverty scenario in Nepal and analyze a few major causes and consequences of poverty in the country. After offering an overview of poverty reduction approaches in Nepal, I conclude the essay with a few recommendations intended for organizations and policymakers formulating poverty-alleviation strategies in Nepal.

- by Manoj Bhusal
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- Development Economics, Development Studies, Human Rights, Sustainable Development

The emergence of social cash transfers, including Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty (LEAP) scheme, in Ghana was due to the need to mitigate poverty. However, prior assessment studies focused on the entirety of the programmes, and not solely on assessing the utilisation of grants from such programmes. Consequently, this study examined the utilisation of the LEAP grant, by employing a cross-sectional study design. A sample of 302 LEAP beneficiaries was selected by means of stratified random sampling. Data from beneficiaries were gathered via a questionnaire, while an interview guide was used to collect supporting evidence from key informants. Analysis of data involved descriptive statistics, cross-tabulations, chi-square test of independence and thematic analysis. The study found that beneficiaries spent their LEAP grant on both consumption and investments, with consumption appearing dominant. Overall, beneficiaries utilised the grant in meeting their basic needs. It is, therefore, recommended that in order to develop self-sufficiency, beneficiaries must be advised by the programme officials to invest part of their grant in income generating activities to earn extra income to supplement the LEAP grant, and eventually wean them of the programme.

- by Moses Naiim Fuseini (PhD)
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- Social Policy, Poverty, Social Protection, Poverty Reduction Strategies