Water Loss Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

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- Plant Biology, Biology, Salt Stress, Medicine
- by Richard DODD
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- Genetics, Population Genetics, Plant Biology, Aquatic botany

Tracer techniques were used to study infiltration losses into a dry wadi bed. In order not to be fully dependent on rarely occurring natural flood events, an artificial flash flood was studied in a small arid stream channel, Nahal Shahmon, Israel. A reservoir was built, filled with water (550 m3) and breached artificially. Three different artificial tracers were injected at different times during the flood. At two locations downstream surface water samples were taken. The water moving within the alluvium was also sampled with the help of fluocapteurs distributed at different locations within the alluvial body. The fluocapteurs enabled the different pathways of the two dye tracers downstream to be identified and the maximum depth of infiltration to be approximated. This sampling technique is promising for future studies in arid rivers, since fluocapteurs can stay for a long time without any maintenance. Towards the end of flow, exfiltration from the channel alluvium was observed. The...

- by Tamir Grodek
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- Geology, Israel, Middle East, Models
- by Jean Berlamont and +1
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- Atmospheric sciences, Standard Deviation, Data Collection, Arid Region
- by Michael Blanke
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- Plant Biology, Biology, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Regulation
- by Leif Akse
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- Chemical Engineering, Mass Transfer, Food, Raw materials
- by Enzo Berardesca
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- Adolescent, Humans, Child, Female

Dealing with water losses requires a holistic approach in all aspects. So far the focus was mainly directed towards technical issues dealing with methodologies and techniques for resolving the water loss issues without substantial emphasis being given to the important changes required to be made in the utility with regard to capacity building in order to accomplish the desired goals. In this article authors outline some of the additional aspects of water loss management with specific focus on coaching as a discipline in this field; what it is, how it works and who can provide it.

- by Jurica Kovac
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- Water Loss

This study analyzes the relationship between the physiological state of the Pacific lions-paw scallop Nodipecten subnodosus and the quality of the meat, in relation to two environmental variables (temperature and chlorophyll a concentration). Muscle and gonadosomatic indices, gonadal stage, and glycogen were determined in scallops of similar size (66.3 ± 6.9 mm) as indicators of their physiological state. The scallops were harvested once every season from a shellfish farm located at Laguna Manuela, Mexico. Quality of adductor muscles was determined by means of pH, water-holding capacity, color parameters, proximate composition, free amino acid content, texture, collagen, and microstructure. As a reference, temperature was recorded every half hour and chlorophyll a every fifteen days from January to November 2003. Results indicate that temperature and chlorophyll a concentrations peaked in September (summer), matching the highest muscle and gonadosomatic indices and glycogen content. In summer, carbohydrate concentration and weight of muscles were highest and color was whiter and brighter. However pH was significantly lower making water-holding capacity drop to the lowest level recorded, increasing the probability of water loss during handling, processing, and storage. Amino acid content was also affected by season. Concentration of several amino acids that give sweet flavor to meat (glycine, arginine, taurine, and alanine) dropped. Humidity, protein, and lipid concentrations also decreased, making the muscles tenderer, as confirmed by texture parameters of cut, hardness, elasticity, chewiness, gumminess, and adhesiveness. Changes in texture were explained by a decrease in collagen, which is an important component of connective tissue, and a lower density of muscle fibers per surface area. With these results, the definition of the optimum harvest season is controversial. Despite a higher weight per muscle in summer, muscles show the lowest quality, considering most of the parameters studied.

- by Hector Nolasco Soria
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- Zoology, Aquaculture, Seasonality, Connective tissue
- by Mikal Saltveit and +1
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- Food Engineering, Food, Water Loss, Food Sciences

In urban areas, water supply using pipeline system from the company of water supply; the name is PDAM (Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum) which provides services to the public to ensure clean water quality as health requirements. The one of a problem in PDAM is the high rate of water loss caused by pipeline leakage. Pipeline leakage is an important issue as resulting in financial losses, for both PDAM (water provider) and customers. Based on a previous study of, the area that allows the greatest pipe leakage such as Geledug-Leuwiliang and Cibungbulang-Ciampea, the reason is a complex volcanic rocks formation. Then this study has to continue by forecasting water loss per month up to 2017 to look at the frequency of water loss for immediate repair in handling pipeline leakage. Predicting to be done using ANFIS method and then it will test again with Backpropagation to check the error rate so that the data will be more accurate; where is the area in this study is Geledug-Leuwiliang (greatest pipeline leakage). The result is most likely due to visible leaks such as crack pipe caused by complex volcanic rocks formation (31.8% with error rate 1%). Therefore the effort made is to replace the leaky pipes which then do further study on the material used by the tube that is following the pipe area that planted.

- by Erlin Windia Ambarsari and +2
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- ANFIS, Water Loss, Backpropagation, PDAM
- by Ahmed Said
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- Management, Water, Water quality, Water Resources Management
- by Jagdeep Singh
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- Adolescent, Humans, Female, Intestinal barrier function

Desiccation of plants during drought can be detrimental to agricultural production. The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) reduces water loss by triggering stomatal pore closure in leaves, a process requiring ion-channel modulation by cytoplasmic proteins. Deletion of the Arabidopsis farnesyltransferase gene ERA1 or application of farnesyltransferase inhibitors resulted in ABA hypersensitivity of guard cell anion-channel activation and of stomatal closing. ERA1 was expressed in guard cells. Double-mutant analyses of era1 with the ABA-insensitive mutants abi1 and abi2 showed that era1 suppresses the ABA-insensitive phenotypes. Moreover, era1 plants exhibited a reduction in transpirational water loss during drought treatment.

- by Majid Ghassemian
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- Water, Science, Enzyme Inhibitors, Gene expression
- by Edward Coyle
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- Humans, Exercise, Body temperature regulation, Water Loss
- by Alin Anchidin
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- Leakage, Water Loss, Pressure, Water Loss, Water Loss Indicators, water losses

Cassava or manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz), a perennial shrub of the New World, currently is the sixth world food crop for more than 500 million people in tropical and sub-tropical Africa, Asia and Latin America. It is cultivated mainly by resource-limited small farmers for its starchy roots, which are used as human food either fresh when low in cyanogens or in many processed forms and products, mostly starch, flour, and for animal feed. Because of its inherent tolerance to stressful environments, where other food crops would fail, it is often considered a food-security source against famine, requiring minimal care. Under optimal environmental conditions, it compares favorably in production of energy with most other major staple food crops due to its high yield potential. Recent research at the Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) in Colombia has demonstrated the ability of cassava to assimilate carbon at very high rates under high levels of humidity, temperature and solar radiation, which correlates with productivity across all environments whether dry or humid. When grown on very poor soils under prolonged drought for more than 6 months, the crop reduce both its leaf canopy and transpiration water loss, but its attached leaves remain photosynthetically active, though at greatly reduced rates. The main physiological mechanism underlying such a remarkable tolerance to drought was rapid stomatal closure under both atmospheric and edaphic water stress, protecting the leaf against dehydration while the plant depletes available soil water slowly during long dry periods. This drought tolerance mechanism leads to high crop water use efficiency values. Although the cassava fine root system is sparse, compared to other crops, it can penetrate below 2 m soil, thus enabling the crop to exploit deep water if available. Leaves of cassava and wild Manihot possess elevated activities of the C4 enzyme PEP carboxylase but lack the leaf Kranz anatomy typical of C4 species, pointing to the need for further research on cultivated and wild Manihot to further improve its photosynthetic potential and yield, particularly under stressful environments. Moreover, a wide range in values of K m (CO2) for the C3 photosynthetic enzyme Rubisco was found among cassava cultivars indicating the possibility of selection for higher affinity to CO2, and consequently higher leaf photosynthesis. Several plant traits that may be of value in crop breeding and improvement have been identified, such as an extensive fine root system, long leaf life, strong root sink and high leaf photosynthesis. Selection of parental materials for tolerance to drought and infertile soils under representative field conditions have resulted in developing improved cultivars that have high yields in favorable environments while producing reasonable and stable yields under stress.

- by Mabrouk El-Sharkawy
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- Genetics, Photosynthesis, Plant Biology, Plant Molecular Biology

The paper presents the case of the Boljunčica reservoir, which began operation in 1973. It is situated on the Istria peninsula (Croatia). This is a multipurpose reservoir which was built in order to protect the downstream area from flood, to store water for irrigation, and to control sediment transport. The reservoir is situated on the contact zone between water impermeable

- by Ankit Kaware
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- Engineering, Civil Engineering, Technology, Operations Research

Transpiration rates were measured in a flooded population of Phragmites australis ssp. altissima in a wetland located in El Hondo Natural Park (southeastern Spain) during the growing season of 2000. The heat balance method for measuring sap flow was used to calculate the rate of water transpiration on a whole-stem basis. Four series of measurements were carried out in selected weeks in May, June, August and October. Structure, biomass and leaf area index of the reed population were simultaneously quantified in order to scale transpiration on a plot-area basis.Overall, transpiration flux was high during the sampling period and showed a typical diurnal pattern with a maximum at about midday. Mean transpiration was highest at the end of June coinciding with the peak of reed growth and with the maximum leaf area both at individual and plot scales. Rates decreased abruptly in October, in parallel with the advanced foliar senescence. The variation of both midday and integrated daily transpiration is significantly related to that of the air temperature on clear days. Cloudy and rainy days exert a pronounced effect on water loss by decreasing transpiration. Our results highlight the potential use of the sap-flow method to measure transpiration in reed ecosystems and the relevance of this flux for the water balance in wetlands in semi-arid environments. Thus, it is suggested that water management in these areas could be favoured by acquiring high-quality experimental data.

- by German Lopez
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- Environmental Engineering, Civil Engineering, Social Sciences, Water Management
- by Thomas Sawidis
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- Plant Biology, Flora, Morphological Variation, Water Loss
- by Ana Andrés
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- Food Engineering, Atmospheric Pressure, South African, Water Loss
- by A. Taglienti
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- MRI, Morphology, Food Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
- by Kolawole Falade
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- Food, Pepper, Food Science and Technology, Cost effectiveness

Water and sucrose transfer were quantitatively investigated during osmotic dehydration of carrot slices using response surface methodology with the sucrose concentration (40–60%, w/w), temperature of sucrose solution (40–60 °C) and immersion time (0.5–6.0 h) being the independent process variables. Quadratic regression equations describing the effects of independent process variables on the water loss (WL) and sucrose gain (SG) were developed. It was found that immersion time and concentration of sucrose solution were the most significant factors affecting the WL during osmotic dehydration of carrots followed by temperature. Effect of temperature and time were more pronounced for SG than the concentration of sucrose solution. It is suggested that the regression equations obtained in this study can be used to find optimum conditions for the desired sensory and physical properties of sweet carrot products such as preserves.

- by Burhan uddin
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- Food Engineering, Response Surface Methodology, Water Loss, Osmotic Dehydration
- by Teógenes Oliveira
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- Agroforestry, Comparative Study, Seasonality, Maize
- by Griffiths Atungulu
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- Biomedical Engineering, Biosystems engineering, Weight Loss, Corona Discharge

Scarcity of water is a severe environmental constraint to plant productivity. Drought-induced loss in crop yield probably exceeds losses from all other causes, since both the severity and duration of the stress are critical. Here, we have reviewed the effects of drought stress on the growth, phenology, water and nutrient relations, photosynthesis, assimilate partitioning, and respiration in plants. This article also describes the mechanism of drought resistance in plants on a morphological, physiological and molecular basis. Various management strategies have been proposed to cope with drought stress. Drought stress reduces leaf size, stem extension and root proliferation, disturbs plant water relations and reduces water-use efficiency. Plants display a variety of physiological and biochemical responses at cellular and whole-organism levels towards prevailing drought stress, thus making it a complex phenomenon. CO2 assimilation by leaves is reduced mainly by stomatal closure, membrane damage and disturbed activity of various enzymes, especially those of CO2 fixation and adenosine triphosphate synthesis. Enhanced metabolite flux through the photorespiratory pathway increases the oxidative load on the tissues as both processes generate reactive oxygen species. Injury caused by reactive oxygen species to biological macromolecules under drought stress is among the major deterrents to growth. Plants display a range of mechanisms to withstand drought stress. The major mechanisms include curtailed water loss by increased diffusive resistance, enhanced water uptake with prolific and deep root systems and its efficient use, and smaller and succulent leaves to reduce the transpirational loss. Among the nutrients, potassium ions help in osmotic adjustment; silicon increases root endodermal silicification and improves the cell water balance. Low-molecular-weight osmolytes, including glycinebetaine, proline and other amino acids, organic acids, and polyols, are crucial to sustain cellular functions under drought. Plant growth substances such as salicylic acid, auxins, gibberrellins, cytokinin and abscisic acid modulate the plant responses towards drought. Polyamines, citrulline and several enzymes act as antioxidants and reduce the adverse effects of water deficit. At molecular levels several drought-responsive genes and transcription factors have been identified, such as the dehydration-responsive element-binding gene, aquaporin, late embryogenesis abundant proteins and dehydrins. Plant drought tolerance can be managed by adopting strategies such as mass screening and breeding, marker-assisted selection and exogenous application of hormones and osmoprotectants to seed or growing plants, as well as engineering for drought resistance.

- by Muhammad Wahid
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- Sustainable agriculture, Sustainable, Drought Stress, Environmental Sciences

A specific 2-year program to monitor and test both the vadose zone and the saturated zone, coupled with a numerical analysis, was performed to evaluate the overall performance of slurry wall systems for containment of contaminated areas.... more

- by Daniele Pedretti
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- Assessment, Environmental Monitoring, Numerical Analysis, Risk assessment
- by Marta Birkas
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- Risk assessment, Water Management, Seasonality, Plant growth
- by Ann Schenk
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- Water, Food Engineering, Prediction, Finite element method
- by Theodora Mauro and +1
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- Archives, Intact polar lipids, Mice, Animals
- by Alla Zelenyuk
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- Chemical Engineering, Analytical Chemistry, Experimental Study, Relative Humidity

- by Muhammad Wahid
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- Sustainable agriculture, Sustainable, Drought Stress, Environmental Sciences

Synopsis Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin surface water loss (SSWL) and water content of the stratum corneum are utilized to assess the hydration effects of moisturizers and soaps. The relationship among these parameters may help differentiating hydration obtained via occlusion or by water-holding in the stratum corneum. Furthermore, skin function (hydration, dehydration, barrier damage) can be studied comparing the data obtained with these techniques. In this study, the effects of glycerol, petrolatum, soaps and commercial moisturizers on the skin are investigated and discussed.

- by Enzo Berardesca
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- Clinical Sciences, Water Loss, Cosmetic Science, Transepidermal Water Loss
- by Alin Anchidin and +1
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- Leakage, Water Loss, Pressure, Water Loss, Water Loss Indicators, water losses
- by Alin Anchidin
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- Leakage, Water Loss, Pressure, Water Loss, water losses
- by Isa Bertling and +1
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- Near Infrared Spectroscopy, Postharvest Biology and Technology, South African, Water Loss
- by Paola Pittia
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- Heat Treatment, Animal Production, Water Loss, Moisture Content
- by Otto Mykkänen
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- Treatment, Olive Oil, Lipids, Allergy
- by MIHIR DAKWALA
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- Environmental Engineering, Algorithms, Cleaner Production, Water quality
- by Abdul Aziz
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- Factorial Design, Relative Humidity, Water Loss
- by Simon Thornton
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- Water, Biological Sciences, Humans, Kidney
- by Ana Andrés
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- Food Engineering, Food, Natural Gas, Atmospheric Pressure
- by Linh nguyen
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- Intestinal barrier function, Clinical Sciences, Water Loss, Mode of action
- by Jorge Oliveira
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- Food Engineering, Atmospheric Pressure, South African, Water Loss
- by Marco Ferrante and +1
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- Environmental Engineering, Civil Engineering, Inverse Method, Water Loss
- by Xavier Bonnet
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- Natural Selection, Biological Sciences, Parental care, Clutch Size
- by Z. Maroulis
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- Mass Transfer, Food Engineering, Potato, First-Order Logic