Peru (original) (raw)

Description: Members of the Aikinite-Bismuthinite series include Aikinite, Bismuthinite, Emilite, Friedrichite, Gladite, Krupkaite, Paarite, Pekoite and Salzburgite. These are very dificult to sort out requiring EMPA and SCXRD, no species label is correct without this analysis. The EDS of this specimen shows it to contain copper and so it is toward the aikinite end of the series. This specimen contains no silver so it is not in the gustavite-lillianite series.

ⓘ Alabandite

Formula: MnS

Localities: Reported from at least 12 localities in this region.

Habit: Octahedral

Colour: Black

ⓘ Albite

Formula: Na(AlSi3O8)

Localities: Reported from at least 23 localities in this region.

ⓘ Albite var. Anorthoclase

Formula: (Na,K)AlSi3O8

ⓘ Albite var. Oligoclase

Formula: (Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8]

Description: Xenocrysts.

ⓘ 'Allanite Group'

Formula: (A12+REE3+)(M13+M23+M32+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)

ⓘ Allophane

Formula: (Al2O3)(SiO2)1.3-2 · 2.5-3H2O

ⓘ Almandine

Formula: Fe2+3Al2(SiO4)3

ⓘ Altaite

Formula: PbTe

Localities:

Purisima Concepcion deposit, Yauricocha, Huarochirí Province, Lima, Peru
Calera vein, Orcopampa District, Castilla Province, Arequipa, Peru
San Luis Alta deposit, Rio Grande district, Condesuyos Province, Arequipa, Peru

ⓘ Aluminoceladonite

Formula: K(MgAl◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2

ⓘ Alunite

Formula: KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6

Localities: Reported from at least 35 localities in this region.

ⓘ Alunogen

Formula: Al2(SO4)3 · 17H2O

ⓘ Amarantite

Formula: Fe3+2(SO4)2O · 7H2O

ⓘ 'Amber'

ⓘ Ammoniojarosite

Formula: (NH4)Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6

References:

Ciesielczuk, J., Żaba, J., Bzowska, G., Gaidzik, K., & Głogowska, M. (2013). Sulphate efflorescences at the geyser near Pinchollo, southern Peru. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 42, 186-193.

ⓘ 'Amphibole Supergroup'

Formula: A B2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2

Localities: Reported from at least 8 localities in this region.

ⓘ Analcime

Formula: Na(AlSi2O6) · H2O

ⓘ Anatase

Formula: TiO2

Localities:

La Providencia Mine, Cajamarca District, Cajamarca Province, Cajamarca, Peru
Angullaco, Huamachuco, Sánchez Carrión Province, La Libertad, Peru
Pastoruri Mt, Aquia District, Bolognesi Province, Ancash, Peru
Mariela Fe deposit, Cocachacra, Cocachacra District, Islay Province, Arequipa, Peru

ⓘ Andalusite

Formula: Al2(SiO4)O

Localities: Reported from at least 7 localities in this region.

ⓘ 'Andorite'

Formula: AgPbSb3S6

Localities:

Julcani District, Angaraes Province, Huancavelica, Peru
Uchucchacua Mine, Uchucchacua area, Oyón District, Oyón Province, Lima, Peru
Julcani Mine, Julcani District, Angaraes Province, Huancavelica, Peru
San Genaro Mine, Castrovirreyna mining district, Castrovirreyna District, Castrovirreyna Province, Huancavelica, Peru
Calera vein, Orcopampa District, Castilla Province, Arequipa, Peru

ⓘ Andradite

Formula: Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3

Localities: Reported from at least 8 localities in this region.

ⓘ Andradite var. Melanite

Formula: Ca3(Fe3+,Ti)2(SiO4)3

ⓘ Anglesite

Formula: PbSO4

Localities: Reported from at least 7 localities in this region.

ⓘ Anhydrite

Formula: CaSO4

Localities: Reported from at least 23 localities in this region.

ⓘ Anhydrite var. Angelite

Formula: CaSO4

ⓘ Anilite

Formula: Cu7S4

ⓘ Ankerite

Formula: Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2

Localities: Reported from at least 9 localities in this region.

ⓘ 'Annivite Subgroup'

Formula: Cu6(Cu4 C2+2)Bi4S12S

✪ Anorpiment (TL)

Formula: As2S3

Type Locality:

References:

Kampf, A. R., Downs, R. T., Housley, R. M., Jenkins, R. A., Hyršl, J. (2011) Anorpiment, As2S3, the triclinic dimorph of orpiment. Mineralogical Magazine, 75 (6) 2857-2867 doi:10.1180/minmag.2011.075.6.2857

ⓘ Anorthite

Formula: Ca(Al2Si2O8)

ⓘ Anorthite var. Labradorite

Formula: (Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8]

ⓘ Antlerite

Formula: Cu3(SO4)(OH)4

Localities:

Cerro Verde Mine, Yarabamba District, Arequipa Province, Arequipa, Peru
Cerro Negro Cu deposit, Yarabamba District, Arequipa Province, Arequipa, Peru
Los Chancas Cu deposit, Aymaraes Province, Apurímac, Peru

ⓘ 'Apatite'

Formula: Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)

Localities: Reported from at least 20 localities in this region.

ⓘ Aphthitalite

Formula: (K,Na)3Na(SO4)2

ⓘ Aphthitalite var. Ammonium-Aphthitalite

Formula: Na(K,NH4)SO4

ⓘ Aragonite

Formula: CaCO3

Description: Colourless to violet, hexagonal crystals originally sold as "apatite"!

ⓘ Aramayoite

Formula: Ag3Sb2(Bi,Sb)S6

Localities:

Herminia Mine, Julcani District, Angaraes Province, Huancavelica, Peru
Julcani District, Angaraes Province, Huancavelica, Peru
San Genaro Mine, Castrovirreyna mining district, Castrovirreyna District, Castrovirreyna Province, Huancavelica, Peru
Castrovirreyna mining district, Castrovirreyna District, Castrovirreyna Province, Huancavelica, Peru
Calera vein, Orcopampa District, Castilla Province, Arequipa, Peru

ⓘ Arcanite

Formula: K2SO4

Description: Found in guano beds.

ⓘ Arcanite var. Taylorite (of Dana)

Formula: (K,NH4)2SO4

Description: Found in guano beds.

ⓘ 'Arequipite'

References:

Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1951) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Ect. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

✪ Argentobaumhauerite

Formula: Ag1.5Pb22As33.5S72

Habit: nearly amorphous crust

Colour: indistinct purple crust

Fluorescence: none

Description: The crust was very difficult to x-ray and Baumhaurite 2a was the best guess.

ⓘ Argentopyrite

Formula: AgFe2S3

ⓘ Argentotennantite-(Fe) (TL)

Formula: Ag6(Cu4Fe2)As4S12S

Type Locality:

ⓘ Argentotennantite-(Zn)

Formula: Ag6(Cu4Zn2)As4S12S

ⓘ Argyrodite

Formula: Ag8GeS6

ⓘ Arsenic

Formula: As

Localities:

Pasto Bueno, Pampas District, Pallasca Province, Ancash, Peru
Quiruvilca Mine, Quiruvilca District, Santiago de Chuco Province, La Libertad, Peru
Morococha District, Yauli Province, Junín, Peru
Huayllapon Mine, Pasto Bueno, Pampas District, Pallasca Province, Ancash, Peru
Michiquillay Cu-Au-Mo deposit, Michiquillay, Encañada District, Cajamarca Province, Cajamarca, Peru

✪ 'Arsenic Sulphide Glass No. 2'

Habit: Botryoidal masses

Colour: black with bright red internal reflections

Fluorescence: none

Description: Botryoidal masses often connected by laths of Dimorphite

ⓘ Arsenopyrite

Formula: FeAsS

Localities: Reported from at least 36 localities in this region.

ⓘ Atacamite

Formula: Cu2(OH)3Cl

Localities: Reported from at least 14 localities in this region.

ⓘ Aubertite

Formula: CuAl(SO4)2Cl · 14H2O

References:

Diaby, N., Dold, B., Buselli, E., & Vicetti, R. (2006). EFFECTS ON ELEMENT MOBILITY BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF A WETLAND ON THE MARINE SHORE PORPHYRY COPPER TAILINGS DEPOSIT, BAHÍA DE ITE, PERU. In 7th International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage (ICARD), March (pp. 26-30).

ⓘ Augelite

Formula: Al2(PO4)(OH)3

Localities:

Pasto Bueno, Pampas District, Pallasca Province, Ancash, Peru
San Cristobal Mine, San Cristobal mining district, Yauli District, Yauli Province, Junín, Peru
Mundo Nuevo Mine, Mundo Nuevo, Huamachuco, Sánchez Carrión Province, La Libertad, Peru
Tamboras Mine, Mundo Nuevo, Huamachuco, Sánchez Carrión Province, La Libertad, Peru
Ortega Mine, Mundo Nuevo Mine, Mundo Nuevo, Huamachuco, Sánchez Carrión Province, La Libertad, Peru

ⓘ Augite

Formula: (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6

ⓘ Aurichalcite

Formula: (Zn,Cu)5(CO3)2(OH)6

ⓘ Autunite

Formula: Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10-12H2O

ⓘ Axinite-(Fe)

Formula: Ca2Fe2+Al2BSi4O15OH

Localities:

Molletambo quarry, Yauca del Rosario District, Ica Province, Ica, Peru
Paracas quarry, Huaytará District, Huaytará Province, Huancavelica, Peru
Espinal, Ica, Peru
Sayán, Sayán District, Huaura Province, Lima, Peru

ⓘ 'Axinite Group'

Localities:

Caylloma Province, Arequipa, Peru
Sayán, Sayán District, Huaura Province, Lima, Peru
Pampa Blanca, Pampa Blanca District, Castrovirreyna Province, Huancavelica, Peru ? (more information)

ⓘ Axinite-(Mn)

Formula: Ca2Mn2+Al2BSi4O15(OH)

Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region.

ⓘ Azurite

Formula: Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2

Localities: Reported from at least 19 localities in this region.

ⓘ Bariandite

Formula: Al0.6(V5+,V4+)8O20 · 9H2O

References:

Anthony, John Williams, Bideaux, Richard A., Bladh, Kenneth W., Nichols, Monte C. - Ed. (1997) Handbook of Mineralogy Vol. 3 - Halides, Hydroxides, Oxides. Mineral Data Publishing, Tucson, Arizona. p.1-682.

ⓘ Baryte

Formula: BaSO4

Localities: Reported from at least 52 localities in this region.

Description: Intergrown clusters of tabular white spear shaped crystals up to about 5 cm

ⓘ Baumhauerite

Formula: Pb12As16S36

ⓘ Baumstarkite (TL)

Formula: Ag3Sb3S6

Type Locality:

References:

Effenberger, Herta, Paar, Werner Hermann, Topa, Dan, Criddle, Alan J., Fleck, Michel (2002) The new mineral baumstarkite and a structural reinvestigation of aramayoite and miargyrite. American Mineralogist, 87 (5) 753-764 doi:10.2138/am-2002-5-619

ⓘ Becquerelite ?

Formula: Ca(UO2)6O4(OH)6 · 8H2O

ⓘ Benavidesite (TL)

Formula: Pb4MnSb6S14

Type Locality:

References:

Oudin, É., Picot, P., Pillard, F., Moëlo, Y., Burke, E.A.J., Zakrzewski, M.A. (1982) La bénavidésite, Pb4(Mn,Fe)Sb6S14, un noveau minéral de la série de la jamesonite. Bulletin de Minéralogie: 105: 166–169.

ⓘ Berlinite

Formula: AlPO4

ⓘ Berthierite

Formula: FeSb2S4

ⓘ Beryl

Formula: Be3Al2(Si6O18)

ⓘ Beryl var. Emerald ?

Formula: Be3Al2(Si6O18)

Description: Petersen took this information from Gustavo Steinmann (1929/1930) Geologia del Peru. (Heidelberg), but there has been no confirmation since then.

ⓘ Beudantite

Formula: PbFe3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6

ⓘ Billietite ?

Formula: Ba(UO2)6O4(OH)6 · 4-8H2O

ⓘ Billingsleyite

Formula: Ag7AsS6

Habit: small crystals up to 0.5 mm

ⓘ 'Bindheimite'

Formula: Pb2Sb2O6O

Description: Originally described as "Coronguite."

ⓘ 'Bindheimite var. Silver-bearing Bindheimite'

Formula: (Pb,Ag)2-ySb2-x(O,OH,H2O)7

Description: Originally described as "Coronguite."

ⓘ 'Biotite'

Formula: K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2

Localities: Reported from at least 47 localities in this region.

ⓘ Biphosphammite

Formula: NH4(H2PO4)

ⓘ Bischofite

Formula: MgCl2 · 6H2O

ⓘ Bismuth

Formula: Bi

Localities:

San Rafael Mine, Melgar Province, Puno, Peru
Turmalina mine, Canchaque, Huancabamba Province, Piura, Peru
Chaparra deposit, Atico District, Caravelí Province, Arequipa, Peru
Ayawilca Project, Daniel Alcides Carrión Province, Pasco, Peru

ⓘ Bismuthinite

Formula: Bi2S3

Localities: Reported from at least 17 localities in this region.

ⓘ 'Bismuthinite-Stibnite Series'

ⓘ Bismutite

Formula: (BiO)2CO3

ⓘ Blatonite

Formula: (UO2)CO3 · H2O

ⓘ Blödite

Formula: Na2Mg(SO4)2 · 4H2O

References:

ⓘ Bornite

Formula: Cu5FeS4

Localities: Reported from at least 56 localities in this region.

ⓘ Botryogen

Formula: MgFe3+(SO4)2(OH) · 7H2O

ⓘ Boulangerite

Formula: Pb5Sb4S11

Localities: Reported from at least 13 localities in this region.

ⓘ Bournonite

Formula: PbCuSbS3

Localities: Reported from at least 33 localities in this region.

ⓘ 'Bournonite-Seligmannite Series'

ⓘ Boussingaultite

Formula: (NH4)2Mg(SO4)2 · 6H2O

References:

ⓘ Brochantite

Formula: Cu4(SO4)(OH)6

Localities: Reported from at least 15 localities in this region.

ⓘ Brodtkorbite

Formula: Cu2HgSe2

ⓘ Burkeite

Formula: Na6(CO3)(SO4)2

ⓘ Bustamite

Formula: CaMn2+(Si2O6)

ⓘ 'Calamine'

ⓘ Calaverite

Formula: AuTe2

ⓘ Calcite

Formula: CaCO3

Localities: Reported from at least 92 localities in this region.

ⓘ Calcite var. Cobalt-bearing Calcite

Formula: (Ca,Co)CO3

ⓘ Calcite var. Manganese-bearing Calcite

Formula: (Ca,Mn)CO3

Localities: Reported from at least 13 localities in this region.

ⓘ 'Calcite Group'

Formula: AXO3

References:

Chauvet, A., Bailly, L., André, A.-S., Monié, P., Cassard, D., Tajada, F.L., Vargas, J.R., and Tuduri, J. (2006): Internal vein texture and vein evolution of the epithermal Shila-Paula district, southern Peru. Mineralium Deposita 41, 387-410.

ⓘ 'Calcium Amphibole Subgroup'

Formula: AnCa2(Z2+5-mZ3+m)(Si8-(n+m)Al(n+m))(OH,F,Cl)2

References:

Cernuschi, Federico, Dilles, John H., Osorio, Jaime, Proffett, John M., Kouzmanov, Kalin (2023) A Reevaluation of the Timing and Temperature of Copper and Molybdenum Precipitation in Porphyry Deposits. Economic Geology, 118 (5) 931-902 doi:10.5382/econgeo.5032

ⓘ 'Calcium Amphibole Subgroup var. Hornblende'

References:

ⓘ Caledonite

Formula: Pb5Cu2(SO4)3(CO3)(OH)6

ⓘ Canfieldite

Formula: Ag8SnS6

Localities:

Huanzala Mine, Huanzala, Huallanca District, Bolognesi Province, Ancash, Peru
Uchucchacua Mine, Uchucchacua area, Oyón District, Oyón Province, Lima, Peru

ⓘ Cassiterite

Formula: SnO2

Localities:

Huanzala Mine, Huanzala, Huallanca District, Bolognesi Province, Ancash, Peru
San Rafael Mine, Melgar Province, Puno, Peru
Huancané, Moho District, Moho Province, Puno, Peru
Yanacocha mining district (Yanacocha gold district), Cajamarca, Peru
Ayawilca Project, Daniel Alcides Carrión Province, Pasco, Peru

ⓘ Cassiterite var. Wood Tin

Formula: SnO2

ⓘ Celadonite

Formula: K(MgFe3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2

ⓘ Cerussite

Formula: PbCO3

Localities: Reported from at least 8 localities in this region.

ⓘ Chalcanthite

Formula: CuSO4 · 5H2O

Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region.

ⓘ Chalcocite

Formula: Cu2S

Localities: Reported from at least 57 localities in this region.

ⓘ Chalcophanite

Formula: ZnMn4+3O7 · 3H2O

ⓘ Chalcopyrite

Formula: CuFeS2

Localities: Reported from at least 140 localities in this region.

ⓘ Chalcostibite

Formula: CuSbS2

Habit: Prismatic.

Description: Recent XRD indicated the presence of chalcostibite crystals, accompanied by bournonite and tetrahedrite. Joan Rosell ref. analytical RM3900. Gray prismatic crystals like a perimorphosis. SEM-EDS analysis indicated that the elongated prismatic crystals with polysynthetic growths on the faces and hopper shapes (perimorphosis?) were a copper sulfoantimonide, with some bismuth and arsenic. This composition and its percentages correspond to chalcostibite, and the Bi would indicate the series with emplectite. Chalcostibite was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Other crystals showed prisms with faces striated and truncated by the pinacoid. Their analysis indicated that it was a copper-lead sulfoantimonide, with traces of Bi, consistent with twinned bournonite, a species also confirmed by XRD. On the matrix we observe crystals with tetrahedron shapes, sometimes flattened. XRD indicated the presence of tetrahedrite. SEM-EDS analysis of small crystals associated with chalcostibite indicated that it could be tetrahedrite-(Zn), with possible argentotetrahedrite-(Zn).

ⓘ Chamosite

Formula: (Fe2+)5Al(Si,Al)4O10(OH,O)8

ⓘ Chamosite var. Daphnite

Formula: (Fe,Mg)5Al(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8

ⓘ Changoite

Formula: Na2Zn(SO4)2 · 4H2O

ⓘ Chatkalite

Formula: Cu6FeSn2S8

ⓘ Chenevixite

Formula: Cu2Fe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)4

Localities:

Cobriza mine, Mantaro river, Huancavelica, Peru
San Antonio de Morococha, Morococha District, Yauli Province, Junín, Peru ? (more information)
Cerro de Pucará, Lurín District, Lima Province, Lima, Peru ? (more information)

ⓘ Chlorargyrite

Formula: AgCl

ⓘ 'Chlorite Group'

Localities: Reported from at least 66 localities in this region.

ⓘ Chromite

Formula: Fe2+Cr3+2O4

Description: Inclusions in rounded mafic inclusions (mafic magma blobs chilled into colder silicic melts) of forsterite and phlogopite.

ⓘ Chrysocolla

Formula: Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1

Localities: Reported from at least 33 localities in this region.

ⓘ 'Chrysocolla Chalcedony'

ⓘ 'Chrysoprase'

ⓘ Cinnabar

Formula: HgS

Localities:

Palomo mines, Castrovirreyna Province, Huancavelica, Peru
Chonta, Dos de Mayo Province, Huánuco, Peru
Santa Cruz Mine, Ancash, Peru
Azoguine, Puno, Peru
Santa Barbara mine, Huancavelica mercury district, Huancavelica Province, Huancavelica, Peru

ⓘ 'Clay minerals'

Localities: Reported from at least 9 localities in this region.

ⓘ Clinoatacamite

Formula: Cu2(OH)3Cl

ⓘ Clinochlore

Formula: Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8

Localities:

Turmalina mine, Canchaque, Huancabamba Province, Piura, Peru
Sayán, Sayán District, Huaura Province, Lima, Peru
San Rafael Mine, Melgar Province, Puno, Peru

ⓘ Clinochlore var. Ripidolite

Formula: (Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8

ⓘ Clinozoisite

Formula: (CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)

Localities:

Quiruvilca Mine, Quiruvilca District, Santiago de Chuco Province, La Libertad, Peru
Angelina copper mine (Angelina III mine), Tambo Colorado, Humay District, Pisco Province, Ica, Peru
Cerro San Cristobal, San Vicente de Cañete, Cañete Province, Lima, Peru
Raúl-Condestable Mine, Cañete Province, Lima, Peru

ⓘ Coffinite

Formula: U(SiO4) · nH2O

ⓘ Coloradoite

Formula: HgTe

ⓘ Colusite

Formula: Cu13VAs3S16

Localities:

Huanzala Mine, Huanzala, Huallanca District, Bolognesi Province, Ancash, Peru
Colquijirca mine, Colquijirca mining district, Tinyahuarco district, Pasco province, Pasco, Peru
Colquijirca mining district, Tinyahuarco district, Pasco province, Pasco, Peru

Description: Occurs as sub-microscopic grains (10 to 100 micron range) in pyrite.

ⓘ Conichalcite

Formula: CaCu(AsO4)(OH)

ⓘ Copiapite

Formula: Fe2+Fe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O

Localities:

Javier Mine (Javier Ortega Mine), Huac-huas District, Lucanas Province, Ayacucho, Peru
Cerro de Pasco mine (Paragsha mine), Simón Bolívar District, Pasco Province, Pasco, Peru
Mirador, Ancash, Peru
Yanque deposit, Paruro Province, Cuzco, Peru
Pinchollo geyser, Chivay District, Caylloma Province, Arequipa, Peru

Description: No chemical data

ⓘ Copper

Formula: Cu

Localities: Reported from at least 20 localities in this region.

ⓘ 'Copper Stain'

ⓘ Coquimbite

Formula: AlFe3(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O

Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region.

Habit: hexagonal crystals to 5cm.

Colour: purple

ⓘ Cordierite

Formula: (Mg,Fe)2Al3(AlSi5O18)

Localities:

San Rafael Mine, Melgar Province, Puno, Peru
Macusani Uranium deposits (Quenamari Meseta), Carabaya Province, Puno, Peru
Chaparra deposit, Atico District, Caravelí Province, Arequipa, Peru
Macusani, Carabaya Province, Puno, Peru
María Teresa deposit, Huaral District, Huaral Province, Lima, Peru

ⓘ Corundum

Formula: Al2O3

ⓘ Cosalite

Formula: Pb2Bi2S5

ⓘ Cotunnite

Formula: PbCl2

ⓘ Covellite

Formula: CuS

Localities: Reported from at least 52 localities in this region.

ⓘ Crandallite

Formula: CaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6

Localities:

Mundo Nuevo Mine, Mundo Nuevo, Huamachuco, Sánchez Carrión Province, La Libertad, Peru

~~Huanzala Mine, Huanzala, Huallanca District, Bolognesi Province, Ancash, Peru~~

(more information)

~~Quiruvilca Mine, Quiruvilca District, Santiago de Chuco Province, La Libertad, Peru~~

(more information)

ⓘ ~~Crandallite var. Strontium-bearing Crandallite~~

Formula: (Ca,Sr)Al3(PO4)2(OH)5 · H2O

Description: Globular white to creamy aggregates, on sphalerite, pyrite and galena crystals as a matrix. These aggregates could be produced by reaction of pyrite and sphalerite cleaned with acids (phosphoric acid). This information is only to warn collectors and analysts.

ⓘ 'Crandallite-Goyazite Series'

References:

Dill, H.G., Bosse, H.-R., Henning, K.-H., Fricke, A., and Ahrendt, H. (1997): Mineralium Deposita 32, 149-163.

ⓘ Cristobalite

Formula: SiO2

ⓘ Cronstedtite

Formula: Fe2+2Fe3+((Si,Fe3+)2O5)(OH)4

ⓘ Cubanite

Formula: CuFe2S3

Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region.

ⓘ Cuprite

Formula: Cu2O

Localities: Reported from at least 15 localities in this region.

ⓘ Cuprite var. Chalcotrichite

Formula: Cu2O

ⓘ Cuprite var. Tile ore

Formula: Cu2O

ⓘ Cuprobismutite

Formula: Cu8AgBi13S24

ⓘ 'Cuprocalcite'

ⓘ Cupropavonite

Formula: Cu0.9Ag0.5Pb0.6Bi2.5S5

ⓘ D'Ansite

Formula: Na21Mg(SO4)10Cl3

References:

ⓘ Dawsonite

Formula: NaAlCO3(OH)2

ⓘ Diaphorite

Formula: Ag3Pb2Sb3S8

Localities:

Casapalca Mine, Casapalca, Chicla District, Huarochirí Province, Lima, Peru
San Genaro Mine, Castrovirreyna mining district, Castrovirreyna District, Castrovirreyna Province, Huancavelica, Peru
Uchucchacua Mine, Uchucchacua area, Oyón District, Oyón Province, Lima, Peru

ⓘ Diaspore

Formula: AlO(OH)

Localities: Reported from at least 8 localities in this region.

ⓘ Dickite

Formula: Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4

Localities: Reported from at least 12 localities in this region.

ⓘ Digenite

Formula: Cu9S5

Localities: Reported from at least 22 localities in this region.

ⓘ Dimorphite

Formula: As4S3

ⓘ Diopside

Formula: CaMgSi2O6

Localities: Reported from at least 9 localities in this region.

ⓘ Dioptase

Formula: CuSiO3 · H2O

ⓘ Djurleite

Formula: Cu31S16

Localities:

Morococha District, Yauli Province, Junín, Peru
Cuajone Mine, Tala, Mariscal Nieto Province, Moquegua, Peru
Toquepala Mine, Ilabaya, Jorge Basadre Province, Tacna, Peru

ⓘ Dolomite

Formula: CaMg(CO3)2

Localities: Reported from at least 26 localities in this region.

ⓘ Dolomite var. Manganese-bearing Dolomite

Formula: CaMg(CO3)2

ⓘ Dravite

Formula: NaMg3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH)

Localities:

Javier Mine (Javier Ortega Mine), Huac-huas District, Lucanas Province, Ayacucho, Peru
Pastoruri Mt, Aquia District, Bolognesi Province, Ancash, Peru
San Rafael Mine, Melgar Province, Puno, Peru

ⓘ Dufrénoysite

Formula: Pb2As2S5

ⓘ Dumortierite

Formula: Al(Al2O)(Al2O)2(SiO4)3(BO3)

Localities:

Cucucha, Canta Province, Lima, Peru
Cerro Verde Mine, Yarabamba District, Arequipa Province, Arequipa, Peru
Canta District, Canta Province, Lima, Peru
Moquegua, Peru
San Rafael Mine, Melgar Province, Puno, Peru

ⓘ 'Dürfeldtite'

Formula: Pb(Ag,Cu,Fe)MnSb2S6

ⓘ Dwornikite (TL)

Formula: Ni(SO4) · H2O

Type Locality:

ⓘ Emplectite

Formula: CuBiS2

Localities:

Huanzala Mine, Huanzala, Huallanca District, Bolognesi Province, Ancash, Peru
Morococha District, Yauli Province, Junín, Peru
Cerro de Pasco mine (Paragsha mine), Simón Bolívar District, Pasco Province, Pasco, Peru
San Juan de Chorunga, Rio Grande district, Condesuyos Province, Arequipa, Peru
Colquijirca mine, Colquijirca mining district, Tinyahuarco district, Pasco province, Pasco, Peru

ⓘ Enargite (TL)

Formula: Cu3AsS4

Localities: Reported from at least 45 localities in this region.

ⓘ Enstatite

Formula: Mg2Si2O6

ⓘ Epidote

Formula: (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)

Localities: Reported from at least 54 localities in this region.

ⓘ Epsomite

Formula: MgSO4 · 7H2O

References:

ⓘ Eriochalcite

Formula: CuCl2 · 2H2O

References:

ⓘ Euclase

Formula: BeAl(SiO4)(OH)

ⓘ Eugsterite

Formula: Na4Ca(SO4)3 · 2H2O

ⓘ Famatinite

Formula: Cu3SbS4

Localities: Reported from at least 7 localities in this region.

ⓘ 'Fayalite-Forsterite Series'

ⓘ 'Feldspar Group'

Localities: Reported from at least 19 localities in this region.

ⓘ 'Feldspar Group var. Perthite'

ⓘ Ferberite

Formula: FeWO4

Localities: Reported from at least 8 localities in this region.

ⓘ Ferdowsiite

Formula: Ag8(Sb5As3)S16

ⓘ Fernandinite (TL)

Formula: (Ca,K)(V5+,V4+,Fe2+)8O20 · 10H2O

Type Locality:

References:

ⓘ Ferrimolybdite

Formula: Fe2(MoO4)3 · nH2O

ⓘ Ferro-hornblende

Formula: ◻Ca2(Fe2+4Al)(Si7Al)O22(OH)2

ⓘ Fibroferrite

Formula: Fe3+(SO4)(OH) · 5H2O

ⓘ Fischesserite

Formula: Ag3AuSe2

ⓘ Florencite-(Ce) ?

Formula: CeAl3(PO4)2(OH)6

References:

Dill, H.G., Bosse, H.-R., Henning, K.-H., Fricke, A., and Ahrendt, H. (1997): Mineralium Deposita 32, 149-163.

ⓘ Fluorapatite

Formula: Ca5(PO4)3F

Localities: Reported from at least 8 localities in this region.

ⓘ Fluorite

Formula: CaF2

Localities: Reported from at least 26 localities in this region.

Habit: octahedrons and dodecahedrons

Colour: pink

ⓘ Forsterite

Formula: Mg2SiO4

Description: Rounded mafic inclusions (mafic magma blobs chilled into colder silicic melts). Rimmed by opx+phlogopite coronas.

ⓘ Fraipontite

Formula: (Zn,Al)3((Si,Al)2O5)(OH)4

References:

Balassone, G., Scognamiglio, V., Nieto, F., Mondillo, N., Boni, M., Cappelletti, P., & Arfè, G. (2020). The nature of Zn-phyllosilicates in the nonsulfide Mina Grande and Cristal zinc deposits (Bongará District, Northern Peru): The TEM-HRTEM and AEM perspective. American Mineralogist, 105(8), 1223-1241.

ⓘ 'Freibergite Subgroup'

Formula: (Ag6,[Ag6]4+)(Cu4 C2+2)Sb4S12S0-1

Localities:

San Genaro Mine, Castrovirreyna mining district, Castrovirreyna District, Castrovirreyna Province, Huancavelica, Peru
Coricancha Mine, San Mateo de Huanchor, San Mateo District, Huarochirí Province, Lima, Peru
Bienaventurada Mine, Huachocolpa District, Huancavelica Province, Huancavelica, Peru
Ayawilca Project, Daniel Alcides Carrión Province, Pasco, Peru

ⓘ Freieslebenite

Formula: AgPbSbS3

ⓘ Friedelite

Formula: Mn2+8Si6O15(OH,Cl)10

References:

Bussell, M.A., Alpers, C.N., Petersen, U., Shepherd, T.J., Bermudez, C., Baxter, A.N. (1990) The Ag-Mn-Pb-Zn vein, replacement, and skarn deposits of Uchucchacua, Peru

ⓘ Friedrichite

Formula: Pb5Cu5Bi7S18

ⓘ Gahnite

Formula: ZnAl2O4

ⓘ Galena

Formula: PbS

Localities: Reported from at least 126 localities in this region.

ⓘ Galena var. Bismuth-bearing Galena

Formula: (Pb,Bi,Ag)S

References:

Benites, D., Torró, L., Vallance, J., Laurent, O., Quispe, P., Rosas, S., ... & Fontboté, L. (2022). Geology, mineralogy, and cassiterite geochronology of the Ayawilca Zn-Pb-Ag-In-Sn-Cu deposit, Pasco, Peru. Mineralium Deposita, 1-27.

ⓘ Galena var. Silver-bearing Galena

Formula: PbS with Ag

ⓘ Galenobismutite

Formula: PbBi2S4

ⓘ Garavellite

Formula: FeSbBiS4

ⓘ 'Garnet Group'

Formula: X3Z2(SiO4)3

Localities: Reported from at least 14 localities in this region.

ⓘ Geocronite

Formula: Pb14Sb6S23

Localities: Reported from at least 11 localities in this region.

ⓘ Gersdorffite

Formula: NiAsS

ⓘ Gibbsite

Formula: Al(OH)3

ⓘ Gladite

Formula: PbCuBi5S9

ⓘ Goethite

Formula: α-Fe3+O(OH)

Localities: Reported from at least 31 localities in this region.

ⓘ Gold

Formula: Au

Localities: Reported from at least 61 localities in this region.

ⓘ Gold var. Electrum

Formula: (Au,Ag)

Localities: Reported from at least 15 localities in this region.

ⓘ Goldfieldite

Formula: (Cu4◻2)(Cu4Cu+2)Te4S12S

ⓘ Goldichite

Formula: KFe(SO4)2 · 4H2O

ⓘ Goslarite

Formula: ZnSO4 · 7H2O

ⓘ Graphite

Formula: C

ⓘ Gratonite (TL)

Formula: Pb9As4S15

Localities: Reported from at least 7 localities in this region.

Habit: Heagonal prisms with rhombohedral terminations

Colour: grey

Fluorescence: none

Description: Found on rotting Marcasite, not many large specimens left

ⓘ Greenockite

Formula: CdS

Localities:

Morococha District, Yauli Province, Junín, Peru
Cristal prospect, Bongara Project, Yambrasbamba, Bongará Province, Amazonas, Peru
Shahuindo deposit, Cachachi District, Cajabamba Province, Cajamarca, Peru

ⓘ Grossular

Formula: Ca3Al2(SiO4)3

Localities:

Uchucchacua Mine, Uchucchacua area, Oyón District, Oyón Province, Lima, Peru
Palpa Province, Ica, Peru
Amaro deposit, Minas Conga, Celendín Province, Cajamarca, Peru
Huachocolpa District, Huancavelica Province, Huancavelica, Peru
Santander Property, Santa Cruz de Andamarca District, Huaral Province, Lima, Peru

ⓘ Grossular var. Hessonite

Formula: Ca3Al2(SiO4)3

ⓘ Guanine (TL)

Formula: C5H5N5O

Type Locality:

ⓘ Gudmundite

Formula: FeSbS

ⓘ 'Gummite'

ⓘ Gustavite

Formula: AgPbBi3S6

Localities:

Julcani District, Angaraes Province, Huancavelica, Peru
Level 390, Vein 14, Herminia Mine, Julcani District, Angaraes Province, Huancavelica, Peru
Ayawilca Project, Daniel Alcides Carrión Province, Pasco, Peru

ⓘ Gypsum

Formula: CaSO4 · 2H2O

Localities: Reported from at least 37 localities in this region.

ⓘ Gypsum var. Alabaster

Formula: CaSO4 · 2H2O

ⓘ Gypsum var. Selenite

Formula: CaSO4 · 2H2O

Localities:

Salinas de Otuma (Las Salinas; Salinas de Paracas), Otuma village, Paracas District, Pisco Province, Ica, Peru
Lily Mine, Humay District, Pisco Province, Ica, Peru
Palomo mines, Castrovirreyna Province, Huancavelica, Peru

ⓘ Halite

Formula: NaCl

Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region.

ⓘ Halloysite

Formula: Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4

Localities: Reported from at least 7 localities in this region.

ⓘ Halotrichite

Formula: FeAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O

Localities:

Javier Mine (Javier Ortega Mine), Huac-huas District, Lucanas Province, Ayacucho, Peru
Pinchollo geyser, Chivay District, Caylloma Province, Arequipa, Peru
Coquito Mine, Huachocolpa District, Huancavelica Province, Huancavelica, Peru

ⓘ Hammarite

Formula: Pb2Cu2Bi4S9

ⓘ Hedenbergite

Formula: CaFe2+Si2O6

ⓘ Helvine

Formula: Be3Mn2+4(SiO4)3S

ⓘ Hematite

Formula: Fe2O3

Localities: Reported from at least 64 localities in this region.

ⓘ Hematite var. Martite

Formula: Fe2O3

ⓘ Hematite var. Specularite

Formula: Fe2O3

Localities: Reported from at least 8 localities in this region.

ⓘ Hemimorphite

Formula: Zn4Si2O7(OH)2 · H2O

Localities:

Accha deposit, Paruro Province, Cuzco, Peru
Yanque deposit, Paruro Province, Cuzco, Peru
Cristal prospect, Bongara Project, Yambrasbamba, Bongará Province, Amazonas, Peru
Bongarita prospect, Bongara Project, Yambrasbamba, Bongará Province, Amazonas, Peru
Mina Grande prospect, Bongara Project, Yambrasbamba, Bongará Province, Amazonas, Peru

ⓘ Hendricksite

Formula: KZn3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2

ⓘ Hercynite

Formula: Fe2+Al2O4

ⓘ Herzenbergite

Formula: SnS

References:

Benites, D., Torró, L., Vallance, J., Laurent, O., Quispe, P., Rosas, S., ... & Fontboté, L. (2021). Geology, mineralogy, and cassiterite geochronology of the Ayawilca Zn-Pb-Ag-In-Sn-Cu deposit, Pasco, Peru. Mineralium Deposita, 1-27.

ⓘ Hessite

Formula: Ag2Te

Localities:

Huanzala Mine, Huanzala, Huallanca District, Bolognesi Province, Ancash, Peru
Colquijirca mining district, Tinyahuarco district, Pasco province, Pasco, Peru
Calera vein, Orcopampa District, Castilla Province, Arequipa, Peru
Colquijirca mine, Colquijirca mining district, Tinyahuarco district, Pasco province, Pasco, Peru
San Luis Alta deposit, Rio Grande district, Condesuyos Province, Arequipa, Peru

ⓘ Heulandite-Ca

Formula: (Ca,Na)5(Si27Al9)O72 · 26H2O

ⓘ Hewettite (TL)

Formula: CaV6O16 · 9H2O

Type Locality:

References:

ⓘ Hexahydrite

Formula: MgSO4 · 6H2O

References:

ⓘ Heyrovskýite

Formula: Pb6Bi2S9

ⓘ Hinsdalite

Formula: PbAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6

ⓘ Hocartite

Formula: Ag2(Fe2+,Zn)SnS4

ⓘ Hodrušite

Formula: Cu8Bi12S22

ⓘ 'Hornblende Root Name Group'

Formula: ◻Ca2(Z2+4Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2

Localities: Reported from at least 8 localities in this region.

ⓘ Huanzalaite (TL)

Formula: MgWO4

Type Locality:

Habit: Inclusions in scheelite

ⓘ Hübnerite

Formula: MnWO4

Localities: Reported from at least 18 localities in this region.

Habit: Prisms to 15cm

✪ Hutchinsonite

Formula: TlPbAs5S9

Habit: Thick needles to a cm

Colour: black with red internal reflections

Fluorescence: none

Description: With Barite, Orpiment and Baumhaurite 2a

ⓘ Hydrocerussite

Formula: Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2

ⓘ 'Hydrophilite'

Description: As efflorescences on soil.

References:

ⓘ Hydrotalcite

Formula: Mg6Al2(CO3)(OH)16 · 4H2O

ⓘ 'Hydrotalcite Group'

Formula: M6R3+2(OH)16Z · 4H2O, where M=Mg, Fe, Ni, R3+ = Al, Cr, Co or Fe, and Z=CO3, Cl

ⓘ Hydrotungstite

Formula: WO3 · 2H2O

Localities:

Mundo Nuevo Mine, Mundo Nuevo, Huamachuco, Sánchez Carrión Province, La Libertad, Peru
Teodocio adit, Mundo Nuevo Mine, Mundo Nuevo, Huamachuco, Sánchez Carrión Province, La Libertad, Peru

ⓘ Hydrozincite

Formula: Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6

Localities:

Accha deposit, Paruro Province, Cuzco, Peru
Matagente, Cerro de Pasco, Pasco province, Pasco, Peru
Cristal prospect, Bongara Project, Yambrasbamba, Bongará Province, Amazonas, Peru
Mina Grande prospect, Bongara Project, Yambrasbamba, Bongará Province, Amazonas, Peru

ⓘ 'Hypersthene'

Formula: (Mg,Fe)SiO3

ⓘ Hyršlite (TL)

Formula: Pb8As10Sb6S32

Type Locality:

ⓘ Idaite

Formula: Cu5FeS6

ⓘ Ilmenite

Formula: Fe2+TiO3

Localities: Reported from at least 9 localities in this region.

ⓘ Inyoite

Formula: Ca(H4B3O7)(OH) · 4H2O

ⓘ Iodargyrite

Formula: AgI

Localities:

Chaparra deposit, Atico District, Caravelí Province, Arequipa, Peru
Mollehuaca deposit, Huanu-Huanu District, Caravelí Province, Arequipa, Peru
San Luis Alta deposit, Rio Grande district, Condesuyos Province, Arequipa, Peru

ⓘ Iridium

Formula: (Ir,Os,Ru)

Formula: Fe

Formula: (Fe,Ni)

Formula: Ag3CuS2

Localities:

Huanzala Mine, Huanzala, Huallanca District, Bolognesi Province, Ancash, Peru
Pallancata deposit, Parinacochas Province, Ayacucho, Peru
Caylloma Mine, Caylloma Province, Arequipa, Peru

ⓘ Jamesonite

Formula: Pb4FeSb6S14

Localities: Reported from at least 10 localities in this region.

ⓘ Jarosite

Formula: KFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6

Localities: Reported from at least 27 localities in this region.

ⓘ 'Jasper'

Localities:

Miraflores jasper occurrence, Cañete Province, Lima, Peru
Tantamayo rhodonite occurrence, Huamalíes Province, Huánuco, Peru
Jasper occurrence, Puno, Peru
Purisima Concepcion deposit, Yauricocha, Huarochirí Province, Lima, Peru
Atocha mine, Castrovirreyna mining district, Castrovirreyna District, Castrovirreyna Province, Huancavelica, Peru

ⓘ Johannsenite

Formula: CaMn2+Si2O6

ⓘ Jordanite

Formula: Pb14As6S23

Localities:

Castrovirreyna mining district, Castrovirreyna District, Castrovirreyna Province, Huancavelica, Peru
Julcani Mine, Julcani District, Angaraes Province, Huancavelica, Peru
Bienaventurada Mine, Huachocolpa District, Huancavelica Province, Huancavelica, Peru
Milpo mine, Atacocha mining district, Cerro de Pasco, Pasco province, Pasco, Peru

ⓘ Kaolinite

Formula: Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4

Localities: Reported from at least 60 localities in this region.

ⓘ Kësterite

Formula: Cu2ZnSnS4

Localities:

San Genaro Mine, Castrovirreyna mining district, Castrovirreyna District, Castrovirreyna Province, Huancavelica, Peru
Huanzala Mine, Huanzala, Huallanca District, Bolognesi Province, Ancash, Peru
Uchucchacua Mine, Uchucchacua area, Oyón District, Oyón Province, Lima, Peru

ⓘ Keutschite (TL)

Formula: Cu2AgAsS4

Type Locality:

ⓘ 'K Feldspar'

Localities: Reported from at least 29 localities in this region.

ⓘ 'K Feldspar var. Adularia'

Formula: KAlSi3O8

Localities: Reported from at least 15 localities in this region.

ⓘ Kiddcreekite

Formula: Cu6SnWS8

ⓘ Kobellite

Formula: Pb22Cu4(Bi,Sb)30S69

References:

Wang, Cheng, Shao, Yong-Jun, Goldfarb, Richard, Tan, Shi-Min, Sun, Ji, Zhou, Chao, Zheng, Han, Liu, Qing-Quan, Xiong, Yi-Qu (2024) Superimposed Gold Mineralization Events in the Tuanshanbei Orogenic Gold Deposit, Central Jiangnan Orogen, South China. Economic Geology, 119 (1) 113-137 doi:10.5382/econgeo.5034

ⓘ Kochkarite

Formula: PbBi4Te7

ⓘ Kosnarite

Formula: KZr2(PO4)3

References:

Deditius, A.P., Utsunomiya, S., Sanchez-Alfaro, P., Reich, M., Ewing, R.C., Kesler, S.E. (2015): Constraints on Hf and Zr mobility in high-sulfidation epithermal systems: formation of kosnarite, KZr2(PO4)3, in the Chaquicocha gold deposit, Yanacocha district, Peru. Mineralium Deposita, 50, 429-436.

ⓘ Kostovite

Formula: CuAuTe4

ⓘ Krausite

Formula: KFe(SO4)2 · H2O

References:

Frost, R. L., Gobac, Ž. Ž., López, A., Xi, Y., Scholz, R., Lana, C., & Lima, R. M. F. (2014). Characterization of the sulphate mineral coquimbite, a secondary iron sulphate from Javier Ortega mine, Lucanas Province, Peru–Using infrared, Raman spectroscopy and thermogravimetry. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1063, 251-258.

ⓘ Krupkaite

Formula: PbCuBi3S6

ⓘ Kutnohorite

Formula: CaMn2+(CO3)2

Localities:

Uchucchacua Mine, Uchucchacua area, Oyón District, Oyón Province, Lima, Peru
Milpo mine, Atacocha mining district, Cerro de Pasco, Pasco province, Pasco, Peru
Shila Mine, Shila-Paula mining district, Castilla Province, Arequipa, Peru
Pachapaqui mining district, Aquia District, Bolognesi Province, Ancash, Peru
Ayawilca Project, Daniel Alcides Carrión Province, Pasco, Peru

✪ Lautite

Formula: CuAsS

Habit: rosettes of flattened crystals on tennantite

Colour: grey metallic sometimes with a purple-pink hue

ⓘ Lazulite

Formula: MgAl2(PO4)2(OH)2

ⓘ 'Leucoxene'

ⓘ Lillianite

Formula: Pb3-2xAgxBi2+xS6

ⓘ 'Limonite'

Localities: Reported from at least 35 localities in this region.

ⓘ Lindströmite

Formula: Pb3Cu3Bi7S15

ⓘ Löllingite

Formula: FeAs2

References:

Harlaux, Matthieu, Kontak, Daniel J., Clark, Alan H., Kouzmanov, Kalin, Holm-Denoma, Christopher S., Gialli, Stefano, Laurent, Oscar, Spikings, Richard, Chauvet, Alain, Dini, Andrea, Kalinaj, Miroslav, Fontboté, Lluís (2023) Depositing \\>1.5 Mt of Tin Within \\<1 m.y. of Initial Granitic Intrusion in the San Rafael Tin (-Copper) Deposit, Southeastern Peru. Economic Geology, 118 (6) 1371-1396 doi:10.5382/econgeo.5021

ⓘ Ludwigite

Formula: Mg2Fe3+(BO3)O2

References:

ⓘ Luzonite

Formula: Cu3AsS4

Localities: Reported from at least 14 localities in this region.

Habit: druse of cubes to several mm

Colour: purplish black

Fluorescence: none

Description: Druse on enargites, very similar to Taiwan material.

ⓘ Mackinawite

Formula: FeS

Localities:

El Galeno Cu-Au-Mo deposit, Quisquimayoc, Celendín Province, Cajamarca, Peru
Cerro Verde Mine, Yarabamba District, Arequipa Province, Arequipa, Peru
Ayawilca Project, Daniel Alcides Carrión Province, Pasco, Peru
San Rafael Mine, Melgar Province, Puno, Peru

ⓘ Magnesiocopiapite

Formula: MgFe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O

ⓘ Magnesite

Formula: MgCO3

ⓘ Magnetite

Formula: Fe2+Fe3+2O4

Localities: Reported from at least 53 localities in this region.

ⓘ Magnetite var. Titanium-bearing Magnetite

Formula: Fe2+(Fe3+,Ti)2O4

ⓘ Malachite

Formula: Cu2(CO3)(OH)2

Localities: Reported from at least 39 localities in this region.

ⓘ Mallardite

Formula: MnSO4 · 7H2O

ⓘ 'Manganese Oxides'

ⓘ Manganoquadratite (TL)

Formula: AgMnAsS3

Type Locality:

References:

Bonazzi, P., Keutsch, F. N., Bindi, L. (2012) Manganoquadratite, AgMnAsS3, a new manganese-bearing sulfosalt from the Uchucchacua polymetallic deposit, Lima Department, Peru: Description and crystal structure. American Mineralogist, 97 (7) 1199-1205 doi:10.2138/am.2012.4004

ⓘ Marcasite

Formula: FeS2

Localities: Reported from at least 31 localities in this region.

ⓘ Marialite

Formula: Na4Al3Si9O24Cl

ⓘ Marrite

Formula: AgPbAsS3

ⓘ Mascagnite

Formula: (NH4)2SO4

Localities:

North Chincha Island, Chincha Islands, San Clemente District, Pisco Province, Ica, Peru
Guañape Islands, Virù Province, La Libertad, Peru
Pinchollo geyser, Chivay District, Caylloma Province, Arequipa, Peru

Description: Occurs in guano deposits.

ⓘ Matildite (TL)

Formula: AgBiS2

Localities:

Matilda Mine, Morococha District, Yauli Province, Junín, Peru
Cerro de Pasco mine (Paragsha mine), Simón Bolívar District, Pasco Province, Pasco, Peru
Colquijirca mine, Colquijirca mining district, Tinyahuarco district, Pasco province, Pasco, Peru
San Rafael Mine, Melgar Province, Puno, Peru

ⓘ Mawsonite

Formula: Cu6Fe2SnS8

Localities:

Morococha District, Yauli Province, Junín, Peru
Layo deposit, Chachas District, Castilla Province, Arequipa, Peru
Colquijirca mine, Colquijirca mining district, Tinyahuarco district, Pasco province, Pasco, Peru

ⓘ Mckinstryite

Formula: Ag5-xCu3+xS4

ⓘ Melanovanadite (TL)

Formula: Ca(V5+,V4+)4O10 · 5H2O

Type Locality:

References:

ⓘ Melanterite

Formula: Fe2+(H2O)6SO4 · H2O

Localities: Reported from at least 10 localities in this region.

ⓘ 'Melnikovite'

ⓘ Menchettiite (TL)

Formula: AgPb2.40Mn1.60Sb3As2S12

Type Locality:

References:

Bindi, L., Keutsch, F. N., Bonazzi, P. (2012) Menchettiite, AgPb2.40Mn1.60Sb3As2S12, a new sulfosalt belonging to the lillianite series from the Uchucchacua polymetallic deposit, Lima Department, Peru. American Mineralogist, 97 (2) 440-446 doi:10.2138/am.2012.3944

ⓘ Meneghinite

Formula: Pb13CuSb7S24

ⓘ Mercury

Formula: Hg

ⓘ Meta-autunite

Formula: Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 6H2O

Localities:

Chapi, Corani District, Carabaya Province, Puno, Peru
Macusani Uranium deposits (Quenamari Meseta), Carabaya Province, Puno, Peru
Macusani, Carabaya Province, Puno, Peru

ⓘ Metastibnite

Formula: Sb2S3

ⓘ Metavoltine

Formula: K2Na6Fe2+Fe3+6O2(SO4)12 · 18H2O

ⓘ Miargyrite

Formula: AgSbS2

Localities: Reported from at least 9 localities in this region.

Habit: Cm sized balls of mm sized xls. 4mm xls are blocky

Colour: Black, sometimes irridescent with red internal lights

Fluorescence: none

ⓘ Microcline

Formula: K(AlSi3O8)

ⓘ Microcline var. Amazonite

Formula: K(AlSi3O8)

ⓘ Microcline var. Hyalophane

Formula: (K,Ba)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8]

ⓘ 'Microlite Group'

Formula: A2-mTa2X6-wZ-n

ⓘ Millerite

Formula: NiS

ⓘ Mimetite

Formula: Pb5(AsO4)3Cl

ⓘ Minasragrite (TL)

Formula: (V4+O)(SO4) · 5H2O

Type Locality:

Description: Occurred as an efflorescence on Patronite.

References:

ⓘ Minrecordite

Formula: CaZn(CO3)2

ⓘ Mohrite

Formula: (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2 · 6H2O

References:

ⓘ Molybdenite

Formula: MoS2

Localities: Reported from at least 49 localities in this region.

ⓘ 'Monazite'

Formula: REE(PO4)

Localities:

Macusani Uranium deposits (Quenamari Meseta), Carabaya Province, Puno, Peru
San Rafael Mine, Melgar Province, Puno, Peru
Macusani, Carabaya Province, Puno, Peru
Cristal prospect, Bongara Project, Yambrasbamba, Bongará Province, Amazonas, Peru
Mina Grande prospect, Bongara Project, Yambrasbamba, Bongará Province, Amazonas, Peru

ⓘ Montbrayite

Formula: (Au,Ag,Sb,Bi,Pb)23(Te,Sb,Bi,Pb)38

ⓘ Montmorillonite

Formula: (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O

Localities: Reported from at least 7 localities in this region.

ⓘ Moraesite

Formula: Be2(PO4)(OH) · 4H2O

ⓘ Morenosite

Formula: NiSO4 · 7H2O

ⓘ Muscovite

Formula: KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2

Localities: Reported from at least 106 localities in this region.

ⓘ Muscovite var. Fuchsite

Formula: K(Al,Cr)3Si3O10(OH)2

ⓘ Muscovite var. Illite

Formula: K0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2

Localities: Reported from at least 34 localities in this region.

ⓘ Muscovite var. Sericite

Formula: KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2

Localities: Reported from at least 76 localities in this region.

ⓘ Nacrite

Formula: Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4

References:

Galdos, Renzo, Vallance, Jean, Baby, Patrice, Salvi, Stefano, Schirra, Michael, Velasquez, German, Viveen, Willem, Soto, Rodrigo, Pokrovski, Gleb S. (2024) Origin and evolution of gold-bearing fluids in a carbon-rich sedimentary basin: A case study of the Algamarca epithermal gold-silver-copper deposit, northern Peru. Ore Geology Reviews, 166. 105857 doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2023.105857

ⓘ Nagyágite

Formula: [Pb3(Pb,Sb)3S6](Au,Te)3

ⓘ Natrojarosite

Formula: NaFe3(SO4)2(OH)6

ⓘ Natrolite

Formula: Na2Al2Si3O10 · 2H2O

ⓘ Naumannite

Formula: Ag2Se

ⓘ Neotocite

Formula: (Mn,Fe,Mg)SiO3 · H2O

Localities:

Uchucchacua Mine, Uchucchacua area, Oyón District, Oyón Province, Lima, Peru
Los Chancas Cu deposit, Aymaraes Province, Apurímac, Peru
Tingo Cu deposit, Huaytará Province, Huancavelica, Peru
Las Bambas Mine, Las Bambas District, Cotabambas Province, Apurímac, Peru
Tia Maria Mine, Cocachacra District, Islay Province, Arequipa, Peru

ⓘ Nepheline

Formula: Na3K(Al4Si4O16)

ⓘ Nontronite

Formula: Na0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O

References:

O'Connor, T., Stefan, L., Clark, A., Kyser, K., & Li, V. (2018). Macusani Uranium Deposits, Puno, Peru: Products of Episodic Late Pleistocene Periglacial Flooding (No. IAEA-CN--261).

ⓘ Nukundamite

Formula: Cu3.33Fe0.66S4

ⓘ 'Olivine Group'

Formula: M2SiO4

ⓘ Opal

Formula: SiO2 · nH2O

Localities: Reported from at least 9 localities in this region.

ⓘ Opal var. Andean Opal

Formula: SiO2 · nH2O

ⓘ Opal var. Opal-AN

Formula: SiO2 · nH2O

ⓘ Opal var. Opal-CT

Formula: SiO2 · nH2O

ⓘ Orpiment

Formula: As2S3

Localities: Reported from at least 15 localities in this region.

Habit: Wedge like xls to 3cm

Colour: yellow-orange to brown-orange

Fluorescence: none

ⓘ Orthoclase

Formula: K(AlSi3O8)

Localities: Reported from at least 7 localities in this region.

ⓘ 'Orthopyroxene Subgroup'

ⓘ Osumilite-(Mg)

Formula: K◻2Mg2Al3[Al2Si10O30]

Description: - Replace biotite xenocrysts, in association with spinel-hercynite, orthopyroxene and ilmenite. - Microlites in the groundmass.

ⓘ Oxammite (TL)

Formula: (NH4)2(C2O4) · H2O

Type Locality:

ⓘ Oyonite (TL)

Formula: Ag3Mn2Pb4Sb7As4S24

Type Locality:

References:

Bindi, Luca, Biagioni, Cristian, Keutsch, Frank (2018) Oyonite, Ag3Mn2Pb4Sb7As4S24, a New Member of the Lillianite Homologous Series from the Uchucchacua Base-Metal Deposit, Oyon District, Peru. Minerals, 8 (5). 192pp. doi:10.3390/min8050192

ⓘ Palygorskite

Formula: ◻Al2Mg2◻2Si8O20(OH)2(H2O)4 · 4H2O

ⓘ Pararealgar

Formula: As4S4

ⓘ Paratacamite

Formula: Cu3(Cu,Zn)(OH)6Cl2

ⓘ Pascoite (TL)

Formula: Ca2Ca(V10O28) · 17H2O

Type Locality:

Description: Occurs as efflorescences on mine tunnels.

References:

ⓘ Patrónite (TL)

Formula: VS4

ⓘ Pavonite

Formula: AgBi3S5

ⓘ Pearceite

Formula: [Ag6As2S7][Ag9CuS4]

Localities: Reported from at least 8 localities in this region.

ⓘ 'Pearceite-T2ac'

ⓘ Pentahydrite

Formula: MgSO4 · 5H2O

References:

ⓘ 'Petroleum var. Bitumen'

ⓘ Petzite

Formula: Ag3AuTe2

ⓘ Phlogopite

Formula: KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2

Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region.

Description: - Microlites in lamproite. - Highly magnesian phlogopite : Rounded mafic inclusions (mafic magma blobs chilled into colder silicic melts).

ⓘ Phosphammite

Formula: (NH4)2(PO3OH)

ⓘ Pickeringite

Formula: MgAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O

References:

ⓘ Picromerite

Formula: K2Mg(SO4)2 · 6H2O

References:

ⓘ 'Pink Opal'

ⓘ Pirquitasite

Formula: Ag2ZnSnS4

ⓘ Pirssonite

Formula: Na2Ca(CO3)2 · 2H2O

ⓘ 'Plagioclase'

Formula: (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8

Localities: Reported from at least 16 localities in this region.

ⓘ Plagionite

Formula: Pb5Sb8S17

ⓘ Plumbogummite

Formula: PbAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6

ⓘ Plumbojarosite

Formula: Pb0.5Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6

ⓘ Plumbostannite

Formula: Pb2Fe2Sn2Sb2S11

ⓘ Polybasite

Formula: [Ag6Sb2S7][Ag9CuS4]

Localities: Reported from at least 18 localities in this region.

ⓘ Prehnite

Formula: Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2

Localities:

Huanzala Mine, Huanzala, Huallanca District, Bolognesi Province, Ancash, Peru
Sayán, Sayán District, Huaura Province, Lima, Peru
Molletambo quarry, Yauca del Rosario District, Ica Province, Ica, Peru
Raul Mine, Raúl-Condestable Mine, Cañete Province, Lima, Peru
Raúl-Condestable Mine, Cañete Province, Lima, Peru

ⓘ Proustite

Formula: Ag3AsS3

Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region.

ⓘ Pseudomalachite

Formula: Cu5(PO4)2(OH)4

ⓘ 'Psilomelane'

ⓘ 'Pumpellyite Subgroup'

Formula: Ca2XAl2[Si2O6(OH)][SiO4](OH)2A

References:

Williams, P. J., Barton, M. D., Johnson, D. A., Fontboté, L., De Haller, A., Mark, G., ... & Marschik, R. (2005). Iron oxide copper-gold deposits: Geology, space-time distribution, and possible modes of origin. Economic Geology, 371-405.

De Haller, A., Corfu, F., Fontboté, L., Schaltegger, U., Barra, F., Chiaradia, M., ... & Alvarado, J. Z. (2006). Geology, geochronology, and Hf and Pb isotope data of the Raúl-Condestable iron oxide-copper-gold deposit, central coast of Peru. Economic Geology, 101(2), 281-310.

ⓘ Pyrargyrite

Formula: Ag3SbS3

Localities: Reported from at least 17 localities in this region.

ⓘ Pyrite

Formula: FeS2

Localities: Reported from at least 181 localities in this region.

Habit: Octos, pyritohedra

Description: 2 cm lustrous octos perched on white quartz. Pyritohedrons grew in clay, similar to those from the Magma Mine in Arizona, USA

ⓘ Pyrite var. Arsenic-bearing Pyrite

Formula: Fe(S,As)2

References:

ⓘ Pyrite var. Bravoite

Formula: (Fe,Ni)S2

Localities:

Ragra Mine, Huayllay District, Pasco Province, Pasco, Peru
Quisque mining district (Minasaragra), Cerro de Pasco, Pasco province, Pasco, Peru
Raúl-Condestable Mine, Cañete Province, Lima, Peru

Description: First described from here.

ⓘ Pyrolusite

Formula: Mn4+O2

ⓘ Pyromorphite

Formula: Pb5(PO4)3Cl

ⓘ Pyrophyllite

Formula: Al2Si4O10(OH)2

Localities: Reported from at least 20 localities in this region.

ⓘ 'Pyroxene Group'

Formula: ADSi2O6

Localities: Reported from at least 8 localities in this region.

ⓘ Pyroxmangite

Formula: Mn2+SiO3

ⓘ Pyrrhotite

Formula: Fe1-xS

Localities: Reported from at least 41 localities in this region.

ⓘ Quartz

Formula: SiO2

Localities: Reported from at least 213 localities in this region.

ⓘ Quartz var. Agate

Localities: Reported from at least 9 localities in this region.

ⓘ Quartz var. Amethyst

Formula: SiO2

Localities: Reported from at least 11 localities in this region.

ⓘ Quartz var. Bull Quartz

Formula: SiO2

ⓘ Quartz var. Carnelian

ⓘ Quartz var. Chalcedony

Formula: SiO2

Localities: Reported from at least 17 localities in this region.

ⓘ Quartz var. Citrine

Formula: SiO2

Description: Several specimens were collected by Dr. Ulrich Petersen in 1960 at the foot of the Cerros de Illescas, between Reventazón and Salina Cerro.

ⓘ Quartz var. Milky Quartz

Formula: SiO2

Localities:

Huarón mining district, Huayllay district, Pasco province, Pasco, Peru
Palomo mines, Castrovirreyna Province, Huancavelica, Peru
Calera vein, Orcopampa District, Castilla Province, Arequipa, Peru
San Luis Alta deposit, Rio Grande district, Condesuyos Province, Arequipa, Peru

ⓘ Quartz var. Rock Crystal

Formula: SiO2

ⓘ Quartz var. Rose Quartz

Formula: SiO2

ⓘ Quartz var. Smoky Quartz

Formula: SiO2

Localities:

Haurita quarry, Pasto Bueno, Pampas District, Pallasca Province, Ancash, Peru
Pasto Bueno, Pampas District, Pallasca Province, Ancash, Peru
Mina Adán, Casma District, Casma Province, Ancash, Peru
Huaylas Province, Ancash, Peru

ⓘ 'Quisqueite'

ⓘ Ramdohrite

Formula: Pb5.9Fe0.1Mn0.1In0.1Cd0.2Ag2.8Sb10.8S24

ⓘ Ramosite (TL)

Formula: Pb25.7Sn8.3Mn3.4Sb6.4S56.2

Type Locality:

ⓘ Realgar

Formula: As4S4

Localities: Reported from at least 18 localities in this region.

ⓘ Renardite

Formula: Pb(UO2)4(PO4)2(OH)4 · H2O

ⓘ Retgersite (TL)

Formula: NiSO4 · 6H2O

Type Locality:

References:

ⓘ 'Revoredite' (FRL)

Formula: PbAs4S7

Localities:

Cerro de Pasco, Pasco province, Pasco, Peru
Quiruvilca Mine, Quiruvilca District, Santiago de Chuco Province, La Libertad, Peru
Ragra Mine, Huayllay District, Pasco Province, Pasco, Peru ? (more information)

Habit: Amorphous

Colour: Black

Description: Revoredite is a natural Pb-As-S glass. Not accepted as a proper species; composition near PbAs4S7; a continous series from Pb2As2S7 to As2S3 seems likely.

ⓘ Rhodochrosite

Formula: MnCO3

Localities: Reported from at least 53 localities in this region.

Habit: Rhombohedrons to 15cm

Colour: Red

ⓘ Rhodonite

Formula: CaMn3Mn[Si5O15]

Localities: Reported from at least 22 localities in this region.

ⓘ Rhomboclase

Formula: (H5O2)Fe3+(SO4)2 · 2H2O

References:

ⓘ Robinsonite

Formula: Pb4Sb6S13

ⓘ Römerite

Formula: Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 · 14H2O

ⓘ Roscoelite

Formula: K(V3+,Al)2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2

References:

ⓘ Roxbyite

Formula: Cu9S5

ⓘ Rozenite

Formula: FeSO4 · 4H2O

Localities:

Excelsior Mine, Cerro de Pasco, Pasco province, Pasco, Peru
Pinchollo geyser, Chivay District, Caylloma Province, Arequipa, Peru
Castrovirreyna mining district, Castrovirreyna District, Castrovirreyna Province, Huancavelica, Peru

ⓘ Rucklidgeite

Formula: PbBi2Te4

ⓘ Russellite

Formula: Bi2WO6

References:

ⓘ Rutile

Formula: TiO2

Localities: Reported from at least 19 localities in this region.

Description: Crystals up to 3 x 2 cm.

ⓘ Sakuraiite

Formula: (Cu,Zn,Fe)3(In,Sn)S4

ⓘ Salammoniac

Formula: NH4Cl

ⓘ Sangenaroite (TL)

Formula: Ag8(Sb8-xAsx)SΣ16

Type Locality:

ⓘ Sanidine

Formula: K(AlSi3O8)

ⓘ Sauconite

Formula: Na0.3Zn3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O

Localities:

Accha deposit, Paruro Province, Cuzco, Peru
Yanque deposit, Paruro Province, Cuzco, Peru
Cristal prospect, Bongara Project, Yambrasbamba, Bongará Province, Amazonas, Peru

ⓘ 'Scapolite'

Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region.

ⓘ Schapbachite ?

Formula: Ag0.4Pb0.2Bi0.4S

Description: might be a pseudo-cubic paramorph after matildite

ⓘ Scheelite

Formula: Ca(WO4)

Localities: Reported from at least 15 localities in this region.

ⓘ Schorl

Formula: NaFe2+3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH)

Localities:

Chacoya, Castrovirreyna Province, Huancavelica, Peru
Turmalina mine, Canchaque, Huancabamba Province, Piura, Peru
San Rafael Mine, Melgar Province, Puno, Peru

ⓘ Schwertmannite

Formula: Fe3+16(OH,SO4)12-13O16 · 10-12H2O

ⓘ Scorodite

Formula: Fe3+AsO4 · 2H2O

Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region.

ⓘ Sekaninaite

Formula: (Fe,Mg)2Al3(AlSi5O18)

ⓘ Seligmannite

Formula: PbCuAsS3

Localities: Reported from at least 7 localities in this region.

ⓘ Sellaite

Formula: MgF2

ⓘ Semseyite

Formula: Pb9Sb8S21

Localities: Reported from at least 7 localities in this region.

ⓘ 'Serpentine Subgroup'

Formula: D3[Si2O5](OH)4

Localities:

Michiquillay Cu-Au-Mo deposit, Michiquillay, Encañada District, Cajamarca Province, Cajamarca, Peru
Toro Mocho deposit, Morococha District, Yauli Province, Junín, Peru
Coroccohuayco Cu deposit, Ahuancata, Espinar Province, Cuzco, Peru

ⓘ Sherwoodite

Formula: Ca5.5(AlV4+V5+12O39) · 28H2O

ⓘ Siderite

Formula: FeCO3

Localities: Reported from at least 27 localities in this region.

ⓘ Siderite var. Oligonite

Formula: (Fe,Mn)CO3

ⓘ Siderotil

Formula: FeSO4 · 5H2O

References:

ⓘ Sillimanite

Formula: Al2(SiO4)O

Localities:

San Rafael Mine, Melgar Province, Puno, Peru
Macusani Uranium deposits (Quenamari Meseta), Carabaya Province, Puno, Peru
Macusani, Carabaya Province, Puno, Peru
Crucero project, Carabaya Province, Puno, Peru

ⓘ Silver

Formula: Ag

Localities: Reported from at least 24 localities in this region.

ⓘ Sincosite (TL)

Formula: Ca(VO)2(PO4)2 · 5H2O

Type Locality:

References:

Anthony, John Williams, Bideaux, Richard A., Bladh, Kenneth W., Nichols, Monte C. (2000) Handbook of Mineralogy Vol. 4 - Arsenates, phosphates, vanadates. Mineral Data Publishing, Tucson, Arizona.

ⓘ 'Smectite Group'

Formula: A0.3D2-3[T4O10]Z2 · nH2O

Localities: Reported from at least 17 localities in this region.

✪ Smithite

Formula: AgAsS2

ⓘ Smithsonite

Formula: ZnCO3

Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region.

ⓘ Sodalite

Formula: Na4(Si3Al3)O12Cl

ⓘ Spessartine

Formula: Mn2+3Al2(SiO4)3

ⓘ Sphalerite

Formula: ZnS

Localities: Reported from at least 138 localities in this region.

ⓘ Sphalerite var. Marmatite

Formula: (Zn,Fe)S

Localities:

Bienaventurada Mine, Huachocolpa District, Huancavelica Province, Huancavelica, Peru
El Santo Mine, Caylloma Province, Arequipa, Peru
Ayawilca Project, Daniel Alcides Carrión Province, Pasco, Peru
Inmaculada deposit, Ayacucho, Peru

ⓘ Spinel

Formula: MgAl2O4

ⓘ Spryite (TL)

Formula: Ag8(As3+0.5As5+0.5)S6

Type Locality:

ⓘ Stanleyite (TL)

Formula: (V4+O)(SO4) · 6H2O

Type Locality:

ⓘ Stannite

Formula: Cu2FeSnS4

Localities: Reported from at least 11 localities in this region.

ⓘ Stannoidite

Formula: Cu+6Cu2+2(Fe2+,Zn)3Sn2S12

Localities:

Morococha District, Yauli Province, Junín, Peru
Colquijirca mining district, Tinyahuarco district, Pasco province, Pasco, Peru
Laura vein, Orcopampa District, Castilla Province, Arequipa, Peru
Colquijirca mine, Colquijirca mining district, Tinyahuarco district, Pasco province, Pasco, Peru

ⓘ Starkeyite

Formula: MgSO4 · 4H2O

ⓘ Stephanite

Formula: Ag5SbS4

Localities: Reported from at least 10 localities in this region.

ⓘ Stercorite

Formula: (NH4)Na(PO3OH) · 4H2O

ⓘ Sternbergite

Formula: AgFe2S3

ⓘ Stibnite

Formula: Sb2S3

Localities: Reported from at least 30 localities in this region.

ⓘ Stolzite

Formula: Pb(WO4)

ⓘ Stromeyerite

Formula: AgCuS

Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region.

ⓘ Stützite

Formula: Ag5-xTe3, x = 0.24-0.36

ⓘ 'Stylotypite'

Formula: Cu6[Cu4(Fe,Zn)2]Sb4S13

ⓘ Sulphur

Formula: S8

Localities: Reported from at least 10 localities in this region.

ⓘ Svanbergite

Formula: SrAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6

Localities:

El Guitarrero deposit, Cajamarca District, Cajamarca Province, Cajamarca, Peru
Huayllapampa, Cajamarca District, Cajamarca Province, Cajamarca, Peru
Cerro de Pasco mine (Paragsha mine), Simón Bolívar District, Pasco Province, Pasco, Peru
Colquijirca mining district, Tinyahuarco district, Pasco province, Pasco, Peru
Colquijirca mine, Colquijirca mining district, Tinyahuarco district, Pasco province, Pasco, Peru

ⓘ 'Svanbergite-Woodhouseite Series'

ⓘ Sylvanite

Formula: AgAuTe4

ⓘ Sylvite

Formula: KCl

ⓘ 'Synchysite'

Formula: Ca(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)2F

References:

Santoro, Licia, Putzolu, Francesco, Mondillo, Nicola, Boni, Maria, Herrington, Richard (2020) Influence of Genetic Processes on Geochemistry of Fe-oxy-hydroxides in Supergene Zn Non-Sulfide Deposits. Minerals, 10 (7) 602 doi:10.3390/min10070602

ⓘ Talc

Formula: Mg3Si4O10(OH)2

Localities:

Huanzala Mine, Huanzala, Huallanca District, Bolognesi Province, Ancash, Peru
Michiquillay Cu-Au-Mo deposit, Michiquillay, Encañada District, Cajamarca Province, Cajamarca, Peru
Toro Mocho deposit, Morococha District, Yauli Province, Junín, Peru
Ayawilca Project, Daniel Alcides Carrión Province, Pasco, Peru

ⓘ Tamarugite

Formula: NaAl(SO4)2 · 6H2O

References:

ⓘ Tellurium

Formula: Te

ⓘ Tellurobismuthite

Formula: Bi2Te3

Localities:

San Luis Alta deposit, Rio Grande district, Condesuyos Province, Arequipa, Peru
Algamarca mine, Cachachi District, Cajabamba Province, Cajamarca, Peru
Shahuindo deposit, Cachachi District, Cajabamba Province, Cajamarca, Peru

ⓘ Tennantite-(Cu) (TL)

Formula: Cu6(Cu4Cu2)As4S12S

ⓘ Tennantite-(Fe)

Formula: Cu6(Cu4Fe2+2)As4S12S

ⓘ 'Tennantite Series'

ⓘ 'Tennantite Subgroup'

Formula: Cu6(Cu4C2+2)As4S12S

Localities: Reported from at least 44 localities in this region.

ⓘ 'Tennantite-Tetrahedrite Series'

Localities: Reported from at least 8 localities in this region.

ⓘ Tennantite-(Zn)

Formula: Cu6(Cu4Zn2)As4S12S

Localities:

Casapalca Mine, Casapalca, Chicla District, Huarochirí Province, Lima, Peru
Mundo Nuevo Mine, Mundo Nuevo, Huamachuco, Sánchez Carrión Province, La Libertad, Peru
Animón Mine, Huarón mining district, Huayllay district, Pasco province, Pasco, Peru

ⓘ Tenorite

Formula: CuO

Localities: Reported from at least 9 localities in this region.

ⓘ Tephroite

Formula: Mn2+2SiO4

References:

Bussell, M.A., Alpers, C.N., Petersen, U., Shepherd, T.J., Bermudez, C., Baxter, A.N. (1990) The Ag-Mn-Pb-Zn vein, replacement, and skarn deposits of Uchucchacua, Peru

ⓘ Terrywallaceite (TL)

Formula: AgPb(Sb,Bi)3S6

Type Locality:

References:

Yang, H., Downs, R. T., Evans, S. H., Pinch, W. W. (2013) Terrywallaceite, AgPb(Sb,Bi)3S6, isotypic with gustavite, a new mineral from Mina Herminia, Julcani Mining District, Huancavelica, Peru. American Mineralogist, 98 (7) 1310-1314 doi:10.2138/am.2013.4423

ⓘ Teschemacherite

Formula: (NH4)HCO3

ⓘ Tetradymite

Formula: Bi2Te2S

ⓘ Tetrahedrite-(Cu)

Formula: Cu6(Cu4Cu2+2)Sb4S12S

Description: SEM-EDS and XRD.

ⓘ Tetrahedrite-(Fe)

Formula: Cu6(Cu4Fe2+2)Sb4S12S

ⓘ 'Tetrahedrite Subgroup'

Formula: Cu6(Cu4C2+2)Sb4S12S

Localities: Reported from at least 70 localities in this region.

ⓘ 'Tetrahedrite Subgroup var. Silver-bearing Tetrahedrite'

Formula: (Cu,Ag)6[Cu4(Fe,Zn)2]Sb4S13

Localities:

Shila Mine, Shila-Paula mining district, Castilla Province, Arequipa, Peru
Paula Mine, Shila-Paula mining district, Castilla Province, Arequipa, Peru
Calera vein, Orcopampa District, Castilla Province, Arequipa, Peru
Ayawilca Project, Daniel Alcides Carrión Province, Pasco, Peru

ⓘ Tetrahedrite-(Zn)

Formula: Cu6(Cu4Zn2)Sb4S12S

Localities:

Vein 14, Herminia Mine, Julcani District, Angaraes Province, Huancavelica, Peru
Casapalca, Chicla District, Huarochirí Province, Lima, Peru
Orcopampa Mine, Orcopampa District, Castilla Province, Arequipa, Peru
Julcani Mine, Julcani District, Angaraes Province, Huancavelica, Peru

ⓘ Thénardite

Formula: Na2SO4

ⓘ Titanite

Formula: CaTi(SiO4)O

Localities: Reported from at least 11 localities in this region.

ⓘ Topaz

Formula: Al2(SiO4)(F,OH)2

Localities:

Pasto Bueno, Pampas District, Pallasca Province, Ancash, Peru
La Noemia, Otuzco, Otuzco Province, La Libertad, Peru
Macusani Uranium deposits (Quenamari Meseta), Carabaya Province, Puno, Peru
Mundo Nuevo Mine, Mundo Nuevo, Huamachuco, Sánchez Carrión Province, La Libertad, Peru
Macusani, Carabaya Province, Puno, Peru

ⓘ Torbernite

Formula: Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 12H2O

ⓘ 'Tourmaline'

Formula: A D3G6 (T6O18)(BO3)3X3Z

Localities: Reported from at least 25 localities in this region.

✪ Trechmannite

Formula: AgAsS2

ⓘ Tremolite

Formula: ◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2

Localities: Reported from at least 8 localities in this region.

ⓘ Tridymite

Formula: SiO2

References:

Dill, H.G., Bosse, H.-R., Henning, K.-H., Fricke, A., and Ahrendt, H. (1997): Mineralium Deposita 32, 149-163.

ⓘ Troilite

Formula: FeS

ⓘ Trona

Formula: Na3H(CO3)2 · 2H2O

ⓘ Tschermigite

Formula: (NH4)Al(SO4)2 · 12H2O

References:

ⓘ Tungstenite

Formula: WS2

ⓘ Tungstite

Formula: WO3 · H2O

ⓘ Turquoise

Formula: CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8 · 4H2O

ⓘ Uchucchacuaite (TL)

Formula: AgMnPb3Sb5S12

ⓘ Ulexite

Formula: NaCa[B5O6(OH)6] · 5H2O

ⓘ Ullmannite

Formula: NiSbS

ⓘ 'UM1986-35-S:AsBiPbSb'

Formula: (Pb,Ag)8BiAs11Sb11S41

ⓘ Uraninite

Formula: UO2

ⓘ Uraninite var. Pitchblende

Formula: UO2

ⓘ Uranophane ?

Formula: Ca(UO2)2(SiO3OH)2 · 5H2O

ⓘ Uytenbogaardtite

Formula: Ag3AuS2

Localities:

Paula Mine, Shila-Paula mining district, Castilla Province, Arequipa, Peru
Shila Mine, Shila-Paula mining district, Castilla Province, Arequipa, Peru
Pallancata deposit, Parinacochas Province, Ayacucho, Peru
Calera vein, Orcopampa District, Castilla Province, Arequipa, Peru

ⓘ Valleriite

Formula: (Fe2+,Cu)4(Mg,Al)3S4(OH,O)6

ⓘ Variscite

Formula: AlPO4 · 2H2O

ⓘ Veenite

Formula: Pb16Sb9-xAs7+xS40, x ~ 0-0.5

References:

Anthony, John Williams, Bideaux, Richard A., Bladh, Kenneth W., Nichols, Monte C. (1990) Handbook of Mineralogy Vol. 1 - Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts. Mineral Data Publishing, Tucson, Arizona.

ⓘ Velikite

Formula: Cu2HgSnS4

ⓘ Vermiculite

Formula: Mg0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4 · 8H2O

ⓘ Vesuvianite

Formula: Ca19Fe3+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH)9

Localities:

Flor de Peru I claim (Tentadora Mine), Mt Ullpac (Mt Ollupac), Pampa Blanca District, Castrovirreyna Province, Huancavelica, Peru
Huanzala Mine, Huanzala, Huallanca District, Bolognesi Province, Ancash, Peru
Mina Cantera, Casma Province, Ancash, Peru

ⓘ Vinciennite

Formula: Cu+7Cu2+3Fe2+2Fe3+2Sn(As,Sb)S16

Localities:

Huarón mine, Huarón mining district, Huayllay district, Pasco province, Pasco, Peru
Layo deposit, Chachas District, Castilla Province, Arequipa, Peru
Morococha District, Yauli Province, Junín, Peru

ⓘ Violarite

Formula: Fe2+Ni3+2S4

ⓘ Virgilite (TL)

Formula: LiAlSi2O6

ⓘ Vivianite

Formula: Fe2+Fe2+2(PO4)2 · 8H2O

Localities:

Pasto Bueno, Pampas District, Pallasca Province, Ancash, Peru
Morococha District, Yauli Province, Junín, Peru
Turmalina mine, Canchaque, Huancabamba Province, Piura, Peru

ⓘ Voltaite

Formula: K2Fe2+5Fe3+3Al(SO4)12 · 18H2O

References:

ⓘ Volynskite

Formula: AgBiTe2

ⓘ 'Wad'

Localities:

Accha deposit, Paruro Province, Cuzco, Peru
Uchucchacua Mine, Uchucchacua area, Oyón District, Oyón Province, Lima, Peru
Purisima Concepcion deposit, Yauricocha, Huarochirí Province, Lima, Peru
Castrovirreyna mining district, Castrovirreyna District, Castrovirreyna Province, Huancavelica, Peru
El Santo Mine, Caylloma Province, Arequipa, Peru

ⓘ Weeksite

Formula: K2(UO2)2(Si5O13) · 4H2O

ⓘ 'Werthemanite'

Formula: Al2(SO4)(OH)4 · H2O ?

References:

ⓘ 'White mica'

ⓘ Willemite

Formula: Zn2SiO4

ⓘ Wittichenite

Formula: Cu3BiS3

Localities:

Huanzala Mine, Huanzala, Huallanca District, Bolognesi Province, Ancash, Peru
Colquijirca mine, Colquijirca mining district, Tinyahuarco district, Pasco province, Pasco, Peru

ⓘ 'Wolframite Group'

Localities: Reported from at least 13 localities in this region.

ⓘ Wollastonite

Formula: Ca3(Si3O9)

ⓘ Woodhouseite

Formula: CaAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6

ⓘ Wurtzite

Formula: (Zn,Fe)S

Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region.

ⓘ Xanthoconite

Formula: Ag3AsS3

ⓘ 'Xenotime'

Localities:

Cristal prospect, Bongara Project, Yambrasbamba, Bongará Province, Amazonas, Peru
Mina Grande prospect, Bongara Project, Yambrasbamba, Bongará Province, Amazonas, Peru

ⓘ Yecoraite

Formula: Fe3+3Bi5(Te6+O4)2(Te4+O3)O9 · 9H2O

ⓘ Zaccagnaite

Formula: Zn4Al2(OH)12[CO3] · 3H2O

Formula: ZnO

Formula: Pb9Sb22S42

Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region.

Description: - Zinkenite s.s. - Zinkenite-As : (Pb3-x Bix) Sb3.5 As3.5 (Sb,As)0.33-x/3 S14 (x=0.2) / forming the core of zinkenite needles

ⓘ 'Zinnwaldite'

ⓘ Zircon

Formula: Zr(SiO4)

Localities: Reported from at least 11 localities in this region.

ⓘ Zoisite

Formula: (CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)

ⓘ Zoubekite

Formula: AgPb4Sb4S10

References:

ⓘ Zunyite

Formula: Al13Si5O20(OH,F)18Cl

Localities:

La Noemia, Otuzco, Otuzco Province, La Libertad, Peru
Colquijirca mine, Colquijirca mining district, Tinyahuarco district, Pasco province, Pasco, Peru
Cerro de Pasco, Pasco province, Pasco, Peru
Colquijirca mining district, Tinyahuarco district, Pasco province, Pasco, Peru