Christianity in China (original) (raw)
Cet article traite du christianisme en Chine.
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| dbo:abstract | وصلت المسيحية إلى الصين خلال عهد سلالة تانغ في القرن السابع مع وصول البعثات التبشيرية لكنيسة المشرق النسطورية في عام 635 م. أعقب ذلك وصول المبشرون الفرنسيسكان في القرن الثالث عشر، وبدأت المسيحية بالتجذر مع وصول المبشرين اليسوعيين في القرن السادس عشر، والذين لعبوا دوراً في نقل المعرفة والعلوم والثقافة بين الصين والغرب. في القرن التاسع عشر وصلت البعثات التبشيرية البروتستانتية إلى الصين، وهي الفترة التي بدأت المسيحية تثبت موطئ قدم كبير لها في الصين. وقامت البعثات التبشرية البروتستانتية بعدد من البعثات الطبية في الصين وقد وضع هؤلاء الأطباء والجراحين المسيحيين البروتستانت في القرن التاسع عشر وأوائل القرن العشرين الأسس للطب الحديث في الصين. وعلى الرغم من أن تاريخها في الصين ليس قديمًا مثل الطاوية أو ماهايانا البوذيًّة أو الكونفوشيوسية، إلا أنَّ المسيحية، بطرق وأشكالاً مُختلفة، كانت موجودة في الصين منذ القرن السابع على الأقل واكتسبت تأثيرًا كبيرًا في المجتمع خلال 200 عام الماضية. حالياً ينتمي معظم مسيحيي الصين إلى الكنائس البروتستانتية المختلفة، ومن ثم الكنيسة الرومانية الكاثوليكية، إلى جانب أقليات أصغر عدداً تتبع الكنيسة الأرثوذكسيَّة الشرقيَّة. ولا تزال ممارسة الدين خاضعة لسيطرة السلطات الحكومية، ولا يُسمح للصينيين الذين تزيد أعمارهم عن 18 عامًا إلاّ بالانضمام إلى الجماعات المسيحية المعتمدة رسميًا والمسجلة لدى الحكومة وهي الحركة الوطنية الذاتية البروتستانتية والمجلس المسيحي الصيني والرابطة الكاثوليكية الوطنية الصينية. ومن ناحية أخرى، يُمارس العديد من المسيحيين دينهم بشكل سري من خلال شبكات غير الرسمية وتجمعات غير مُسجلة، والتي توصف غالبًا بالكنائس المنزليَّة أو الكنائس السرية، والتي بدأ انتشارها في عقد 1950 عندما بدأ العديد من البروتستانت والكاثوليك الصينيين برفض الهياكل التي تسيطر عليها الدولة والتي يُزعم أنها تمثله. ويُقال أنَّ أعضاء هذه المجموعات يمثلون «الأغلبية الصامتة» للمسيحيين الصينيين ويمثلون العديد من التقاليد اللاهوتية المتنوعة. والمسيحيَّة هي رابع أكبر المعتقدات الدينية في الصين بعد كل من اللادينيَّة والديانة الصينية الشعبيَّة والبوذيَّة على التوالي. من الصعب الوصول إلى بيانات دقيقة عن المسيحيين الصينيين، لكن تشير تقارير ودراسات مختلفة إلى أن المسيحية تنتشر بسرعة في جمهورية الصين الشعبية وخاصةً المذاهب البروتستانتية. ومن بين الأقليات الدينية في الصين اعتبرت المسيحية الأسرع نموًا (وخاصة في المئتيّ سنة الماضية)، يتراوح تعداد المسيحيين اليوم تقريباً بين 40 مليون (3%)، و54 مليون (4%) وحوالي 68 مليون (5.1%) وفقاً لاستطلاعات مستقلة، بينما تشير تقديرات أخرى إلى كون عدد المسيحيين في الصين بين 30 مليون و100 مليون، في حين تشير التقديرات الرسمية عام 2018 بوجود أكثر من 44 مليون مسيحي. وتشير مصادر مختلفة من ضمنها مؤسسة حكومية صينية أن عدد المسيحيين في الصين في ارتفاع، قبل 1949 كان عدد المسيحيين حوالي 4 ملايين نسمة (3 ملايين الكاثوليك ومليون بروتستانتي)، في سنة 2010 وصل عدد المسيحيين في الصين إلى 67 مليون، تقول التقارير أن المسيحية أسرع الأديان انتشارًا في الصين بمتوسط سنوي يبلغ 7%. ومن المتوقع وفقا لتوقعات أن تصل أعداد السكان المسيحيين في الصين إلى أكثر من 400 مليون شخص بحلول عام 2040، الأمر الذي سيجعل الصين أكبر دولة فيها مسيحيين على الأرض، أو أن تصل أعداد المسيحيين الصينيين إلى 247 مليون بحلول 2030، في المقابل ينتقد بعض الباحثون والكتاب المبالغة (خصوصاً في وسائل الإعلام الغربية) في تقديرات أعداد أو نمو المسيحيين في الصين. وبحسب دليل أكسفورد للتحويل الديني يعتنق المسيحية سنوياً حوالي 2.3 مليون شخص في الصين، ويشير مصدر إلى تحول بين 60,000 إلى 70,000 صيني سنوياً إلى المذهب الكاثوليكي. (ar) Ο Χριστιανισμός στην Κίνα είναι παρών τουλάχιστον από τον 7ο αιώνα και έχει αποκτήσει σημαντική επιρροή τα τελευταία 200 χρόνια. Η συροπερσική Εκκλησία της Ανατολής (συχνώς εσφαλμένα χαρακτηρίζεται ως Νεστοριανισμός) εμφανίστηκε τον 7ο αιώνα, κατά τη διάρκεια της δυναστείας των Τανγκ. Ο καθολικισμός ήταν μεταξύ των θρησκειών που προστατεύονταν από τους Μογγόλους αυτοκράτορες στη δυναστεία των Γιουάν, αλλά δεν ριζώθηκε παρά μόνο όταν επανεισαχθεί τον 16ο αιώνα από Ιησουίτες ιεραπόστολους. Ξεκινώντας στις αρχές του δέκατου ένατου αιώνα, οι Προτεστάντες ιεραπόστολοι προσέλκυσαν ολίγους αλλά σημαντικούς οπαδούς και ακολούθησαν ανεξάρτητες κινεζικές εκκλησίες. Σήμερα, υπολογίζεται ότι ο Χριστιανισμός είναι η ταχύτερα αναπτυσσόμενη θρησκεία στην Κίνα, Υπήρχαν περίπου τέσσερις εκατομμύριοι πριν το 1949 (τρεις εκατομμύριοι Καθολικοί και ένα εκατομμύριο Προτεστάντες). Στα ακριβή δεδομένα για τους Κινέζους Χριστιανούς είναι δύσκολο να υπάρξει πρόσβαση. Στις αρχές της δεκαετίας του 2000, υπήρχαν περίπου 38 εκατομμύριοι Προτεστάντες και 10-12 εκατομμύριοι Καθολικοί, με μικρότερο αριθμό Ευαγγελικών και Ορθοδόξων Χριστιανών. Ο αριθμός των Κινέζων Χριστιανών αυξήθηκε σημαντικά μετά τη χαλάρωση των περιορισμών στις θρησκευτικές δραστηριότητες κατά τις οικονομικές μεταρρυθμίσεις στα τέλη της δεκαετίας του 1970. Το 2018, η κινεζική κυβέρνηση δήλωσε ότι υπάρχουν πάνω από 44 εκατομμύριοι Χριστιανοί στην Κίνα. Από την άλλη πλευρά, ορισμένοι διεθνείς χριστιανικοί οργανισμοί εκτιμούν ότι υπάρχουν δεκάδες εκατομμύριοι ακόμη, οι οποίοι επιλέγουν να μην ταυτιστούν δημοσίως ως Χριστιανοί. Αλλά αυτές οι εκτιμήσεις είναι αμφιλεγόμενες επειδή οι οργανώσεις που τις δημιουργούν συχνά κατηγορούνται ότι τις διογκώνουν σκόπιμα. Η άσκηση της θρησκείας ελεγχόταν αυστηρά στους δυναστικούς χρόνους και συνεχίζει να ελέγχεται αυστηρά μέχρι σήμερα. Οι Κινέζοι οι οποίοι είναι άνω των 18 ετών επιτρέπεται να ενταχθούν μόνο σε επίσημα εγκεκριμένες χριστιανικές ομάδες οι οποίες είναι εγγεγραμμένες στην εγκεκριμένη από την κυβέρνηση Κινεζική Πατριωτική Καθολική Εκκλησία, στο Χριστιανικό Συμβούλιο της Κίνας και στο Προτεσταντικό Πατριωτικό Κίνημα των Τριών Αυτονομιών. Από την άλλη, πολλοί Χριστιανοί ασκούν τις πεποιθήσεις τους σε άτυπα δίκτυα και μη εγγεγραμμένες εκκλησίες, οι οποίες συχνά περιγράφονται ως κατ' οίκον ή υπόγειες εκκλησίες, η εξάπλωση των οποίων ξεκίνησε τη δεκαετία του 1950 όταν πολλοί Κινέζοι Προτεστάντες και Καθολικοί άρχισαν να απορρίπτουν τις κρατικές δομές που είχαν σκοπό να τους αντιπροσώπευαν. Τα μέλη τέτοιων ομάδων λέγεται ότι αντιπροσωπεύουν τη «σιωπηλή πλειοψηφία» των Κινέζων Χριστιανών και αντιπροσωπεύουν επίσης πολλές διαφορετικές θεολογικές παραδόσεις. (el) Christianity in China has been present since at least the 3rd century, and it has gained a significant amount of influence during the last 200 years. While Christianity may have existed in China before the 3rd century, evidence of its existence begins to surmount with the attestation of the Syriac-speaking ethnographer Bardesanes at the end of the 2nd century. Presently, verifiable evidence of Christianity's existence in China can only be dated back to the 7th century. The significant lack of evidence of Christianity's existence in China between the 3rd century and the 7th century can likely be attributed to the barriers placed in Persia by the Sassanids and the closure of the trade route in Turkestan. Both events prevented Christians from staying in contact with their mother church, the Syriac Antiochian Church, thereby halting the spread of Christianity until the reign of emperor T'sai-tsung, or Taizong (627-649). Taizong, who had studied the Christian Scriptures which were given to him by the Assyrian missionary Alopen, realized "their propriety and truth and specifically ordered their preaching and transmission." His virtues have been made manifest to you, and that unheard-of power over things, whether that which was openly exercised by Him or that which was used over the whole world by those who proclaimed Him: it has subdued the fires of passion, and caused races, and peoples, and nations most diverse in character to hasten with one accord to accept the same faith. For the deeds can be reckoned up and numbered which have been done in India, among the Seres [China], Persians, and Medes; in Arabia, Egypt, in Asia, Syria; among the Galatians, Parthians, Phrygians; in Achaia, Macedonia, Epirus; in all islands and provinces on which the rising and setting sun shines. — Arnobius of Sicca, "Against the Heathen, Book II" The Syro-Persian Church of the East (frequently mischaracterized as Nestorianism) appeared in China in the 7th century, during the Tang dynasty. Catholicism was one of the religions patronized by the emperors of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty, but it did not take root in China until it was reintroduced by Jesuit missionaries in the 16th century. Beginning in the early nineteenth century, Protestant missionaries attracted small but influential followings, and independent Chinese churches were also established. It is estimated that Christianity is the fastest growing religion in China. There were some four million before 1949 (three million Catholics and one million Protestants). is difficult to access. In the early 2000s, there were approximately 38 million Protestants and 10-12 million Catholics, with a smaller number of Evangelical and Orthodox Christians. The number of Chinese Christians had increased significantly since the easing of restrictions on religious activities during the economic reforms of the late 1970s. In 2018, the Chinese government declared that there are over 44 million Christians in China. On the other hand, some international Christian organizations estimate that there are tens of millions more, who choose not to publicly identify as such. These estimations are controversial because the organizations which make them are often accused of deliberately inflating them. The practice of religion was tightly controlled in dynastic times and it is also tightly controlled today. Chinese who are over the age of 18 are only permitted to join officially sanctioned Christian groups which are registered with the government-sanctioned Catholic Patriotic Church, the China Christian Council and the Protestant Three-Self Church. On the other hand, many Christians who practice Christianity are members of informal networks and unregistered congregations, these congregations are frequently described as house churches or underground churches, the proliferation of which began in the 1950s when many Chinese Protestants and Catholics rejected the state-controlled structures which were purported to represent them. Members of such groups are said to represent the "silent majority" of Chinese Christians and they also represent many diverse theological traditions. (en) Das Christentum ist eine in China anerkannte religiöse Minderheit. Die Anzahl der in China lebenden Christen ist umstritten, da keine offiziellen Register existieren. Von unterschiedlichen staatlichen und unabhängigen Quellen werden Zahlen zwischen 40 und 70 Millionen angenommen. Das Christentum, insbesondere der Protestantismus, ist die in China am schnellsten wachsende Religionsgemeinschaft. Christentum im Allgemeinen wird mit Lehre des Christus (chinesisch 基督教, Pinyin jīdūjiào) übersetzt. Die drei größten Strömungen des Christentums werden als Dongzheng jiao (chinesisch 東正教 – „Östliche rechtgläubige Lehre“, d. h. Orthodoxes Christentum), Tianzhu jiao (chinesisch 天主教 – „Lehre des Herrn des Himmels“, d. h. Katholizismus), Jidu Xinjiao (chinesisch 基督新教 – „Neue Christliche Lehre“, d. h. Protestantismus) bezeichnet. Ein Großteil der Christen praktiziert ihre Religion in nicht offiziell registrierten Kirchen oder Gemeinden. Es existieren zwei offiziell registrierte chinesische christliche Kirchen, die dem Staatlichen Amt für religiöse Angelegenheiten unterstellt sind: Die Katholisch-Patriotische Vereinigung (chinesisch 中国天主教爱国会, Pinyin Zhōngguó tiānzhǔjiào àiguó huì) mit einer Mitgliederanzahl von 6 Millionen im Jahr 2012 und die protestantische (chinesisch 三自爱国运动, Pinyin Sānzì Àiguó Yùndòng) mit 20 Millionen Mitgliedern im Jahr 2012. (de) Cet article traite du christianisme en Chine. (fr) Kekristenan di Republik Rakyat Tiongkok (bahasa Inggris: China) memiliki sejarah yang dapat dirunut ke dinasti Tang (abad ke-8). Kekristenan di negeriRepublik Rakyat Tiongkok ini terdiri dari:Kristen Protestan, Kristen Katolik, dan sejumlah kecil orang-orang Kristen Ortodoks. Meskipun garis keturunan di Tiongkok kuno menganut agama institusional Taoisme dan Buddha Mahayana, serta sistem sosial dan ideologi Konfusianisme, Kristen telah ada di Tiongkok setidaknya sejak abad ketujuh dan telah berpengaruh dalam 200 tahun terakhir. Pertumbuhan ini menjadi sangat signifikan sejak melonggarnya pembatasan beragama oleh Republik Rakyat Tiongkok sejak reformasi ekonomi pada akhir tahun 1970. Praktik beragama masih sering dikontrol ketat oleh pemerintah. Penduduk Tiongkok di atas usia 18 di RRT diizinkan untuk terlibat dengan perhimpunan resmi yang telah disetujui melalui "", "" atau "Perhimpunan Patriotik Katolik". Banyak orang Kristen Tiongkok juga bertemu di rumah pertemuan gereja yang tidak terdaftar. Laporan penganiayaan sporadis terhadap orang Kristen di daratan Tiongkok telah menimbulkan kekhawatiran di kalangan pengamat luar. Menurut sebuah survei yang diterbitkan pada tahun 2010, ada 33 juta orang Kristen di Tiongkok, termasuk 30 juta Protestan dan 3 juta umat Katolik. (in) 중국의 기독교는 중국의 기독교 역사를 말한다. (ko) Il Cristianesimo in Cina è una religione minoritaria, contando al 2010 circa 33 milioni di fedeli su 1,3 miliardi di persone. Il "Cattolicesimo" è conosciuto come "Scuola del Signore dei Cieli" (tianzhujiao), mentre il "Protestantesimo" come "Scuola di Cristo" (jidujiao). La maggioranza dei cristiani cinesi afferiscono al "protestantesimo" cinese. (it) 中国のキリスト教（ちゅうごくのきりすときょう）は、中華人民共和国におけるキリスト教の歴史と現状を記す。 (ja) Het christendom is in China een van de in het land aanwezige wereldgodsdiensten die van buiten China geïntroduceerd werden. Het arriveerde na het boeddhisme ten tijde van de Tang-dynastie, in dezelfde periode als de islam. Een verschil met de islam is, dat het christendom na de eerste introductie in China – in de zevende eeuw – hier meerdere malen gedurende perioden van eeuwen afwezig is geweest. De islam groeide in China door vestiging van Arabische handelaren en vooral migratie van islamitische groepen uit Centraal-Azië. Daarnaast werden vanaf de achttiende eeuw islamitische gebieden door verovering aan het keizerrijk toegevoegd. Personen in China werden veel minder christen door geboorte, maar vooral door bekering tot het christendom in een vaak vijandige omgeving. Een doop als het eind van het bekeringsproces moest in de meeste gevallen door een niet-Chinees worden verricht. Het christendom heeft in de Chinese culturele ontwikkeling maar een zeer beperkte rol gespeeld. Het christendom is er in de loop van de geschiedenis – op enkele uitzonderingen na – ook niet in geslaagd om personen uit de elite van het land aan zich te binden. Pas na 1980 is een ontwikkeling van enige omvang te zien van toetreding tot christelijke kerken door mensen uit de middenklasse. In termen van percentages van de totale bevolking is de omvang van het christendom in China bescheiden. In absolute aantallen is het na 1980 echter zeer aanzienlijk gegroeid. Ook de officiële cijfers van de Chinese overheid geven aan, dat het christendom inmiddels de islam gepasseerd is in aantal gelovigen. Het is vooral het protestantisme dat voor die groei heeft gezorgd. De meeste studies van onafhankelijke instituten komen uit op aantallen tussen de 25.000.000 en 40.000.000 protestanten aan het begin van het tweede decennium van de eenentwintigste eeuw. Bij aanname van de laatste raming is China na de Verenigde Staten in absolute aantallen het land met het grootste aantal protestanten. Een aantal van die studies gaat ook uit van een jaarlijkse groei van het aantal gelovigen van omstreeks 5 %. Ook binnen het Chinese protestantisme zijn meerdere stromingen aanwezig. Meer in het algemeen kenmerkt het zich echter door sterk evangelicale opvattingen en is het in aanzienlijke mate beïnvloed door het pentecostalisme. Vanaf de dertiende eeuw was kennis in Europa over China vrijwel geheel gebaseerd op beschrijvingen van missionarissen. Tot aan de ontbinding van hun orde in 1773 waren alle vertalingen in Europese talen van de Chinese klassieken door jezuïeten gemaakt. Met name in de achttiende eeuw leidden die geschriften tot veel debat tussen Europese denkers en schrijvers. De meeste hedendaagse historici zien overigens geen blijvende Chinese invloed op de ontwikkeling van de Europese cultuur en constateren dat de meeste Europese denkers en schrijvers de informatie uit China zorgvuldig selecteerden om daarmee vooral hun eigen reeds gevormde ideeën te ondersteunen. Vanaf begin negentiende eeuw publiceerden ook protestantse zendelingen over de Chinese samenleving en cultuur. Hiermee werd de basis gelegd voor de sinologie als wetenschap. Hoewel de jezuïeten al veel delen van de Bijbel in het Chinees hadden vertaald, waren het zendelingen die de eerste vertalingen van de volledige Bijbel uitgaven. Zending en missie brachten in de negentiende eeuw de moderne medische wetenschap naar China en stichtten onder meer ziekenhuizen en onderwijsinstituten. (nl) O cristianismo na China é uma religião minoritária em crescimento, que compreende (em chinês: 基督教, Jī dū jiào, "Religião de Cristo"), católicos (天主教, Tian zhu jiao, "religião do Senhor dos Céus"), e um pequeno número de cristãos ortodoxos (東正教徒, Dongzheng jiaotu, "Religião ortodoxa/correta do Oriente"). Embora sua linhagem na China não seja tão antiga quanto o confucionismo, o taoísmo ou o budismo maaiana, o cristianismo existe na região deste pelo menos o século VII, e conquistou alguma influência nos últimos 200 anos. O crescimento da fé vem sendo particularmente significante desde a diminuição das restrições sobre a religião feitas pela República Popular da China desde a década de 1970. As práticas religiosas ainda são controladas com firmeza pelas autoridades governamentais; apenas chineses com mais de 18 anos de idade que residam no país recebem a permissão de se envolver em encontros cristãos sancionados oficialmente pelo "", pelo "" ou pela "Associação Patriótica Católica Chinesa". Muitos cristãos chineses também se reúnem em encontros feitos em "não-registradas". Relatos de perseguições esporádicas contra cristãos na China continental vêm causando preocupação em observadores internacionais. (pt) Kinesisk kyrkohistoria är historien om kristen mission och närvaro i Kina. Även om kristendomen alltid har varit ett minoritetsfenomen i Kina och under långa perioder efter sin första ankomst sannolikt helt frånvarande, spänner den kinesiska kyrkohistorien över en period som är längre än för många europeiska länder. Den delas traditionellt in i huvudepoker. En möjlig periodisering är: 1. * Nestorianismen (Arameisk kristen tro) under Tangdynastin 2. * Franciskanermissionen på 1200- och 1300-talet 3. * Den katolska missionen under sen Ming-tid och tidig Qing-tid (cirka 1550 – 1796) 4. * Den förnyade missionstiden 1850 – 1949 5. * Kristendomen i Folkrepubliken Kina 1949 – Denna kristendomsrelaterade artikel saknar väsentlig information. Du kan hjälpa till genom att lägga till den. Denna artikel relaterad till Kina saknar väsentlig information. Du kan hjälpa till genom att lägga till den. (sv) В Китае проживает около 70 миллионов христиан, что составляет 5,1 % от общего населения страны. В издании Operation World от 2001 года оценочное число христиан в Китае составляет 91,575 млн человек, из которых 23 млн относятся к «движению трёх» и 11,7 млн являются католиками. В конце 2006 года тогдашний руководитель государственного религиозного бюро сообщил информационному агентству, что число христиан в Китае достигло 130 млн человек. (ru) 基督宗教在中國發展的最早記錄可追溯至唐代的景教，並在明朝中葉以後隨著西方文化的東傳而開始有系統而廣泛的傳播。但因当时中国文化和西方文化的较大差异，以及基督教的一神論信仰与中国传统文化相抵触，相對於中國原生的儒教與道教、以及自印度傳入的佛教，基督教在中國的發展緩慢許多；至清末以降，以天主教和新教為主的基督宗教各宗派才開始在中國大規模的發展。但1949年中共建政後，包括基督宗教在內的所有宗教均遭到中國政府大幅的限制；1980年代改革開放以后，中國政府調整了宗教政策，基督宗教才與其他宗教同樣重新开始正常的崇拜與傳播活动，自此基督徒数目增长显著，特别是在一些城市地区，基督宗教信徒的數量甚至超過了佛教。中國的基督宗教人口難以確切統計，部分數據評估可能有八千萬至超過一億一千萬人，但真实性存疑，在2018年來自中國官方的數據則指稱，中国基督徒整體的人數達4400多萬人，其中包含3800多萬新教徒與約600萬天主教徒。 (zh) |
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| dbp:about | yes (en) |
| dbp:author | Arnobius of Sicca (en) |
| dbp:c | 天主教 (en) 基督徒 (en) 基督教徒 (en) 基督教新教 (en) 東正教/东正教 (en) |
| dbp:date | 2019-10-17 (xsd:date) |
| dbp:l | Christ religion's new religion (en) Eastern Orthodox religion (en) Heavenly Lord religion (en) |
| dbp:lcheading | Christianity -- China (en) |
| dbp:p | Dōng zhèng jiào (en) Jīdū jiào tú (en) Jīdū jiào xīn jiào (en) Jīdū tú (en) Tiānzhǔ jiào (en) |
| dbp:text | His virtues have been made manifest to you, and that unheard-of power over things, whether that which was openly exercised by Him or that which was used over the whole world by those who proclaimed Him: it has subdued the fires of passion, and caused races, and peoples, and nations most diverse in character to hasten with one accord to accept the same faith. For the deeds can be reckoned up and numbered which have been done in India, among the Seres [China], Persians, and Medes; in Arabia, Egypt, in Asia, Syria; among the Galatians, Parthians, Phrygians; in Achaia, Macedonia, Epirus; in all islands and provinces on which the rising and setting sun shines. (en) |
| dbp:title | "Against the Heathen, Book II" (en) |
| dbp:url | https://web.archive.org/web/20191017081254/http:/lib-nt2.hkbu.edu.hk/sca_fb/index.html |
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| dct:subject | dbc:Christianity_in_China |
| rdf:type | owl:Thing |
| rdfs:comment | Cet article traite du christianisme en Chine. (fr) 중국의 기독교는 중국의 기독교 역사를 말한다. (ko) Il Cristianesimo in Cina è una religione minoritaria, contando al 2010 circa 33 milioni di fedeli su 1,3 miliardi di persone. Il "Cattolicesimo" è conosciuto come "Scuola del Signore dei Cieli" (tianzhujiao), mentre il "Protestantesimo" come "Scuola di Cristo" (jidujiao). La maggioranza dei cristiani cinesi afferiscono al "protestantesimo" cinese. (it) 中国のキリスト教（ちゅうごくのきりすときょう）は、中華人民共和国におけるキリスト教の歴史と現状を記す。 (ja) В Китае проживает около 70 миллионов христиан, что составляет 5,1 % от общего населения страны. В издании Operation World от 2001 года оценочное число христиан в Китае составляет 91,575 млн человек, из которых 23 млн относятся к «движению трёх» и 11,7 млн являются католиками. В конце 2006 года тогдашний руководитель государственного религиозного бюро сообщил информационному агентству, что число христиан в Китае достигло 130 млн человек. (ru) 基督宗教在中國發展的最早記錄可追溯至唐代的景教，並在明朝中葉以後隨著西方文化的東傳而開始有系統而廣泛的傳播。但因当时中国文化和西方文化的较大差异，以及基督教的一神論信仰与中国传统文化相抵触，相對於中國原生的儒教與道教、以及自印度傳入的佛教，基督教在中國的發展緩慢許多；至清末以降，以天主教和新教為主的基督宗教各宗派才開始在中國大規模的發展。但1949年中共建政後，包括基督宗教在內的所有宗教均遭到中國政府大幅的限制；1980年代改革開放以后，中國政府調整了宗教政策，基督宗教才與其他宗教同樣重新开始正常的崇拜與傳播活动，自此基督徒数目增长显著，特别是在一些城市地区，基督宗教信徒的數量甚至超過了佛教。中國的基督宗教人口難以確切統計，部分數據評估可能有八千萬至超過一億一千萬人，但真实性存疑，在2018年來自中國官方的數據則指稱，中国基督徒整體的人數達4400多萬人，其中包含3800多萬新教徒與約600萬天主教徒。 (zh) وصلت المسيحية إلى الصين خلال عهد سلالة تانغ في القرن السابع مع وصول البعثات التبشيرية لكنيسة المشرق النسطورية في عام 635 م. أعقب ذلك وصول المبشرون الفرنسيسكان في القرن الثالث عشر، وبدأت المسيحية بالتجذر مع وصول المبشرين اليسوعيين في القرن السادس عشر، والذين لعبوا دوراً في نقل المعرفة والعلوم والثقافة بين الصين والغرب. في القرن التاسع عشر وصلت البعثات التبشيرية البروتستانتية إلى الصين، وهي الفترة التي بدأت المسيحية تثبت موطئ قدم كبير لها في الصين. وقامت البعثات التبشرية البروتستانتية بعدد من البعثات الطبية في الصين وقد وضع هؤلاء الأطباء والجراحين المسيحيين البروتستانت في القرن التاسع عشر وأوائل القرن العشرين الأسس للطب الحديث في الصين. وعلى الرغم من أن تاريخها في الصين ليس قديمًا مثل الطاوية أو ماهايانا البوذيًّة أو الكونفوشيوسية، إلا أنَّ المسيحية، بطرق وأشكالاً مُختلفة، كانت موجودة في الص (ar) Das Christentum ist eine in China anerkannte religiöse Minderheit. Die Anzahl der in China lebenden Christen ist umstritten, da keine offiziellen Register existieren. Von unterschiedlichen staatlichen und unabhängigen Quellen werden Zahlen zwischen 40 und 70 Millionen angenommen. Das Christentum, insbesondere der Protestantismus, ist die in China am schnellsten wachsende Religionsgemeinschaft. (de) Ο Χριστιανισμός στην Κίνα είναι παρών τουλάχιστον από τον 7ο αιώνα και έχει αποκτήσει σημαντική επιρροή τα τελευταία 200 χρόνια. Η συροπερσική Εκκλησία της Ανατολής (συχνώς εσφαλμένα χαρακτηρίζεται ως Νεστοριανισμός) εμφανίστηκε τον 7ο αιώνα, κατά τη διάρκεια της δυναστείας των Τανγκ. Ο καθολικισμός ήταν μεταξύ των θρησκειών που προστατεύονταν από τους Μογγόλους αυτοκράτορες στη δυναστεία των Γιουάν, αλλά δεν ριζώθηκε παρά μόνο όταν επανεισαχθεί τον 16ο αιώνα από Ιησουίτες ιεραπόστολους. Ξεκινώντας στις αρχές του δέκατου ένατου αιώνα, οι Προτεστάντες ιεραπόστολοι προσέλκυσαν ολίγους αλλά σημαντικούς οπαδούς και ακολούθησαν ανεξάρτητες κινεζικές εκκλησίες. (el) Christianity in China has been present since at least the 3rd century, and it has gained a significant amount of influence during the last 200 years. While Christianity may have existed in China before the 3rd century, evidence of its existence begins to surmount with the attestation of the Syriac-speaking ethnographer Bardesanes at the end of the 2nd century. Presently, verifiable evidence of Christianity's existence in China can only be dated back to the 7th century. The significant lack of evidence of Christianity's existence in China between the 3rd century and the 7th century can likely be attributed to the barriers placed in Persia by the Sassanids and the closure of the trade route in Turkestan. (en) Kekristenan di Republik Rakyat Tiongkok (bahasa Inggris: China) memiliki sejarah yang dapat dirunut ke dinasti Tang (abad ke-8). Kekristenan di negeriRepublik Rakyat Tiongkok ini terdiri dari:Kristen Protestan, Kristen Katolik, dan sejumlah kecil orang-orang Kristen Ortodoks. Meskipun garis keturunan di Tiongkok kuno menganut agama institusional Taoisme dan Buddha Mahayana, serta sistem sosial dan ideologi Konfusianisme, Kristen telah ada di Tiongkok setidaknya sejak abad ketujuh dan telah berpengaruh dalam 200 tahun terakhir. (in) Het christendom is in China een van de in het land aanwezige wereldgodsdiensten die van buiten China geïntroduceerd werden. Het arriveerde na het boeddhisme ten tijde van de Tang-dynastie, in dezelfde periode als de islam. Een verschil met de islam is, dat het christendom na de eerste introductie in China – in de zevende eeuw – hier meerdere malen gedurende perioden van eeuwen afwezig is geweest. De islam groeide in China door vestiging van Arabische handelaren en vooral migratie van islamitische groepen uit Centraal-Azië. Daarnaast werden vanaf de achttiende eeuw islamitische gebieden door verovering aan het keizerrijk toegevoegd. Personen in China werden veel minder christen door geboorte, maar vooral door bekering tot het christendom in een vaak vijandige omgeving. Een doop als het ei (nl) O cristianismo na China é uma religião minoritária em crescimento, que compreende (em chinês: 基督教, Jī dū jiào, "Religião de Cristo"), católicos (天主教, Tian zhu jiao, "religião do Senhor dos Céus"), e um pequeno número de cristãos ortodoxos (東正教徒, Dongzheng jiaotu, "Religião ortodoxa/correta do Oriente"). Embora sua linhagem na China não seja tão antiga quanto o confucionismo, o taoísmo ou o budismo maaiana, o cristianismo existe na região deste pelo menos o século VII, e conquistou alguma influência nos últimos 200 anos. (pt) Kinesisk kyrkohistoria är historien om kristen mission och närvaro i Kina. Även om kristendomen alltid har varit ett minoritetsfenomen i Kina och under långa perioder efter sin första ankomst sannolikt helt frånvarande, spänner den kinesiska kyrkohistorien över en period som är längre än för många europeiska länder. Den delas traditionellt in i huvudepoker. En möjlig periodisering är: (sv) |
| rdfs:label | Christianity in China (en) المسيحية في الصين (ar) Christentum in China (de) Χριστιανισμός στην Κίνα (el) Kekristenan di Republik Rakyat Tiongkok (in) Cristianesimo in Cina (it) Christianisme en Chine (fr) 中国のキリスト教 (ja) 중국의 기독교 (ko) Christendom in China (nl) Христианство в Китае (ru) Cristianismo na China (pt) Kristendomens historia i Kina (sv) 中国基督教 (zh) |
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