Huguenots (original) (raw)
Durant els segles xvi i xvii, hugonots va ser el nom donat als membres de l'Església protestant reformada de França.
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dbo:abstract | Durant els segles xvi i xvii, hugonots va ser el nom donat als membres de l'Església protestant reformada de França. (ca) Hugenoti ([igenoti]) byli francouzští protestanti zejména z 16. a 17. století, kteří svůj název získali (alespoň podle jedné z nejčastěji užívaných verzí) podle jména , vůdce povstání v Ženevě. Hugenoti byli příznivci kalvinismu. (cs) الهوغونوتيون (بالفرنسية: Huguenot)، هم جماعة دينية فرنسية أعضاء في كنيسة فرنسا الإصلاحية البروتستانتية خلال القرنين السادس عشر والسابع عشر. الذين تأثروا بكتابات جون كالفن في الربع الثاني من القرن السادس عشر، وأطلق عليهم لقب الهوغونوت في عام 1560م تقريبًا. وبنهاية القرن السابع عشر، فرّ نحو 200,000 هوغونوتي من فرنسا بعد سلسلة من الاضطهادات الدينية إلى البلدان البروتستانتية مثل إنجلترا وويلز والدانمارك وسويسرا وجمهورية هولندا ومرغريفية براندنبورغ وبالاتينات الانتخابية (كلاهما في الإمبراطورية الرومانية المقدسة) ودوقية بروسيا، إضافة إلى مستعمرة رأس الرجاء الهولندية (جنوب أفريقيا الآن) والثلاثة عشرة مستعمرة الإنجليزية في أمريكا الشمالية. على مدى السنوات العديدة التالية، فقدت فرنسا أكثر من 400 ألف من سكانها البروتستانت. هاجر الكثيرون إلى إنجلترا وجمهورية هولندا وأمريكا وسويسرا وجنوب أفريقيا وأصبحوا مواطنين فيها. كان رحيل الهوغونوت كارثة لمملكة فرنسا، حيث كلفها الكثير من نفوذها الاقتصادي. ففي بعض المدن الفرنسية كانت الهجرة الجماعية تعني خسارة نصف السكان العاملين. أعتبرت هجرة الهوغونوتيين هجرة الأدمغة، إذ كان عدد كبير منهم من المتعلمين والحرفيين والبرجوازيين، في المهجر عمل الهوغونوتيين في إنشاء البنوك وعملوا في الذهب والتجارة. كان الهوغونوت غزيروا الإنتاج، بشكل خاص في صناعة النسيج، وكانت مدن أوروبية كثيرة حريصة على جذب الهوغونوت وتنافس على إغرائهم، إذ إنّ تدفق العمال المهرة والمتعلمين يمكن أن يساعد في إنعاش اقتصاداتهم، وهو ما حدث بالفعل في مدن مثل برلين الألمانية وأمستردام الهولندية وجنيف السويسرية. (ar) Hugenotten ist die etwa seit 1560 gebräuchliche Bezeichnung für die französischen Protestanten im vorrevolutionären Frankreich. Ihr Glaube war der Calvinismus, die aus den 1530er Jahren stammende Lehre Johannes Calvins. Seit dem Edikt von Nantes 1598 bezeichnete man die Hugenotten offiziell als Religionisten (religionnaires), ihre Konfession wurde in staatlichen Urkunden als die sogenannte reformierte Religion (Religion prétendue réformée, R.P.R.) bezeichnet. Laut Patrick Cabanel stellten die Hugenotten 1560 etwa 2 Millionen Menschen oder 12,5 Prozent der damaligen französischen Gesamtbevölkerung; andere Autoren wie Hans Hillerbrand gehen von 10 Prozent um 1572 aus, was gleichfalls 2 Millionen Menschen ergibt. In den 1520er Jahren war der frühe Protestantismus nur im Umkreis der Intellektuellen um Margarete von Angoulême (Cénacle de Meaux, „Kreis von Meaux“) toleriert. Allgemein führte der mächtige katholische Klerus sofort starke Verfolgung ein. Die erste Hinrichtung wird auf 1523 datiert. Ab der Plakataffäre 1534 wurde die Glaubensausübung der Protestanten durch Franz I. unterdrückt. Die protestantischen Franzosen wurden in den Untergrund gedrängt, es kam zu der ersten Fluchtwelle. Trotz Unterdrückungsmaßnahmen konnte die Reformation sich heimlich weiterentwickeln. Es folgten in der zweiten Hälfte des 16. Jahrhunderts kriegerische Auseinandersetzungen, die als Hugenottenkriege (1562–1598) bekannt sind. Andererseits kam es auch von einigen Vertretern auf protestantischer Seite zu Gewalttätigkeiten und Ausschreitungen. So wurden katholische Kirchen und Klöster von aufgebrachten Anhängern des Calvinismus zerstört oder geplündert, unter anderem 1567 die Kathedrale von Soissons und 1589 das Kloster Cîteaux. Es gab auch Massaker gegen Katholiken wie z. B. die Michelade von Nîmes. 1589 bestieg der Hugenotte Heinrich von Navarra den Thron Frankreichs. Bis zu seiner Abjuration 1593 agierten die Generalstände wegen der Opposition eines Großteils der Adeligen gegen den König. Durch die Bestimmung des Parlement de Paris forderte die loi salique einen römisch-katholischen König. Infolgedessen weigerten sich viele, Heinrich als König anzuerkennen. Der letzte Anhänger der Katholischen Liga, der Herzog von Mercœur erkannte Heinrich IV. nach einer Bestechung von 4.300.000 livres an. Nach dem Edikt von Nantes 1598 gab es etwa zwanzig Jahre Frieden. In dieser Zeit konnte Frankreich seine Vormachtstellung in Europa wiedergewinnen und zur Kolonialmacht aufsteigen. 1621 brachen als Folge des sich entwickelten französischen Absolutismus hugenottische Aufstände aus, die mit dem Gnadenedikt von Alès 1629 endeten. Ludwig XIII. entzog die politischen und militärischen Rechte, die als Unabhängigkeit der Hugenotten innerhalb Frankreichs (Etat dans l’État) angesehen wurden, aber die Religionsfreiheit blieb weiterhin garantiert. Auch 1652 bestätigte Ludwig XIV. die Klausel des Edikts von Nantes, die die Religionsfreiheit der reformierten Protestanten in Frankreich garantierte. 1661 begannen starke Verfolgungen, die unter Ludwig XIV. durch das Edikt von Fontainebleau ab 1685 einen Höhepunkt erreichten und eine Fluchtwelle von etwa einer Viertelmillion Hugenotten in die protestantischen Gebiete Europas und Übersee auslösten. Daraufhin wurde fast das ganze Königreich Frankreich von den Hugenotten geräumt. Die einzige Ausnahme bildeten die Cevennen im ostnördlichen Languedoc, die zum Schauplatz des Cevennenkriegs wurden. Die Verfolgung in Frankreich endete 1787 mit dem Edikt von Versailles. Nach dem Ende der Verfolgung und dem Inkrafttreten der französischen Verfassung von 1791 setzte sich immer mehr die Bezeichnung Protestanten durch; der Begriff „Hugenotten“ bezeichnet dagegen in der Regel calvinistische Gläubige zur Zeit ihrer Verfolgung in Frankreich. Alle französischen Protestanten bilden im vorwiegend katholischen Frankreich heute eine Minderheit von etwa 3 %. Im Jahr 2012 schlossen sich die Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirche von Frankreich und die Reformierte Kirche von Frankreich zur Vereinigten Protestantischen Kirche Frankreichs zusammen. Die Vereinigte Protestantische Kirche Frankreichs umfasst 250.000 reformierte Protestanten, was ungefähr 0,4 % der französischen Gesamtbevölkerung entspricht. (de) Οι Ουγενότοι (γαλ. Hugenots) ήταν μέλη της Προτεσταντικής κατά τον 16ο έως τον 18ο αιώνα, γνωστοί και ως Γάλλοι Καλβινιστές. Κατά την «Νύχτα του Αγίου Βαρθολομαίου» (24 Αυγούστου 1572), χιλιάδες Ουγενότοι σφαγιάσθηκαν από Ρωμαιοκαθολικούς, στο Παρίσι. (el) Hugenoto, france Huguenots, estas la nomo de la francaj protestantoj ekde la dua duono de la 16-a jarcento. La kalvinismo disvastiĝis ĉefe en la sudfranciaj urboj, kie jam havis radikojn de la kontraŭfeŭdaj, herezaj movadoj (kataroj, valdenanoj). Post kiam la hugenotoj persekutiĝis en la laŭ feŭdismaj regantoj katolikaj regionoj de suda Francio kaj norda Italio, multaj el ili fuĝis nordorienten al iuj germanlingvaj feŭdismaj ŝtatoj, kies regantoj decidiĝis favore al protestantismo, havis plejparte luteranajn civitanojn, sed emis ankaŭ doni azilon al aliaj protestantismaj fuĝintoj. Ekzemple la regnoj Prusio en la nordoriento de nuna Germanio, Virtembergo kaj Hesio-Darmstadt en la centra sudokcidento de la nuna lando akceptis multajn hugenotojn - multaj setlis en la prusiaj urboj Berlino kaj Potsdamo, en la prusiaj urboj Mannheim kaj Pforzheim, kaj en la hesiaj urboj borde kaj sude de la rivero Majno, precipe en Offenbach kaj Hanau (la e-lingvaj artikoloj pri la hesiaj komunumoj Neu-Isenburg kaj Ober-Ramstadt donas pliajn detalojn pri la historio de la lokaj valdanoj kaj hugenotoj). Grandega pritema muzeo troviĝas en Bad Karlshafen, la t.n. Hugenota muzeo germana. (eo) The Huguenots (/ˈhjuːɡənɒts/ HEW-gə-nots, also UK: /-noʊz/ -nohz, French: [yɡ(ə)no]) were a religious group of French Protestants who held to the Reformed, or Calvinist, tradition of Protestantism. The term, which may be derived from the name of a Swiss political leader, the Genevan burgomaster Bezanson Hugues (1491–1532?), was in common use by the mid-16th century. Huguenot was frequently used in reference to those of the Reformed Church of France from the time of the Protestant Reformation. By contrast, the Protestant populations of eastern France, in Alsace, Moselle, and Montbéliard, were mainly Lutherans. In his Encyclopedia of Protestantism, Hans Hillerbrand wrote that on the eve of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in 1572, the Huguenot community made up as much as 10% of the French population. By 1600, it had declined to 7–8%, and was reduced further late in the century after the return of persecution under Louis XIV, who instituted the dragonnades to forcibly convert Protestants, and then finally revoked all Protestant rights in his Edict of Fontainebleau of 1685. The Huguenots were concentrated in the southern and western parts of the Kingdom of France. As Huguenots gained influence and more openly displayed their faith, Catholic hostility grew. A series of religious conflicts followed, known as the French Wars of Religion, fought intermittently from 1562 to 1598. The Huguenots were led by Jeanne d'Albret; her son, the future Henry IV (who would later convert to Catholicism in order to become king); and the princes of Condé. The wars ended with the Edict of Nantes, which granted the Huguenots substantial religious, political and military autonomy. Huguenot rebellions in the 1620s resulted in the abolition of their political and military privileges. They retained the religious provisions of the Edict of Nantes until the rule of Louis XIV, who gradually increased persecution of Protestantism until he issued the Edict of Fontainebleau (1685). This ended legal recognition of Protestantism in France and the Huguenots were forced to either convert to Catholicism (possibly as Nicodemites) or flee as refugees; they were subject to violent dragonnades. Louis XIV claimed that the French Huguenot population was reduced from about 900,000 or 800,000 adherents to just 1,000 or 1,500. He exaggerated the decline, but the dragonnades were devastating for the French Protestant community. The exodus of Huguenots from France created a brain drain, as many of them had occupied important places in society. The remaining Huguenots faced continued persecution under Louis XV. By the time of his death in 1774, Calvinism had been nearly eliminated from France. Persecution of Protestants officially ended with the Edict of Versailles, signed by Louis XVI in 1787. Two years later, with the Revolutionary Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789, Protestants gained equal rights as citizens. (en) Higanota (frantsesez: huguenot) XVI. eta XVII. mendeetan Frantziako Eliza Erreformatu Protestanteko kideak izendatzeko hitza da. XVII. mendeaz geroztik, protestante deitu ohi zaie. Higanoten ideien zabaltzeak eta berauek zapaltzeko ahaleginek 1562 eta 1598 urteen artean Europa osoan erlijio-gerrak eragin zituzten, eta Frantzia osoan eta Ipar Euskal Herrian nabarmena izan zen higanoten kontrako erasoa. (eu) El término hugonotes (en francés, huguenots; pronunciación en francés: /yɡ(ə)no/) es el antiguo nombre otorgado a los protestantes franceses de doctrina calvinista durante las guerras de religión. A partir del siglo XVII, los hugonotes serían denominados frecuentemente Religionnaires, ya que los decretos reales (y otros documentos oficiales) llamaban al protestantismo en forma desdeñosa como una «pretendida religión reformada». (es) Is éard is Úgónach ann ná duine atá ina bhall d'aicme creidimh Protastúnach Francach a tháinig ar an saol sa Fhrainc sa 16ú haois, faoi anáil Eoin Cailvín. Tír Chaitliceach ab ea an Fhrainc agus thosaigh an rí ag déanamh géarleanúna orthu. Tar éis tamaill theith siad ón tír. Tugadh Úgónaigh ar lucht leanúna Calvin sa bhFrainc. (ga) Kaum Huguenot (atau Hugenot) adalah orang Kristen Protestan (Calvinisme) asal Prancis pada abad ke-16 hingga ke-18. Karena terjadinya pada abad ke-16 banyak orang Huguenot yang bermigrasi ke daerah Protestan, seperti ke Belanda, untuk menghindari pembunuhan oleh warga Katolik. Beberapa keturunan Huguenot menjadi tokoh ternama pada masa penjajahan VOC/Belanda di Indonesia, seperti Cornelis Chastelein dan Eddy du Perron. (in) Les huguenots sont les protestants du royaume de France et du royaume de Navarre pendant les guerres de Religion de la seconde moitié du XVIe siècle (1562-1598), au cours desquelles ils ont été — sous ce nom — en conflit avec les catholiques. À partir du XVIIe siècle, les huguenots sont appelés religionnaires, car les actes royaux ne parlaient pas de protestantisme mais de « religion prétendue réformée ». Le mot de huguenot est également attaché aux protestants émigrés hors de France à la suite des troubles religieux ou des persécutions, d'abord lors du « premier Refuge » des années 1560, avec un maximum après la Saint-Barthélemy, puis lors d'une deuxième vague, déclenchée sous Louis XIV par les dragonnades et par la révocation de l'édit de Nantes le 18 octobre 1685. Plus de 200 000 personnes, peut-être 300 000, quittent alors la France. Une troisième vague d'émigration, loin d'être négligeable, a lieu au moment de la guerre de Succession d'Espagne (1701–1714). Par extension, le terme huguenot est parfois aussi utilisé pour désigner le refuge wallon : les protestants des Pays-Bas espagnols méridionaux (soit l'actuelle Belgique tant flamande que wallonne ainsi que le département français du Nord), férocement persécutés entre 1567 et 1585, qui se sont massivement réfugiés en Angleterre et aux Provinces-Unies (Pays-Bas actuels), où ils ont fondé les Églises wallonnes, francophones, qui ont accueilli par la suite les réfugiés huguenots français. (fr) ユグノー(フランス語: Huguenot)は、フランスにおける改革派教会(カルヴァン主義)またはカルヴァン派。フランス絶対王政の形成維持と崩壊の両方に活躍し、迫害された者は列強各国へ逃れて亡命先の経済を著しく発展させた。その活躍は、まずとびぬけてイギリスでみられたが、ドイツでは順当な規模であった。 (ja) 위그노(프랑스어: Huguenot)는 프랑스의 개신교 신자들을 가리키는 말로 역사적으로 프랑스 칼뱅주의자들로 알려졌다. 칼뱅주의와 그것에 관련된 신앙 단체들(위그노, 청교도, 장로교와 다른 개혁 교회들)은 기독교 이론의 지속적인 장 칼뱅의 유일한 해석을 대표한다. 신앙의 최고권을 옹호하는 과로들에 추가로 칼뱅주의는 2개의 교의들 - 인간의 노력의 관점을 암시하는 "종교로서 일생"의 독트린과 구원이 하나님에 의하여 전체적으로 미리 예정되었다고 주장하는 숙명론의 독트린에 의하여 가장 두드러졌다. (ko) Hugenoci (fr. huguenots) – nazwa francuskich ewangelików reformowanych (potocznie nazywanych kalwinistami) w XVI i XVII wieku. Pochodzi ona od nazwiska przywódcy powstania w Genewie, . (pl) Ugonotti è l'appellativo dato ai protestanti francesi di confessione calvinista presenti in Francia tra il XVI secolo e il XVII secolo. All'inizio, furono comunemente chiamati "protestanti francesi": il nome entrò in uso solo negli anni sessanta del Cinquecento. A partire dalla seconda metà di questo secolo, la Francia fu lacerata da violentissimi scontri religiosi tra la maggioranza cattolica e la minoranza calvinista che sfociarono in eventi tragici come la strage di San Bartolomeo e la guerra dei tre Enrichi. Verso la fine del XVII secolo, circa duecentomila ugonotti furono cacciati dalla Francia a causa delle persecuzioni religiose. (it) Hugenoten (Frans huguenots) is de benaming die in de 16de, 17de en 18de eeuw in Frankrijk werd gegeven aan protestanten. (nl) Huguenotes eram os protestantes franceses durante as guerras religiosas na França (segunda metade do século XVI). Cerca de 300 000 deles deixaram a França, após as (perseguições contra as comunidades protestantes, sob Luís XIV) e a revogação do Édito de Nantes, em 18 de outubro de 1685. Eram majoritariamente calvinistas e membros da Igreja Reformada, enquanto os protestantes das regiões da Alsácia, Moselle e Montbéliard eram majoritariamente alemães luteranos (pt) Hugenotter (franska: huguenot) var de franska kalvinister som levde på 1500- och 1600-talen, det vill säga under och efter de franska religionskrigen. Hugenotterna förföljdes av den franska staten/kronan och katolska kyrkan. Efter upphävandet 1685 av ediktet i Nantes, som gett dem viss religionsfrihet, lämnade mer än 300 000 hugenotter landet. Ett hundratal kom under 1600-talet till Sverige. Hugenotterna i Frankrike fick full religionsfrihet först i och med franska revolutionen 1789. (sv) Гугено́ты (фр. Huguenot(s) французский: [yɡ(ə)no]) — название с XVI века французских протестантов-кальвинистов. Происходит от франко-швейцарского eyguenot (aguynos), обозначавшего члена женевского протестантского союза против герцога Савойского. Слово eyguenot в свою очередь восходит к с.-в.-нем. eitgenôz (современное нем. Eidgenosse) — собрат, соратник, союзник. Начиная с XIV века Eidgenosse официально обозначает просто гражданина Швейцарской конфедерации. (ru) 胡格诺派(法語:Huguenot,发音:[yɡno]),16世纪至17世纪法国基督新教信奉喀爾文思想的一支教派,意譯結盟宗,又音譯雨格諾派、休京諾派、休京拉派,俗稱法國新教。17世紀以來,胡格诺派是法國最有影響力的新教教派,在政治上反對君主專制。 (zh) Гугеноти (фр. Huguenots, можливо від женевського містяна Гюга, чи перекручене Eidgenossen — спільники) — назва з XVI століття французьких протестантів (кальвіністів). Цей термін часто використовується для опису членів Реформатської Церкви Франції до початку ХІХ століття. Термін бере свій початок з XVI століття у Франції. Французькі гугеноти-протестанти з Північної Франції, які надихалися працями Жана Кальвіна і схвалювали Реформатську традицію протестантизму. Боротьба гугенотів з католиками вилилась у так звані релігійні війни XVI століття, по закінченні яких, за Сен-Жерменським миром 1570 року гугеноти отримали свободу віросповідання (хоча католицизм й залишився панівною релігією). Ставлення до гугенотів французької держави XVII — XVIII ст. неодноразово змінювалось, однак лише Велика французька революція прирівняла гугенотів у правах з католиками. Активна пропагандистська сила гугенотів діяла. (uk) |
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rdfs:comment | Durant els segles xvi i xvii, hugonots va ser el nom donat als membres de l'Església protestant reformada de França. (ca) Hugenoti ([igenoti]) byli francouzští protestanti zejména z 16. a 17. století, kteří svůj název získali (alespoň podle jedné z nejčastěji užívaných verzí) podle jména , vůdce povstání v Ženevě. Hugenoti byli příznivci kalvinismu. (cs) Οι Ουγενότοι (γαλ. Hugenots) ήταν μέλη της Προτεσταντικής κατά τον 16ο έως τον 18ο αιώνα, γνωστοί και ως Γάλλοι Καλβινιστές. Κατά την «Νύχτα του Αγίου Βαρθολομαίου» (24 Αυγούστου 1572), χιλιάδες Ουγενότοι σφαγιάσθηκαν από Ρωμαιοκαθολικούς, στο Παρίσι. (el) Higanota (frantsesez: huguenot) XVI. eta XVII. mendeetan Frantziako Eliza Erreformatu Protestanteko kideak izendatzeko hitza da. XVII. mendeaz geroztik, protestante deitu ohi zaie. Higanoten ideien zabaltzeak eta berauek zapaltzeko ahaleginek 1562 eta 1598 urteen artean Europa osoan erlijio-gerrak eragin zituzten, eta Frantzia osoan eta Ipar Euskal Herrian nabarmena izan zen higanoten kontrako erasoa. (eu) El término hugonotes (en francés, huguenots; pronunciación en francés: /yɡ(ə)no/) es el antiguo nombre otorgado a los protestantes franceses de doctrina calvinista durante las guerras de religión. A partir del siglo XVII, los hugonotes serían denominados frecuentemente Religionnaires, ya que los decretos reales (y otros documentos oficiales) llamaban al protestantismo en forma desdeñosa como una «pretendida religión reformada». (es) Is éard is Úgónach ann ná duine atá ina bhall d'aicme creidimh Protastúnach Francach a tháinig ar an saol sa Fhrainc sa 16ú haois, faoi anáil Eoin Cailvín. Tír Chaitliceach ab ea an Fhrainc agus thosaigh an rí ag déanamh géarleanúna orthu. Tar éis tamaill theith siad ón tír. Tugadh Úgónaigh ar lucht leanúna Calvin sa bhFrainc. (ga) Kaum Huguenot (atau Hugenot) adalah orang Kristen Protestan (Calvinisme) asal Prancis pada abad ke-16 hingga ke-18. Karena terjadinya pada abad ke-16 banyak orang Huguenot yang bermigrasi ke daerah Protestan, seperti ke Belanda, untuk menghindari pembunuhan oleh warga Katolik. Beberapa keturunan Huguenot menjadi tokoh ternama pada masa penjajahan VOC/Belanda di Indonesia, seperti Cornelis Chastelein dan Eddy du Perron. (in) ユグノー(フランス語: Huguenot)は、フランスにおける改革派教会(カルヴァン主義)またはカルヴァン派。フランス絶対王政の形成維持と崩壊の両方に活躍し、迫害された者は列強各国へ逃れて亡命先の経済を著しく発展させた。その活躍は、まずとびぬけてイギリスでみられたが、ドイツでは順当な規模であった。 (ja) 위그노(프랑스어: Huguenot)는 프랑스의 개신교 신자들을 가리키는 말로 역사적으로 프랑스 칼뱅주의자들로 알려졌다. 칼뱅주의와 그것에 관련된 신앙 단체들(위그노, 청교도, 장로교와 다른 개혁 교회들)은 기독교 이론의 지속적인 장 칼뱅의 유일한 해석을 대표한다. 신앙의 최고권을 옹호하는 과로들에 추가로 칼뱅주의는 2개의 교의들 - 인간의 노력의 관점을 암시하는 "종교로서 일생"의 독트린과 구원이 하나님에 의하여 전체적으로 미리 예정되었다고 주장하는 숙명론의 독트린에 의하여 가장 두드러졌다. (ko) Hugenoci (fr. huguenots) – nazwa francuskich ewangelików reformowanych (potocznie nazywanych kalwinistami) w XVI i XVII wieku. Pochodzi ona od nazwiska przywódcy powstania w Genewie, . (pl) Ugonotti è l'appellativo dato ai protestanti francesi di confessione calvinista presenti in Francia tra il XVI secolo e il XVII secolo. All'inizio, furono comunemente chiamati "protestanti francesi": il nome entrò in uso solo negli anni sessanta del Cinquecento. A partire dalla seconda metà di questo secolo, la Francia fu lacerata da violentissimi scontri religiosi tra la maggioranza cattolica e la minoranza calvinista che sfociarono in eventi tragici come la strage di San Bartolomeo e la guerra dei tre Enrichi. Verso la fine del XVII secolo, circa duecentomila ugonotti furono cacciati dalla Francia a causa delle persecuzioni religiose. (it) Hugenoten (Frans huguenots) is de benaming die in de 16de, 17de en 18de eeuw in Frankrijk werd gegeven aan protestanten. (nl) Huguenotes eram os protestantes franceses durante as guerras religiosas na França (segunda metade do século XVI). Cerca de 300 000 deles deixaram a França, após as (perseguições contra as comunidades protestantes, sob Luís XIV) e a revogação do Édito de Nantes, em 18 de outubro de 1685. Eram majoritariamente calvinistas e membros da Igreja Reformada, enquanto os protestantes das regiões da Alsácia, Moselle e Montbéliard eram majoritariamente alemães luteranos (pt) Hugenotter (franska: huguenot) var de franska kalvinister som levde på 1500- och 1600-talen, det vill säga under och efter de franska religionskrigen. Hugenotterna förföljdes av den franska staten/kronan och katolska kyrkan. Efter upphävandet 1685 av ediktet i Nantes, som gett dem viss religionsfrihet, lämnade mer än 300 000 hugenotter landet. Ett hundratal kom under 1600-talet till Sverige. Hugenotterna i Frankrike fick full religionsfrihet först i och med franska revolutionen 1789. (sv) Гугено́ты (фр. Huguenot(s) французский: [yɡ(ə)no]) — название с XVI века французских протестантов-кальвинистов. Происходит от франко-швейцарского eyguenot (aguynos), обозначавшего члена женевского протестантского союза против герцога Савойского. Слово eyguenot в свою очередь восходит к с.-в.-нем. eitgenôz (современное нем. Eidgenosse) — собрат, соратник, союзник. Начиная с XIV века Eidgenosse официально обозначает просто гражданина Швейцарской конфедерации. (ru) 胡格诺派(法語:Huguenot,发音:[yɡno]),16世纪至17世纪法国基督新教信奉喀爾文思想的一支教派,意譯結盟宗,又音譯雨格諾派、休京諾派、休京拉派,俗稱法國新教。17世紀以來,胡格诺派是法國最有影響力的新教教派,在政治上反對君主專制。 (zh) الهوغونوتيون (بالفرنسية: Huguenot)، هم جماعة دينية فرنسية أعضاء في كنيسة فرنسا الإصلاحية البروتستانتية خلال القرنين السادس عشر والسابع عشر. الذين تأثروا بكتابات جون كالفن في الربع الثاني من القرن السادس عشر، وأطلق عليهم لقب الهوغونوت في عام 1560م تقريبًا. وبنهاية القرن السابع عشر، فرّ نحو 200,000 هوغونوتي من فرنسا بعد سلسلة من الاضطهادات الدينية إلى البلدان البروتستانتية مثل إنجلترا وويلز والدانمارك وسويسرا وجمهورية هولندا ومرغريفية براندنبورغ وبالاتينات الانتخابية (كلاهما في الإمبراطورية الرومانية المقدسة) ودوقية بروسيا، إضافة إلى مستعمرة رأس الرجاء الهولندية (جنوب أفريقيا الآن) والثلاثة عشرة مستعمرة الإنجليزية في أمريكا الشمالية. (ar) Hugenotten ist die etwa seit 1560 gebräuchliche Bezeichnung für die französischen Protestanten im vorrevolutionären Frankreich. Ihr Glaube war der Calvinismus, die aus den 1530er Jahren stammende Lehre Johannes Calvins. Seit dem Edikt von Nantes 1598 bezeichnete man die Hugenotten offiziell als Religionisten (religionnaires), ihre Konfession wurde in staatlichen Urkunden als die sogenannte reformierte Religion (Religion prétendue réformée, R.P.R.) bezeichnet. Laut Patrick Cabanel stellten die Hugenotten 1560 etwa 2 Millionen Menschen oder 12,5 Prozent der damaligen französischen Gesamtbevölkerung; andere Autoren wie Hans Hillerbrand gehen von 10 Prozent um 1572 aus, was gleichfalls 2 Millionen Menschen ergibt. (de) Hugenoto, france Huguenots, estas la nomo de la francaj protestantoj ekde la dua duono de la 16-a jarcento. La kalvinismo disvastiĝis ĉefe en la sudfranciaj urboj, kie jam havis radikojn de la kontraŭfeŭdaj, herezaj movadoj (kataroj, valdenanoj). Post kiam la hugenotoj persekutiĝis en la laŭ feŭdismaj regantoj katolikaj regionoj de suda Francio kaj norda Italio, multaj el ili fuĝis nordorienten al iuj germanlingvaj feŭdismaj ŝtatoj, kies regantoj decidiĝis favore al protestantismo, havis plejparte luteranajn civitanojn, sed emis ankaŭ doni azilon al aliaj protestantismaj fuĝintoj. Ekzemple la regnoj Prusio en la nordoriento de nuna Germanio, Virtembergo kaj Hesio-Darmstadt en la centra sudokcidento de la nuna lando akceptis multajn hugenotojn - multaj setlis en la prusiaj urboj Berlino kaj (eo) The Huguenots (/ˈhjuːɡənɒts/ HEW-gə-nots, also UK: /-noʊz/ -nohz, French: [yɡ(ə)no]) were a religious group of French Protestants who held to the Reformed, or Calvinist, tradition of Protestantism. The term, which may be derived from the name of a Swiss political leader, the Genevan burgomaster Bezanson Hugues (1491–1532?), was in common use by the mid-16th century. Huguenot was frequently used in reference to those of the Reformed Church of France from the time of the Protestant Reformation. By contrast, the Protestant populations of eastern France, in Alsace, Moselle, and Montbéliard, were mainly Lutherans. (en) Les huguenots sont les protestants du royaume de France et du royaume de Navarre pendant les guerres de Religion de la seconde moitié du XVIe siècle (1562-1598), au cours desquelles ils ont été — sous ce nom — en conflit avec les catholiques. À partir du XVIIe siècle, les huguenots sont appelés religionnaires, car les actes royaux ne parlaient pas de protestantisme mais de « religion prétendue réformée ». (fr) Гугеноти (фр. Huguenots, можливо від женевського містяна Гюга, чи перекручене Eidgenossen — спільники) — назва з XVI століття французьких протестантів (кальвіністів). Цей термін часто використовується для опису членів Реформатської Церкви Франції до початку ХІХ століття. Термін бере свій початок з XVI століття у Франції. Французькі гугеноти-протестанти з Північної Франції, які надихалися працями Жана Кальвіна і схвалювали Реформатську традицію протестантизму. (uk) |
rdfs:label | Huguenots (en) هوغونوتيون (ar) Hugonot (ca) Hugenoti (cs) Hugenotten (de) Ουγενότοι (el) Hugenotoj (eo) Hugonotes (es) Higanot (eu) Úgónach (reiligiún) (ga) Huguenot (in) Huguenot (fr) Ugonotti (it) ユグノー (ja) 위그노 (ko) Hugenoten (nl) Hugenoci (pl) Huguenotes (pt) Hugenotter (sv) Гугеноты (ru) 胡格諾派 (zh) Гугеноти (uk) |
rdfs:seeAlso | dbr:Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church dbr:France_Antarctique dbr:Persecution_of_Huguenots_under_Louis_XV |
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