Transition from Ming to Qing (original) (raw)

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The transition from Ming to Qing, alternatively known as Ming–Qing transition or the Manchu conquest of China, from 1618 to 1683, saw the transition between two major dynasties in Chinese history. It was a decades-long conflict between the emerging Qing dynasty, the incumbent Ming dynasty, and several smaller factions (like the Shun dynasty and Xi dynasty). It ended with the consolidation of Qing rule, and the fall of the Ming and several other factions.

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dbo:abstract الانتقال من حكم مينغ إلى حكم تشينغ أو انتقال مينغ-تشينغ، والمعروف أيضًا باسم غزو المانشو للصين، هو فترة طويلة من النزاع بين سلالة تشينغ، التي أسستها عشيرة آيشن جيورو من المانشو في شمال شرق الصين المعاصر، وبين سلالة مينغ، والعديد من القوى المتمردة الأخرى في الصين، مثل سلالة شون التي لم تدم طويلًا بقيادة لي زيتشانغ. في الفترة التي سبقت غزو تشينغ، في عام 1618، أصدر زعيم آيشن جيورو نورهس وثيقة بعنوان المظالم السبعة، والتي عدّدت المظالم التي ارتكبتها سلالة مينغ وبدأ التمرد ضد هيمنتها. ذكرت العديد من المظالم النزاعات ضد عائلة يهي من الجورشن المدعومة من سلالة مينغ. كان طلب نورهس أن تدفع سلالة مينغ تعويضًا عن المظالم السبعة بمثابة إعلان حرب عملي، حيث لم تكن سلالة مينغ على استعداد لدفع المال لتابع سابق. وبعد ذلك بوقت قصير، بدأ نورهس تمرده ضد سلالة مينغ في مقاطعة لياونينغ. في الوقت نفسه، كانت سلالة مينغ تكافح من أجل بقائها ضد الاضطرابات المالية وتمرد الفلاحين. حث مسؤولو الهان الصينيون خليفة نورهس هونغ تايجي على أن يعلن نفسه إمبراطورًا للصين، وهو ما فعله في عام 1636، معلنًا بداية سلالة تشينغ الجديدة. في 24 أبريل 1644، سقطت بكين على يد جيش المتمردين بقيادة لي زيتشانغ، وهو مسؤول ثانوي صغير تابع للمينغ أصبح زعيمًا لثورة الفلاحين، والذي أسس لاحقًا سلالة شون. أما آخر أباطرة سلالة مينغ، الإمبراطور سيهونجين، فقد شنق نفسه على شجرة في الحديقة الإمبراطورية خارج المدينة المحرمة. وحين تحرك لي زيتشانغ ضد الجنرال وو سانغوي التابع للمينغ، حول الأخير ولاءه إلى سلالة تشنيغ. هُزم لي زيتشانغ في معركة معبر شانهاي على يد القوات المشتركة بقيادة وو سانغوي وأمير المانشو دورغون. وفي 6 يونيو، دخلت قوات دورغون مع وو ذات الأغلبية الصينية من الهان إلى العاصمة. تطلب هذا الغزو وقتًا طويلًا لاستكمال أهدافه، إذ استغرق الأمر 40 عامًا تقريبًا قبل أن تتحد الصين بشكل آمن تحت حكم سلالة تشينغ. اعتلى الإمبراطور كانغ شي العرش عام 1661، وفي عام 1662 أطلق أوصياؤه التطهير العظيم للتخلص من مقاومة الموالين لسلالة مينغ في جنوب الصين. وحارب الإمبراطور العديد من التمردات، مثل ثورة الإقطاعيات الثلاثة بقيادة وو سانغوي في جنوب الصين، التي بدأت عام 1673، وواجهها بشن سلسلة من الحملات التي وسعت إمبراطوريته. في عام 1662، طرد تشنغ شينغونغ (كوشينغا) المستعمرين الهولنديين وأسس مملكة تونغنينغ في تايوان الموالية لسلالة مينغ بهدف استعادة الصين. ومع ذلك، هزمت مملكة تونغنينغ عام 1683 في معركة بينغو (بسكادورز) من قبل الأميرال الهاني شي لانغ، وهو أميرال سابق تحت قيادة كوشينغا. يرجع سقوط سلالة مينغ إلى حد كبير إلى مجموعة من العوامل. جادل العلماء في أن سقوط سلالة مينغ ربما كان جزئيًا بسبب الجفاف والمجاعات التي سببها العصر الجليدي الصغير. ويقول كينيث سوب إن أحد العوامل الرئيسية كان تدهور العلاقات بين عائلة مينغ المالكة وبين القيادة العسكرية لإمبراطورية مينغ. وتشمل العوامل الأخرى الحملات العسكرية المتكررة إلى الشمال، والضغوط التضخمية الناجمة عن الإنفاق الكبير من الخزينة الإمبراطورية، والكوارث الطبيعية والأوبئة. وساهمت تمردات الفلاحين بالمزيد من الفوضى في جميع أنحاء البلاد عام 1644، بالإضافة إلى سلسلة من الأباطرة الضعفاء. صمد نفوذ سلالة مينغ في ما هو الآن جنوب الصين لسنوات، ولكن قوات تشينغ تغلبت عليهم في النهاية. كان انتصار تشينغ ساحقًا نتيجة انشقاق مؤسسة لياودونغ العسكرية التابعة لأسرة مينغ وغيرها، مع لعب جيش المانشو لدور صغير جدًا. (ar) La transition des Ming aux Qing ou la transition Ming-Qing, également connue sous le nom de conquête de la Chine par les Mandchous, est une période de conflit qui dure des décennies et oppose la Dynastie Qing, établie par le clan mandchou Aisin Gioro en Mandchourie et la Dynastie Ming en Chine, puis en Chine du Sud. Divers autres pouvoirs régionaux ou temporaires sont également impliqués dans ce conflit, comme la très brève dynastie Shun. En 1618, avant le début de la conquête des Qing, Nurhachi, le chef du clan Aisin Gioro, a commandé un document intitulé les Sept Grandes Causes d'irritation, dans lequel il énumérait sept récriminations contre les Ming, avant de lancer une rébellion contre ces derniers. Beaucoup des griefs portaient sur des conflits avec les Yehe, un clan mandchou important, et sur le favoritisme des Ming envers les Yehe au détriment des autres clans mandchous. La demande de Nurhaci faite aux Ming de lui payer un tribut pour réparer les sept grandes causes d'irritation était en fait une déclaration de guerre, car les Ming n'étaient pas disposés à verser de l'argent à un ancien vassal. Peu après, Nurhaci commence à se rebeller contre les Ming dans le Liaoning, une région du sud de la Mandchourie. Au même moment, la dynastie Ming lutte pour sa survie face à la multiplication des troubles fiscaux et des rébellions paysannes. Le 24 avril 1644, Pékin tombe aux mains d'une armée rebelle dirigée par Li Zicheng, un ancien fonctionnaire mineur des Ming devenu le chef de la révolte paysanne. Zicheng proclame alors la Dynastie Shun. Au moment de la chute de la ville, le dernier empereur Ming, l'empereur Chongzhen, se pend à un arbre dans le jardin impérial situé à l'extérieur de la Cité interdite. Quand Li Zicheng commence à marcher sur lui à la tête avec son armée, le général Wu Sangui, chargé par les Ming de garder une des portes de la Grande Muraille, fait allégeance aux Mandchous et les laisse pénétrer en Chine. Li Zicheng est vaincu à la bataille de la passe de Shanhai par les forces conjointes de Wu Sangui et du prince mandchou Dorgon. Le 6 juin, les Mandchous et Wu entrent dans la capitale et proclament le jeune empereur Shunzhi nouvel empereur de Chine. La conquête est cependant loin d'être terminée, et il faut attendre encore près de quarante ans avant que toute la Chine ne soit solidement unie sous la domination Qing. L'empereur Kangxi monte sur le trône en 1661, et en 1662 ses régents lancent la (en) pour vaincre la résistance des loyalistes Ming en Chine du Sud. Il combat ensuite plusieurs rébellions, comme la Rébellion des trois feudataires, dirigée par Wu Sangui, qui éclate dans le sud de la Chine en 1673. Il lance ensuite une série de campagnes qui agrandissent son empire. En 1662, le général Koxinga chasse les colons hollandais et fonde le royaume de Tungning à Taïwan, un État loyaliste Ming, dans le but de reconquérir la Chine. Cependant, Tungning est vaincu en 1683 à la bataille de Penghu par l'amiral Shi Lang, qui avait auparavant servi sous les ordres de Koxinga. La chute de la dynastie Ming est le résultat de toute une combinaison de facteurs. Kenneth Swope soutient qu'un facteur clé a été la détérioration des relations entre la royauté Ming et les chefs militaires de l'Empire Ming. Parmi les autres facteurs, mentionnons les expéditions militaires répétées dans le Nord, les pressions inflationnistes causées par les dépenses excessives du Trésor impérial, les catastrophes naturelles et les épidémies. Une rébellion paysanne à Pékin en 1644 et une série d'empereurs faibles ont contribué au chaos. Le pouvoir des Ming survit pendant des années dans ce qui est aujourd'hui le sud de la Chine, bien qu'il soit finalement vaincu par les Mandchous. (fr) Penaklukan Ming oleh Qing, juga dikenal dengan istilah transisi Ming–Qing dan penaklukan Manchu di Tiongkok, adalah periode konflik yang berlangsung antara Dinasti Qing (yang didirikan oleh klan Manchu yang bernama Aisin Gioro dan berasal dari Manchuria) melawan Dinasti Ming di Tiongkok, walaupun periode ini juga melibatkan kekuatan-kekuatan lain, seperti Dinasti Shun yang berusia pendek. Sebelum dilancarkannya penaklukan, pemimpin Aisin Gioro Nurhaci menugaskan penulisan sebuah dokumen yang berjudul Tujuh Kebencian Besar pada tahun 1618. Dokumen ini menjabarkan kebencian-kebencian mereka terhadap Ming. Kebanyakan dari keluhan tersebut terkait dengan sikap pilih kasih Manchu terhadap klan klan Manchu . Permintaan Nurhaci agar Ming membayar upeti kepadanya untuk menyelesaikan keluhan-keluhan tersebut pada dasarnya merupakan pernyataan perang, karena Ming tidak akan mau membayar upeti kepada klan yang pernah menjadi salah satu pembayar upeti untuk Tiongkok. Nurhaci kemudian mulai menyerbu wilayah Ming di Liaoning, Manchuria selatan. Pada saat yang sama, Dinasti Ming menghadapi masalah keuangan dan pemberontakan petani. Pada 24 April 1644, Beijing jatuh ke tangan pemberontak yang dipimpin oleh Li Zicheng, mantan pejabat Ming yang menjadi pemimpin pemberontakan petani. Ia kemudian menyatakan berdirinya Dinasti Shun. Kaisar Ming terakhir, Kaisar Chongzhen, menggantung dirinya di sebuah pohon di kebun kekaisaran di luar Kota Terlarang. Setelah Li Zicheng mulai melancarkan serangan terhadap jenderal Ming Wu Sangui, sang jenderal bersekutu dengan orang-orang Manchu. Li Zicheng dikalahkan dalam Pertempuran Shanhaiguan oleh pasukan gabungan Wu Sangui dan pangeran Manchu Dorgon. Pada 6 Juni, pasukan Manchu dan Wu memasuki ibu kota dan memproklamirkan Kaisar Shunzhi yang masih muda sebagai Kaisar Tiongkok. Kaisar Kangxi naik tahta pada tahun 1661, dan pada tahun 1662 wali-walinya melancarkan Pembersihan Besar untuk menghabisi perlawanan loyalis Ming di Tiongkok Selatan. Ia kemudian memadamkan beberapa pemberontakan, seperti yang dipimpin oleh Wu Sangui di Tiongkok selatan, dan juga melancarkan kampanye militer yang memperluas wilayah kekaisarannya. Pada tahun 1662, Zheng Chenggong (Koxinga) mengusir penjajah Belanda dari Taiwan dan mendirikan Kerajaan Tungning, negara loyalis Ming yang ingin menaklukan kembali Tiongkok. Namun, Tungning dikalahkan dalam Pertempuran Penghu oleh laksamana Han Shi Lang yang pernah mengabdi kepada Koxinga. Jatuhnya Dinasti Ming disebabkan oleh gabungan beberapa faktor. Kenneth Swope menyatakan bahwa faktor utama adalah memburuknya hubungan antara kaisar dengan kepemimpinan militer Ming. Faktor-faktor lain meliputi ekspedisi-ekspedisi militer yang dilancarkan ke utara, tekanan inflasi yang disebabkan oleh pengeluaran negara yang terlalu besar, bencana alam, dan epidemi. Kepemimpinan kaisar yang lemah dan pemberontakan petani di Beijing pada tahun 1644 semakin memperparah keadaan. Kekuasaan Ming masih bertahan di Tiongkok selatan selama beberapa tahun, walaupun upaya perlawanan ini pada akhirnya akan dipadamkan oleh Manchu. (in) The transition from Ming to Qing, alternatively known as Ming–Qing transition or the Manchu conquest of China, from 1618 to 1683, saw the transition between two major dynasties in Chinese history. It was a decades-long conflict between the emerging Qing dynasty, the incumbent Ming dynasty, and several smaller factions (like the Shun dynasty and Xi dynasty). It ended with the consolidation of Qing rule, and the fall of the Ming and several other factions. (en) 명청 전쟁(明清戰爭)은 17세기 중국 대륙의 패권을 두고 명나라와 청나라 사이에서 벌어진 전쟁이다. (ko) 明清交替（みんしんこうたい）は、それまで中国大陸を支配していた明から、中国東北部に居住していた満洲人の愛新覚羅氏が建国した清への移行を指す。この移行は、17世紀初頭から数十年をかけて行われた。清は、明やその遺臣、そして李自成が率いる順などを打ち破り、辛亥革命によって滅びるまで二百数十年間続く帝国を開闢した。明清交替の他に、明清交代、明末清初（みんまつしんしょ）などの呼称もある。 (ja) La transizione da Ming a Qing o transizione Ming–Qing, nota anche come conquista della Cina da parte dei manciù, fu un lungo conflitto tra la dinastia Qing, fondata dal clan manciù Aisin Gioro in Manciuria (attuale Cina di nordest), e la dinastia Ming, della Cina del sud, alleata di altre potenze regionali o temporanee, col coinvolgimento della breve dinastia Shun. In vista della conquista da parte dei Qing, nel 1618, il capo dell'Aisin Gioro, Nurhaci, commissionò un documento intitolato Sette lagnanze, che enumerava le lamentele contro i Ming e cominciava a ribellarsi contro il loro dominio. Molte delle lamentele riguardavano i conflitti contro Yehe, che era un importante clan manciù, e il favoritismo dei Ming di Yehe. La richiesta di Nurhaci che i Ming gli pagassero dei tributi per rimediare alle sette lamentele fu in effetti una dichiarazione di guerra, poiché i Ming non erano disposti a pagare denaro a un ex tributario. Poco dopo, Nurhaci iniziò a ribellarsi contro i Ming a Liaoning nel sud della Manciuria. Allo stesso tempo, la dinastia Ming stava combattendo per la sua sopravvivenza contro le turbolenze fiscali e le ribellioni contadine. Il 24 aprile 1644 Pechino cadde sotto la spinta di un esercito ribelle guidato da Li Zicheng, un ex ufficiale minore dei Ming che divenne il capo della rivolta contadina, che proclamò la dinastia Shun. L'ultimo imperatore Ming, Chongzhen, si impiccò ad un albero del giardino imperiale al di fuori della Città Proibita. Quando Li Zicheng si mosse contro di lui, il generale Ming Wu Sangui cambiò la sua alleanza con i manciù. Li Zicheng fu sconfitto alla Battaglia del passo Shanhai dalle forze congiunte di Wu Sangui e del principe manciù Dorgon. Il 6 giugno, i manciù e Wu entrarono nella capitale e proclamarono il giovane imperatore Shunzhi come Imperatore della Cina. Tuttavia, la conquista fu tutt'altro che completa e richiese quasi quarant'anni prima che tutta la Cina fosse saldamente unita sotto il dominio dei Qing. Kangxi salì al trono nel 1661 e nel 1662 i suoi reggenti lanciarono la per sconfiggere la resistenza dei fedelissimi dei Ming nel sud della Cina. Dovettero poi combattere diverse ribellioni, come la Rivolta dei Tre Feudatari guidata da Wu Sangui nel sud della Cina, a partire dal 1673, e poi contrastata dal lancio di una serie di campagne che portarono all'espansione del suo impero. Nel 1662 Coxinga scacciò i coloni olandesi e fondò il Regno di Tungning a Taiwan, uno stato lealista dei Ming con l'obiettivo di riconquistare la Cina. Tuttavia, il regno di Tungning fu sconfitto nel 1683 alla Battaglia di Penghu dall'ammiraglio Han , un ex ammiraglio di Coxinga. La caduta della dinastia Ming fu in gran parte causata da una combinazione di fattori. Kenneth Swope sostiene che un fattore chiave fu il deteriorando delle relazioni tra l'imperatore Ming e i capi militari dell'Impero. Altri fattori furono le ripetute spedizioni militari a nord, pressioni inflazionistiche causate dalla spesa eccessiva da parte del tesoro imperiale, disastri naturali ed epidemie. A contribuire ulteriormente al caos fu una ribellione contadina a Pechino nel 1644 e una serie di imperatori deboli. Il potere dei Ming si protrasse ancora per anni in quello che oggi è il sud della Cina, anche se alla fine venne definitivamente debellato dai manciù. (it) Маньчжурское завоевание Китая (1644—1683) — процесс распространения власти маньчжурской империи Цин на территорию, принадлежавшую китайской империи Мин. (ru) Маньчжурське завоювання Китаю (1644—1683) — процес поширення влади маньчжурської династії Цін на територію, що належала китайській імперії Мін. (uk) 明清战争，交战双方为明朝和后金（后改国号为“大清”，即清朝）。1589年，女真愛新覺羅部首領努爾哈赤統一建州女真，1616年建立後金。1644年清兵入山海關，此时仅佔領辽东和河北附近，与清军并存有四股勢力：南京的南明弘光帝，陕西的李自成、四川的张献忠、台灣的郑成功明鄭。清军將他們逐個擊破後，最後一個以明朝為國號之臺灣明鄭王朝結束於1683年。 明朝的支持者们没有被彻底消灭，他們转入地下活动，形成天地会、洪门等反清复明的秘密结社。戰爭過程中，清軍屠殺多處，例如揚州十日、嘉定三屠、以及庚寅之劫，而大西軍及明軍亦有軍紀敗壞及參與屠蜀等屠殺的記載。 (zh)
dbo:combatant ---- Kingdom of Portugal English East India Company Qing dynasty Kumul Khanate Turfan Khanate Combat support: Tiandihui 20pxDutch East India Company *Hongguang and The Nanjing court(1644-1645) *Koxinga *Longwu and The Fuzhou court(1645-1646) *Shaowu and The Guangzhou court(1646-1647) *Yongli and The Nanning court(1646-1662) 15pxJoseon(Korea) 15pxJoseon(Korea; after 1636) Aisin-Gioro clan Armament support: ChagataiYarkent Khanate(1646–1650) Evenk-Daurfederation Kingdom of Shu (She-An Rebellion) Kingdom of Tungning(1661-1683) Manchus Ming Defectors Ming dynasty(1618-1644) NanaiHurka Northern Yuan dynasty(1618–1635) Shun dynasty(Li Zicheng) Southern Ming(1644-1662): Southern and Eastern Mongols Tokugawa Shogunate(Japan) Xi dynasty (Zhang Xianzhong) YeheJurchens
dbo:commander dbr:Prince_of_Jingjiang_of_Ming_dynasty dbr:Prince_of_Yi_of_Ming_dynasty dbr:Qin_Liangyu dbr:Hong_Chengchou dbr:Hong_Taiji dbr:Hooge,_Prince_Su dbr:Li_Shuaitai dbr:Li_Yongfang dbr:Zhang_Cunren dbr:Geng_Zhongming dbr:Li_Dingguo dbr:Li_Zicheng dbr:Ligdan_Khan dbr:Ma_Shilong dbr:Manggūltai dbr:Shunzhi_Emperor dbr:Yuan_Chonghuan dbr:Zhang_Xianzhong dbr:Zheng_Zhilong dbr:Zhu_Hengjia dbr:Zhu_Shugui dbr:Zu_Dashou dbr:Dodo_(prince) dbr:Gintaisi dbr:Abatai dbr:Ajige dbr:Amin_(Qing_dynasty) dbr:Daišan dbr:Nurhaci dbr:Fan_Wencheng dbr:Wang_Fuchen dbr:Chongzhen_Emperor dbr:Jirgalang dbr:Kangxi_Emperor dbr:Laimbu dbr:Sun_Chengzong dbr:Sun_Chuanting dbr:Ebilun dbr:Zhu_Yuyue,_Prince_of_Tang dbr:Zhu_Yihai,_Prince_of_Lu dbr:Zhu_Youlang,_Prince_of_Gui dbr:Zhu_Yousong,_Prince_of_Fu dbr:Zhu_Yujian,_Prince_of_Tang dbr:Dorgon dbr:Bolo,_Prince_Duanzhong dbr:Bombogor_(chief) dbr:Sonin_(regent) dbr:Kong_Youde dbr:Koxinga dbr:Shang_Kexi dbr:Shi_Kefa dbr:Wu_Sangui dbr:Ou_Guangchen dbr:Shi_Lang dbr:Oboi dbr:Suksaha dbr:Man_Gui dbr:Yao_Qisheng dbr:Zuo_Liangyu dbr:Lu_Xiangsheng dbr:Bai_Wenxuan dbr:Liu_Wenxiu dbr:Ma_Shouying dbr:Meng_Qiaofang dbr:Sa'id_Baba dbr:Sun_Kewang dbr:Ai_Nengqi dbr:Ding_Guodong dbr:Hao_Yaoqi dbr:Li_Laiheng dbr:Liu_Zongmin dbr:Milayin dbr:Turumtay dbr:Wang_Deren dbr:Yuan_Zongdi dbr:Zhu_Shichuan,_Prince_of_Yanchang
dbo:date 1618-05-07 (xsd:date)
dbo:place dbr:Mongolia dbr:Central_Asia dbr:Outer_Manchuria dbr:China dbr:Southeast_Asia dbr:Korea
dbo:result Qing victory * Consolidation ofQing dynastyrule inChina proper * Suppression of the rebelKingdom of Shu,Xi dynasty,Shun dynasty, andKingdom of Tungning * Collapse of theMing dynastyandSouthern Ming dynasty
dbo:strength ---- by 1648, Han Bannermen made up 75% of the Eight Banners while Manchus at only 16%. 300,000Yi warriors Shun dynasty army varies between 60,000 and 100,000 men HanGreen Standard Armydefectors (after 1644) Manchu, Mongol, HanBannermen Nanai Hurka: 6,000 Zhang Xianzhong's army – 100,000 men Han Chinese soldiers,Hui Muslimsoldiers, and Mongol cavalry
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dbp:author E.H. Parker (en)
dbp:c 三等子爵 (en)
dbp:caption Decisive Battle of Shanhai Pass in 1644 (en)
dbp:casualties 25000000 (xsd:integer)
dbp:combatant 15 (xsd:integer) 20 (xsd:integer) dbr:Revolt_of_the_Three_Feudatories dbr:Northern_Yuan_dynasty dbr:Tiandihui dbr:Kumul_Khanate dbr:Manchus dbr:Turfan_Khanate Kingdom of Portugal (en) Kingdom of Tungning (en) Qing dynasty (en) (en) English East India Company (en) Yehe Jurchens (en) Tokugawa Shogunate (en) Combat support: (en) Aisin-Gioro clan (en) Southern Ming : *Hongguang and The Nanjing court *Longwu and The Fuzhou court *Shaowu and The Guangzhou court *Yongli and The Nanning court *Koxinga (en) Armament support: (en) Chagatai Yarkent Khanate (en) Shun dynasty ---- Xi dynasty ---- Kingdom of Shu ---- Evenk-Daur federation ---- Nanai Hurka (en) Ming dynasty ---- (en) Southern and Eastern Mongols (en)
dbp:commander dbr:Qin_Liangyu dbr:Hong_Chengchou dbr:Hong_Taiji dbr:Hooge,_Prince_Su dbr:Li_Shuaitai dbr:Li_Yongfang dbr:Zhang_Cunren dbr:Geng_Zhongming dbr:Li_Dingguo dbr:Li_Zicheng dbr:Ligdan_Khan dbr:Ma_Shilong dbr:Manggūltai dbr:Shunzhi_Emperor dbr:Zhu_Shugui dbr:Zu_Dashou dbr:Abatai dbr:Ajige dbr:Amin_(Qing_dynasty) dbr:Daišan dbr:Fan_Wencheng dbr:Wang_Fuchen dbr:Chongzhen_Emperor dbr:Kangxi_Emperor dbr:Laimbu dbr:Ebilun dbr:Zhu_Yihai,_Prince_of_Lu dbr:Dorgon dbr:Bolo,_Prince_Duanzhong dbr:Sonin_(regent) dbr:Koxinga dbr:Shang_Kexi dbr:Shi_Lang dbr:Oboi dbr:Suksaha dbr:Yao_Qisheng dbr:Zuo_Liangyu dbr:Bai_Wenxuan dbr:Liu_Wenxiu dbr:Ma_Shouying dbr:Meng_Qiaofang dbr:Sa'id_Baba dbr:Sun_Kewang Dodo (en) Nurhaci (en) (en) Supported by: (en) ---- (en) Sultan Khan (en) Jirgalang (en) Man Gui (en) Wu Sangui (en) Gintaisi (en) Kong Youde (en) Li Guo (en) Ou Guangchen (en) Shi Kefa (en) Sun Chengzong (en) Sun Chuanting (en) Yuan Chonghuan (en) Zhang Xianzhong (en) Zheng Zhilong (en) Zhu Youlang, Prince of Gui (en) Zhu Yousong, Prince of Fu (en) Zhu Yujian, Prince of Tang (en) Gao Yigong (en) An Bangyan (en) She Chongming (en) ---- Bombogor ---- Sosoku (en) Ai Nengqi (en) Ding Guodong (en) Hao Yaoqi (en) Li Laiheng (en) Liu Tichun (en) Liu Zongmin (en) Lu Xiangsheng (en) Milayin (en) Sun Kewang (en) Turumtay (en) Wang Deren (en) Yuan Zongdi (en) Zhu Shichuan, Prince of Yanchang (en) Zhu Youzhen, Prince of Yi (en) ---- Zhu Hengjia, Prince of Jingjiang ---- Zhu Yuyue, Prince of Tang (en)
dbp:conflict Manchu Invasion of China (en)
dbp:cs1Dates ly (en)
dbp:date 0001-05-07 (xsd:gMonthDay) March 2021 (en) May 2017 (en)
dbp:imageSize 400 (xsd:integer)
dbp:labels no (en)
dbp:p sān děng zǐjué (en)
dbp:place Modern-day China, Korea, Outer Manchuria , Mongolia, and parts of Central Asia and Southeast Asia (en)
dbp:reason English not clear. Please expand (en)
dbp:result Qing victory * Collapse of the Ming dynasty and Southern Ming dynasty * Suppression of the rebel Kingdom of Shu, Xi dynasty, Shun dynasty, and Kingdom of Tungning * Consolidation of Qing dynasty rule in China proper (en)
dbp:source The Financial Capacity of China; Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (en)
dbp:strength Manchu, Mongol, Han Bannermen ---- Han Green Standard Army defectors ---- by 1648, Han Bannermen made up 75% of the Eight Banners while Manchus at only 16%. (en) Han Chinese soldiers, Hui Muslim soldiers, and Mongol cavalry (en) Shun dynasty army varies between 60,000 and 100,000 men ---- Zhang Xianzhong's army – 100,000 men ---- 300,000 Yi warriors ---- Nanai Hurka: 6,000 (en)
dbp:text The conquest of the [Ming] Empire, after the Manchus had securely seated themselves in Peking, had to be undertaken largely with [Han] Chinese troops, "stiffened" a little with a Manchu regiment here and there[...] (en)
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rdfs:comment The transition from Ming to Qing, alternatively known as Ming–Qing transition or the Manchu conquest of China, from 1618 to 1683, saw the transition between two major dynasties in Chinese history. It was a decades-long conflict between the emerging Qing dynasty, the incumbent Ming dynasty, and several smaller factions (like the Shun dynasty and Xi dynasty). It ended with the consolidation of Qing rule, and the fall of the Ming and several other factions. (en) 명청 전쟁(明清戰爭)은 17세기 중국 대륙의 패권을 두고 명나라와 청나라 사이에서 벌어진 전쟁이다. (ko) 明清交替（みんしんこうたい）は、それまで中国大陸を支配していた明から、中国東北部に居住していた満洲人の愛新覚羅氏が建国した清への移行を指す。この移行は、17世紀初頭から数十年をかけて行われた。清は、明やその遺臣、そして李自成が率いる順などを打ち破り、辛亥革命によって滅びるまで二百数十年間続く帝国を開闢した。明清交替の他に、明清交代、明末清初（みんまつしんしょ）などの呼称もある。 (ja) Маньчжурское завоевание Китая (1644—1683) — процесс распространения власти маньчжурской империи Цин на территорию, принадлежавшую китайской империи Мин. (ru) Маньчжурське завоювання Китаю (1644—1683) — процес поширення влади маньчжурської династії Цін на територію, що належала китайській імперії Мін. (uk) 明清战争，交战双方为明朝和后金（后改国号为“大清”，即清朝）。1589年，女真愛新覺羅部首領努爾哈赤統一建州女真，1616年建立後金。1644年清兵入山海關，此时仅佔領辽东和河北附近，与清军并存有四股勢力：南京的南明弘光帝，陕西的李自成、四川的张献忠、台灣的郑成功明鄭。清军將他們逐個擊破後，最後一個以明朝為國號之臺灣明鄭王朝結束於1683年。 明朝的支持者们没有被彻底消灭，他們转入地下活动，形成天地会、洪门等反清复明的秘密结社。戰爭過程中，清軍屠殺多處，例如揚州十日、嘉定三屠、以及庚寅之劫，而大西軍及明軍亦有軍紀敗壞及參與屠蜀等屠殺的記載。 (zh) الانتقال من حكم مينغ إلى حكم تشينغ أو انتقال مينغ-تشينغ، والمعروف أيضًا باسم غزو المانشو للصين، هو فترة طويلة من النزاع بين سلالة تشينغ، التي أسستها عشيرة آيشن جيورو من المانشو في شمال شرق الصين المعاصر، وبين سلالة مينغ، والعديد من القوى المتمردة الأخرى في الصين، مثل سلالة شون التي لم تدم طويلًا بقيادة لي زيتشانغ. في الفترة التي سبقت غزو تشينغ، في عام 1618، أصدر زعيم آيشن جيورو نورهس وثيقة بعنوان المظالم السبعة، والتي عدّدت المظالم التي ارتكبتها سلالة مينغ وبدأ التمرد ضد هيمنتها. ذكرت العديد من المظالم النزاعات ضد عائلة يهي من الجورشن المدعومة من سلالة مينغ. كان طلب نورهس أن تدفع سلالة مينغ تعويضًا عن المظالم السبعة بمثابة إعلان حرب عملي، حيث لم تكن سلالة مينغ على استعداد لدفع المال لتابع سابق. وبعد ذلك بوقت قصير، بدأ نورهس تمرده ضد سلالة مينغ في مقاطعة لياونينغ. (ar) Penaklukan Ming oleh Qing, juga dikenal dengan istilah transisi Ming–Qing dan penaklukan Manchu di Tiongkok, adalah periode konflik yang berlangsung antara Dinasti Qing (yang didirikan oleh klan Manchu yang bernama Aisin Gioro dan berasal dari Manchuria) melawan Dinasti Ming di Tiongkok, walaupun periode ini juga melibatkan kekuatan-kekuatan lain, seperti Dinasti Shun yang berusia pendek. Sebelum dilancarkannya penaklukan, pemimpin Aisin Gioro Nurhaci menugaskan penulisan sebuah dokumen yang berjudul Tujuh Kebencian Besar pada tahun 1618. Dokumen ini menjabarkan kebencian-kebencian mereka terhadap Ming. Kebanyakan dari keluhan tersebut terkait dengan sikap pilih kasih Manchu terhadap klan klan Manchu . Permintaan Nurhaci agar Ming membayar upeti kepadanya untuk menyelesaikan keluhan-keluha (in) La transition des Ming aux Qing ou la transition Ming-Qing, également connue sous le nom de conquête de la Chine par les Mandchous, est une période de conflit qui dure des décennies et oppose la Dynastie Qing, établie par le clan mandchou Aisin Gioro en Mandchourie et la Dynastie Ming en Chine, puis en Chine du Sud. Divers autres pouvoirs régionaux ou temporaires sont également impliqués dans ce conflit, comme la très brève dynastie Shun. En 1618, avant le début de la conquête des Qing, Nurhachi, le chef du clan Aisin Gioro, a commandé un document intitulé les Sept Grandes Causes d'irritation, dans lequel il énumérait sept récriminations contre les Ming, avant de lancer une rébellion contre ces derniers. Beaucoup des griefs portaient sur des conflits avec les Yehe, un clan mandchou importa (fr) La transizione da Ming a Qing o transizione Ming–Qing, nota anche come conquista della Cina da parte dei manciù, fu un lungo conflitto tra la dinastia Qing, fondata dal clan manciù Aisin Gioro in Manciuria (attuale Cina di nordest), e la dinastia Ming, della Cina del sud, alleata di altre potenze regionali o temporanee, col coinvolgimento della breve dinastia Shun. In vista della conquista da parte dei Qing, nel 1618, il capo dell'Aisin Gioro, Nurhaci, commissionò un documento intitolato Sette lagnanze, che enumerava le lamentele contro i Ming e cominciava a ribellarsi contro il loro dominio. Molte delle lamentele riguardavano i conflitti contro Yehe, che era un importante clan manciù, e il favoritismo dei Ming di Yehe. La richiesta di Nurhaci che i Ming gli pagassero dei tributi per rimed (it)
rdfs:label Transition from Ming to Qing (en) الانتقال من حكم مينغ إلى حكم تشينغ (ar) Penaklukan Ming oleh Qing (in) Transizione tra Ming e Qing (it) Transition des Ming aux Qing (fr) 명청 전쟁 (ko) 明清交替 (ja) Маньчжурское завоевание Китая (ru) 明清战争 (zh) Маньчжурське завоювання Китаю (uk)
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