Dilemma Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

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- Psychology, Social Psychology, Individualism, Situational Ethics
- by Subhajit Basu
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- Information Technology, Indian Philosophy, Social Sciences, Human Rights Law

The study examined ethical decision-making of hospitality and tourism students in Southern Thailand. Thai H&T students perceived higher level of moral intensity in social and economical scenarios and showed lower awareness on ecological ethics. They generally decide according to justice and relativism theories, give a little weight to duties and obligations (deontology theory), and are less teleological when making decisions in ethical situations. The findings provided support for gender differences in evaluation of ethical dilemmas but there were no considerable differences between males and females in using different theories in ethical decision-making.

- by Morad Nazari
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- Ethics, Hospitality, Tourism, Students

The notion of moral dilemma is frequently used experimentally across some fields such as psychology, social sciences, management, medical studies, and humanities where serious decisions have to be made between two unpleasant things that can have serious life consequences. In the present article, though briefly in scope, we tried to supply related information regarding the noticeable characteristics of dilemmas, their differences, and the regular number of dilemmatic scenarios that have been usually employed in experimental experiences. We, therefore, explained that dilemmas could be of two major types: Self-imposed or other- imposed with either high level or low level of personal involvement. Then, across tentative situations by renowned scholars, the dilemmas have ranged from 2 to 40 stories for experimentation. Furthermore, because of the sensitivity and importance of decision making under dilemmatic situations and different cultural interpretations of these situations, we suggested that the topic still allows for more future investigations cross-culturally across different study fields.

- by IERJ Journal
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- Decision-Making, Experiment, Dilemma

Derek Walcott's "A Far Cry from Africa," is not only a brilliant exposition of the imbalance relationship between the colonizer and the colonized but also a depiction of the pain of a man who stands in-between two cultures. The poem exposes the conflict of the identity he goes through due to his state of in-betweenness. Throughout the poem he continues his quest to get an identity of his own, but at the end, his endeavour remains futile as he finally confesses his love for the English language as well as for his origin. In other words the idea that pervades the entire poem is the conflict of culture and identity, from where the poet finds no way out.

- by SAYANTAN THAKUR
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- Literature, Postcolonial Studies, Poetry, Hybridity

The dilemma of Malay language education at Patani, south Thai is depend on the Thai basic political country. Even though some of Thai government basic politics refers to decrease the role of Malay language at kingdom school or boarding school, in reality Malay language is still exist as compulsory language at boarding school. This article also describes the obligation of the students to learn for languages such as Thai, Malay, English, and Arabic. On school hours, the students usually talk with Thai than Malay. The situation happen because Malay language is margined by Thai government educational system.

- by Ta'dib Jurnal Pendidikan Islam
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- Malay Language, Dilemma, Patani

Dilemma, a new genus of sessile septibranch bivalves is described. The new taxon encompasses at least three species, of which two are new: D. frumarkernorum new species, from off the Florida Keys, D. spectralis new species, from off Vanuatu, and "Corculum" inexpectatum Crozier, 1966, from off the Three Kings Islands, New Zealand, known only from its shell. The absence of ctenidia and presence of a septum, size and arrangement of siphons and siphonal tentacles, extensive fusion of the mantle margins allocate the new genus within the septibranch bivalves. A siphonal area with 15 tentacles, a large and eversible incurrent siphon, ostial apertures in the septum, and a hermaphroditic reproductive system suggest inclusion in the Poromyidae. The presence of three paired groups of septal ostia in the new genus is a feature shared with poromyids in the genus Cetoconcha. Unusual symmetry and form constitute the most striking features of the new genus. There is a strong anteroposterior compression and lateral expansion associated with ca. 30º rotation of the largest dimension (height) in relation to the anteroposterior axis. The shell hinge includes a single tooth and socket on each valve, and an external, but deeply sunken ligament. The two new species, mutually distinguishable by shell and anatomical characters, are known from live-collected specimens found adhering to rocks by means of robust byssus, which indicates attachment for life. The presence of ostracod remains in the digestive tract of one specimen of one of the new species and of a cirolanid isopod in the stomach of the holotype of the second new species are evidence of predation. Although predation by infaunal and free-living bivalves is known to occur throughout the Anomalodesmata, in particular within the septibranchs, discovery of the new genus reveals an unusual instance of predation by sessile, permanently attached mollusks.

- by José H. Leal
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- Paleontology, Biomechanics, Deep-Sea, Dilemma

Adnan Oktar (Harun Yahya) The idea of evolution, which materialists ever since Ancient Greece have employed to account for the origin of life, entered the world of science in the 19th century with Charles Darwin’s book On the Origin of... more

- by Harun Yahya Books
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- Darwin, Charles Darwin, Harun Yahya, Dilemma

In December 2019, the city of Wuhan in China witnessed the first episode of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), brought on bySevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS- CoV- 2). And after more than two years, it has become a global pandemic,crossing boundaries and spreading across countries and continents. Many nations have reported different Waves of COVID-19. As perWorld Health Organization (WHO), confirmed cases of COVID-19, as of 9th February 2022, stood at 396,558,014 with 5,745,032deaths globally and increasing with every passing hour. Various SARS CoV-2 variants have been recognized and categorized by theWHO as Variants of Interest (VOIs) and Variants of Concern (VOCs).There is no stopping the rise in the number of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients throughout the world, despite authorities announcing andfollowing strict precaution, containment, and preventive measures. Antiviral therapeutic approaches have proven to be merely supportiveand have shown limited efficacy. ...

- by Pritam Halder
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- Bioethics, Vaccination, Dilemma, Pandemic

Job satisfaction in flower organizations has been poorly addressed, although it is of great relevance for productivity management. The purpose of this research is to estimate the determinants of job satisfaction of the employees of the company "La Flor de Catemaco", a flower company, specialized in the production and marketing of natural flowers and ornamental foliage, located in Villa Guerrero, State of Mexico. The empirical evidence from the parameters obtained in this study suggests that the determining variables of job satisfaction are: Seniority in the position, motivation regarding the work being performed, recognition of the tasks performed and satisfaction with respect to the job. salary received. The study is temporarily circumscribed in 2018, using information from a survey applied to 20 workers, which is processed by methodological requirements using a logistic econometric model.

Dieser Beitrag setzt sich mit der Frage auseinander, inwiefern Ökonomisierung als Gefahr für die ethische Handlungsorientierung betrachtet werden kann. Nach einer differenzierenden Klärung der Begriffe Ethik, Ökonomie und Ökonomisierung... more

- by Alexander Dietz
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- Ethik, Sozialethik, DRG, Medizin

Outbreaks of diseases have positive and negative effects on humans. An example of the positive epidemic dilemma was seen in the 2020 lockdown across the world where families spent quality time together and couples seeking for the fruit of the womb conceived after many years, working from home was introduced, Lagosians working from home reduced stress from traffic, remote jobs were increased, online zoom, Webex webinars, online surveys, seminars, conference, Viva Voca, graduation and growth for online business and banking. Apps were available for the masses to access health online, known as Telemedicine. While the negative epidemics dilemma includes loss of jobs, slow down in economy across the world, poverty, drug abuse, self-medication, Anti-microbial resistance, child abuse, rape, divorce, shadow pandemic, death, and no access to education for those that do not have internet facilities to learn/study/school online. Vaccine's hesitancy is an established dilemma that contributes to significant health challenges which cause a high rate of infant sickness and death. There are certain factors like cultural, social, demographic, and psychosocial factors that contribute to the vaccine dilemma. This conceptual framework illustrates the factors that drive epidemics and vaccine dilemma, which can be vaccination acceptance and hesitancy. For an intervention to be implemented successfully, we need to understand the triggers of epidemics and vaccination dilemma. The sociodemographic characteristics like age, sex, marital status, level of education, choice of hospital, employment status, level of income, health insurance status and the number of children is significantly associated with vaccine uptake among parents.

- by Texila International Journal and +1
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- Public Health, Vaccination, Dilemma, Epidemics
- by Diana Şerban
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- Algebra, Genre, Thriller, Film
- by Steve Mittwede
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- Political Theory, Religion and Politics, Political Science, Politics

Based on our knowledge, understanding, and wisdom, we choose. We sometimes cannot choose both, two or more and nothing. We either believe what we choose or not because of our intentions. Heroes' dilemma and Believers' dilemma are about two choices that both have negative results when chosen, but the person may choose the one better than the other based on his character. The author gave twelve examples, eight examples for heroes' dilemma and four examples for believers' dilemma. The choice is the good. Heroes' dilemma requires an act of heroism and believers' dilemma requires an act of courage. Actions analyses and textual analyses are observed.

- by Ismael T Fortunado
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- Ethics, Heroes, Wisdom, Understanding
- by JOHN BOWIN
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- Philosophy, Epistemology, Instant, Dilemma

In the final stages of the war, the status of Jews as “friendly” minorities became heavily contested. While German Jews struggled with the aftershocks of the “Jew count” in the German army, British Jews faced debates about the military service of “friendly” alien Jews in their midst. The war’s catalyst effect on both nations increasingly blurred the boundaries between “friends” and “enemies”, but also between citizenship and ethnicity. Focusing on the subject of contested Jewish loyalties in times of national crisis, this chapter demonstrates the complexity of the Jewish situation between 1916 and 1919–1920. In so doing, it sheds new light on the contradictory legacies shaping the Jewish experiences of the First World War, thereby avoiding a one-dimensional narrative of Jewish “victory” or “defeat”.

- by Sarah Panter
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- European History, Jewish Studies, German History, British History

SummaryThere is increasing evidence that doctors have high levels of mental illness, and there are concerns that, for some, this may be exacerbated by their working environment. It can be difficult for doctors to disclose mental illness, either to senior or junior colleagues, and perhaps even harder to know what, if anything, to say to patients. Many doctors may be unsure of their position as regards disclosing to governing bodies; others may disclose widely on social media. I am a psychiatrist who also has a significant mental illness, and refer both to my personal experience and the literature to explore some of these issues.

- by Rebecca Lawrence
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- Mental Illness, Dilemma

We used a mobile eye-tracking system (in the form of glasses) to study the characteristics of visual perception in decision making in the Prisoner's Dilemma game. In each experiment, one of the 12 participants was equipped with eye-tracking glasses. The experiment was conducted in three stages: an anonymous Individual Game stage against a randomly chosen partner (one of the 12 other participants of the experiment); a Socialization stage, in which the participants were divided into two groups; and a Group Game stage, in which the participants played with partners in the groups. After each round, the respondent received information about his or her personal score in the last round and the overall winner of the game at the moment. The study proves that eye-tracking systems can be used for studying the process of decision making and forecasting. The total viewing time and the time of fixation on areas corresponding to noncooperative decisions is related to the participants' over...

- by Anastasia Peshkovskaya
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- Psychology, Decision Making, Eye tracking, Visual perception
- by Gutu Olana
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- Political Science, Dilemma
- by Anjala Krishen
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- Psychology, Computer Science, Analytics, Marketing Analytics

To achieve economical growth, countries such as Ireland need to continue to invest in scientific enterprise, which necessitates having more students choose and follow scientific careers. Current literature and policies point out that science education needs structural and methodological changes to respond to this objective of challenging our youth to choose science. This has resulted in an increasing call for science outreach programs. Nevertheless, these programs have been classified as still sporadic and incoherent. To achieve their objectives and potential it is argued that they need to be further integrated within the formal sector, thus creating a third space in science education. This study will address this issue by focusing in the final two years of the primary level science education. Teachers and science outreach practitioners will be faced with methodological issues for fostering students' interest in science. This research method will be applied in order to investigate and design an effective model(s) of science outreach. It also aims to comprehend where the issues and tensions lie between science outreach and science education and how they affect the potential for the creation of partnerships between schools and outreach providers.

- by Heiko Schrader
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- Economic Sociology, Philosophy, Development Studies, Cultural change

The study of moral judgements often centres on moral dilemmas in which options consistent with deontological perspectives (that is, emphasizing rules, individual rights and duties) are in conflict with options consistent with utilitarian judgements (that is, following the greater good based on consequences). Greene et al. (2009) showed that psychological and situational factors (for example, the intent of the agent or the presence of physical contact between the agent and the victim) can play an important role in moral dilemma judgements (for example, the trolley problem). Our knowledge is limited concerning both the universality of these effects outside the United States and the impact of culture on the situational and psychological factors affecting moral judgements. Thus, we empirically tested the universality of the effects of intent and personal force on moral dilemma judgements by replicating the experiments of Greene et al. in 45 countries from all inhabited continents. We found that personal force and its interaction with intention exert influence on moral judgements in the US and Western cultural clusters, replicating and expanding the original findings. Moreover, the personal force effect was present in all cultural clusters, suggesting it is culturally universal. The evidence for the cultural universality of the interaction effect was inconclusive in the Eastern and Southern cultural clusters (depending on exclusion criteria). We found no strong association between collectivism/ individualism and moral dilemma judgements.

- by Alexios Arvanitis
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- Psychology, Social Psychology, Individualism, Situational Ethics
- by Samir Abdullah
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- Political Science, Sustainable Development, Economic policy, Negotiation
- by marco damonte
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- Philosophy, Dilemma

* Prologue * 1. Old Debates and New on Globalization and International Trade * 2. Systemic Crisis and Technological Change: A View from Latin America * 3. Trends in Industrialization and Foreign Trade * 4. Globalization, Competitiveness and New Trade Patterns * 5. The Export-Led Growth Model: the Theory, the Debate, the Evidence * 6. Central America in the Global Economy * 7. The Crisis of the Millennium and its Expansion * 8. Some Philosophical Problems Posed by the Systemic Crisis * 9. Epilogue: Hypotheses on the Wrong Path Taken

- by Rockwell Clancy
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- Psychology, Social Psychology, Individualism, Situational Ethics

The typical egoist is someone self-centered, commited to his own interest and determinated to promote his/her own good even beyond the morally permissible. Ethical egoism is a philosophical position that tries to justify the view that people ought to do what is in their own self-interest. This paper provides a philosophical argument against rational and ethical egoism trough the analysis of the prisoner dilemma. The aim is to show that the rational and ethical egoism are unattainaible and irreconcilable moral positions.

- by José Maria Arruda
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- Political Science, Dilemma

This note poses a dilemma for scientific realism which stems from the apparent conflict between science and common sense. On the one hand, we may accept scientific realism and agree that there is a conflict between science and common sense. If we do this, we remove the evidential basis for science and have no reason to accept science in the first place. On the other hand, we may accept scientific realism and endorse common sense. If we do this, we must reject the conflict between science and common sense. The dilemma is to be resolved by distinguishing between basic common sense and widely held beliefs. Basic common sense survives the advance of science and may serve as the evidential basis for science.

- by Howard Sankey
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- Sociology, Scientific Realism, Common Sense, Dilemma

This study aims to analyze the ethnic dilemma in the Pamir region, or Badakh Mountains of the Badakhshan region, that became the reason for the call of independence of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region from Tajikistan. This paper also examines the socio-political linkages among the various Pamiri groups in Badakhshan Region. Likewise, the impact of a declaration of independence by Gorno-Badakhshann region on Pamiri ethnic groups in other geographically linked countries, especially in Gilgit-Baltistan is also highlighted in this study.

- by yasmin Roofi
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- Ethnic Studies, Afghanistan, Civil War, Ethnic and Racial Studies

East Asia draws the attention of experts in recent years due to the unprecedented economic and political growth of the countries of the region. However, despite the significant role that the region plays in world politics and economics, the absence of security mechanisms and the presence of several potential spots of conflicts, such as the contradiction between China and Japan, make the region volatile. The article makes an attempt to understand the root of the Sino-Japanese relations and their conflicting potential using the classical concept of “security dilemma”. The research is based on the theory of realism and the idea of “security dilemma” in the understanding of this school of international relations. The article argues that the current problems in Sino-Japanese relations, including territorial disputes and the problems of the interpretation of historical events, have deeper roots that can be explained using the concept of “security dilemma” and the historical competition for regional leadership in East Asia. The article also pays attention to the importance of preserving stability in the region for modern Chinese foreign policy to secure the reinforcement of the political influence of China on a more vast, global level. Thus Sino-Japanese contradiction and the “security dilemma” in the region play an important role in Chinese foreign policy as a whole.

- by Arusyak Hovhannisyan
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- Political Science, East Asia, East Asian Studies, China

In Project Business Management (PBM), one can sometimes observe a dilemma situation typical for games with one player. A series of decisions needs to be made, and each time, the momentarily best and most economic option is chosen.... more

- by Oliver F . Lehmann
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- Game Theory, Decision Making, Project Management, Decision And Game Theory
- by Ebenezer Yaw Blasu
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- Education, Higher Education, Blended learning in higher education, Dilemma

China is the world's second largest economy. After joining the World Trade Organization, China expanded trade relations with other neighboring countries and became more involved in value chains. Chinese trade expansion not only affected the political and economic situation, but also influenced the global value chain. This paper helped to find Chinese economics, trade strategies, better understand the behavior of China on the assumption of power and the structure of the international system, and predict that China might challenge the current order using international relations theories, as well as putting more focus on realism, liberalism, and constructivism. The findings of this study explore the Chinese economic development pathway and influence of the International organization in terms of realism, liberalism, and constructivism. Moreover, it helps to rebound the benefit for the researcher, academic and policy-makers as this research uncovers critical areas of Chinese strategy in the international arena.

- by Md.Salamun Rashidin
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- Constructivism, Economic Growth, IR Theory, Realism

In the scenario of limited resources for implementation of screening programmes in Pakistan, the only practical option for early detection is through mass education about cancers, their risk factors, screening modalities and presentation... more

- by Hassan Khan
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- Medical Sciences, Cancer, Pakistan, Health Education

The dual process model of moral decision-making suggests that decisions to reject causing harm on moral dilemmas (where causing harm saves lives) reflect concern for others. Recently, some theorists have suggested such decisions actually reflect self-focused concern about causing harm, rather than witnessing others suffering. We examined brain activity while participants witnessed needles pierce another person's hand, versus similar non-painful stimuli. More than a month later, participants completed moral dilemmas where causing harm either did or did not maximize outcomes. We employed process dissociation to independently assess harm-rejection (deontological) and outcome-maximization (utilitarian) response tendencies. Activity in the posterior inferior frontal cortex (pIFC) while participants witnessed others in pain predicted deontological, but not utilitarian, response tendencies. Previous brain stimulation studies have shown that the pIFC seems crucial for sensorimotor representations of observed harm. Hence, these findings suggest that deontological response tendencies reflect genuine other-oriented concern grounded in sensorimotor representations of harm.

- by Paul Conway
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- Psychology, Cognitive Science, Medicine, FMRI
- by Damon Centola
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- Sociology, Game Theory, Social Influence, Social Control

Not long ago, it was accepted practice to 'talk to whomever you need to talk to for peace'. Then the idea that you cannot talk to 'terrorists' took hold. The article explores norm contestation, what happens when hard norms interact with softer norm even when they are settled and central to mediation practice. The article traces the emergence, development and interaction of these two contradictory norms in key United Nations documents and discussions since 1945. It also triangulates this content analysis with personal interviews with UN mediators and perspectives from international non-governmental mediators. The article argues that over the last 20 years the embedding of proscription regimes in the multilateral system has deeply reshaped fundamental norms underlying mediation such as impartiality, inclusivity and the idea that mediators should be able to speak to everyone to protect human lives.

Please note: Changes made as a result of publishing processes such as copy-editing, formatting and page numbers may not be reflected in this version. For the definitive version of this publication, please refer to the published source.... more

- by Jean-Baptiste Harguindeguy
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- Cultural Studies, Iberian Studies, Dilemma, K

This article aims to demonstrate how radicalisation, violent-extremism and terrorism are terms often used interchangeably – terms that do not have the same meaning and are generally poorly defined. It will reveal, as with other terminologies pertaining to this area of interest, how violent-extremism has no universally accepted definition, and remains tainted with ambiguity. Arguably, the term is predominantly used as a social label in discussions on terrorism and other forms of extreme violence – particularly applied to those who have a distorted interpretation of religious ideology to justify the use of violence to achieve specific socio-political aimsTo provide a better understanding of violent-extremism, its root causes and its prevention, a proposal of an accurate depiction of its meaning and clarification on the context of its use are paramount. This article will provide a brief introduction to the terms radicalisation, violent-extremism and terrorism; and will present various ...

- by Laura Carlsen
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- Human Rights, Political Science, Dilemma

The provision of information services in Africa has been dispersed and access to various information services has become more difficult; the principal victims of these developments have been rural people without having any individual... more

- by Manir Kamba
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- Library Science, Political Science, Academic Libraries, Access To Information

The Nuremberg code, a response to the 1946 Nuremberg Medical Trials, was the first attempt to formally state ethical requirements for medical research. The Code was generally ignored as a response to the peculiarly barbaric Nazi atrocities and an unnecessary fetter on normal research. A series of research scandals, however, led to more successful attempts at regulating medical research and to the introduction of various ethical committees during the 1970s. Since then, ethical committees have expanded their remit to regulate social as well as medical research and operate according to precautionary standards that far exceed what is necessary to protect public safety. Ethical committees block investigations of medical practice even when the intent is to benefit patients directly and they prevent social research entailing even far-fetched possibilities of 'stress'. Although purportedly designed to protect patients and civil liberties, modern ethical regulation damages the doctor-patient relationship, undermines professional responsibility, and encourages negative scientific practice.

- by Stuart Derbyshire
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- Sociology, Ethics, Research Ethics, Ethical Dilemma

Contributing to the alleviation of poverty in recipient countries is one of the main goals of most aid organizations. In this paper the following question is asked: could it be the case that altruistic aid organizations are counter-productive in the sense that their activities may cause the extent of poverty to increase or the relative income distribution to worsen? The

- by Karl Pedersen
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- Economics, Public Finance, Poverty, Social Science Research Network

Purpose: This article traces the history and current status of public libraries in Nigeria. It examines the actual situation of public libraries in the country. Design/Methodology: The content of the article is based on literature, personal observation, discussions and interactions with colleagues, as well as personal visitations to public libraries in Nigeria. Findings: Public libraries in Nigeria are inundated by certain multiple and monumental challenges that have been triggered by the current economic recession. Almost all public libraries are in chaotic situation because of lack of proper awareness about their roles, poor funding, high rate of illiteracy, poor reading culture, inadequacy of information resources and services, and above all inadequacy of professionally trained personnel. Research Implications: The discussion may provide or serve as a reference point for future planning and development public libraries in Nigeria. Additionally, the discussion would also assist pu...

- by Bappah Magaji Abubakar
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- Political Science, Dilemma

What's wrong with development aid? It is argued that much of aid's failure is related to the institutions that structure its delivery. These institutions govern the complex relationships between the main actors in the aid delivery system, and often generate a series of perverse incentives that promote inefficient and unsustainable outcomes. The theoretical insights of the new institutional economics are applied to several settings. First, the institutions of Sida, the Swedish aid agency, is investigated to analyze how that aid agency's institutions can produce incentives inimical to desired outcomes, contrary to the desires of its own staff. Second, cases from India, a country with low aid dependence, and Zambia, a country with high aid dependence, are used to explore how institutions on the ground in recipient countries might also mediate the effectiveness of aid. Suggestions are offered on how to improve aid's effectiveness. These include how to structure evaluations in order to improve outcomes, how to employ agency staff to gain from their on-the-ground experience, and how to engage stakeholders as "owners" in the design, resource mobilization, learning, and evaluation process of development assistance programs. end p.xxii PART I INTRODUCTION end p.1 end p.2 1 What's Wrong with Development Aid? Clark C. Gibson 1.1. RETHINKING DEVELOPMENT AID Development aid is under increasing scrutiny. Many policymakers, aid practitioners, and scholars have called into question the effectiveness of development aid to increase economic growth, alleviate poverty, or promote social development (

- by Clark Gibson
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- Sociology, Economics, Political Economy, Mobile Learning