Goal Setting Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

A field study of 209 leaderfollower dyads from 12 different organizations was conducted to test the moderating effects of job enrichment and goal difficulty on the relationship between transformational leadership and three follower... more

The aim of this study is to explore the link among important factors with effect organizational commitment. Secondly this study focuses to make a positive significant relation in setting of goals, engagement of employee and optimistic... more

- by Zeeshan Ashraf
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- Psychology, Organizational Commitment, Employee engagement, Goal Setting
- by Edwin Locke
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- Marketing, Psychology, Cognitive Science, Learning

In traditional face-to-face classrooms, collaborative learning has been endorsed as an effective pedagogy that fosters skills of analysis, communication and higher order thinking. Increasingly, as online learning environments for tertiary learners make use of course support systems, there is greater recognition of the potential of communications technologies to foster dialogue, networking and team skills among learners. Such skills are now among the recognised core attributes that graduates are expected to develop. In face-toface classroom students learn the skills of collaboration and teamwork by engaging in tasks defined and supervised by a teacher. In online environments teacher presence is often limited to task definition, management and feedback functions. Team skills and collaboration therefore need to be supported though different pedagogies and processes such as establishing a climate of trust and openness, communication protocols, resolution of conflict and group processes that provide sanctions and support. In this paper we describe an innovative approach to building the skills of decision-making and conflict resolution, leadership and clarity in goal setting and communication. A case study of tertiary learners illustrates how the essential aspects of task definition, resources to support group learning and integrated online assessment foster team skills.

- by Joseph Luca
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- Educational Technology, Decision Making, Conflict Resolution, Collaborative Learning

T he increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes is of great public health concern. In the state of Victoria, Australia, a group-based lifestyle intervention programme, Life! -Taking Action on Diabetes, was developed for people over the age of 50 years who are at high risk of diabetes. It aims to reduce the risk of diabetes by providing practical skills, including goal setting and problem solving, to encourage participants to adopt a healthy diet and active lifestyle. The programme is delivered by specially trained facilitators who have undergone an accredited three-stage training programme. A quality assurance process is also in place to ensure that it is delivered to a consistently high standard. The Life! program is a direct progression from the Finnish randomised controlled trial and the Greater Green Triangle Diabetes Prevention Project implementation trial. This paper describes how a diabetes prevention programme was implemented at a state-wide level and the training of facilitators to conduct the group sessions. Future studies are needed to examine the cost effectiveness and development of specific programmes for diverse population groups. Br J Diabetes Vasc Dis 2011;11:193-197

- by Prasuna Reddy
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- Public Health, Goal Setting, Problem Solving, Quality Assurance

Product development is recognized as cross-functional teamwork that has become important in the fast-paced, globally competitive environment. Despite an extant body of knowledge on the importance of fuzzy front-end planning and functions of goals in the management literature, the impact of uncertain project environment and goal setting mechanisms in front-end planning is not fully understood. Product development literature presents numerous case studies or conceptual papers that emphasize the importance of upfront planning and a need for team building; however, large-scale empirical studies are rare. This paper presents a model linking uncertain project environment, project target clarity, teamwork and its outcome measures (i.e. a product's value to customer and time to market). The data were analyzed from 205 product development projects of firms from the USA and Canada. Valid and reliable instruments were developed to assess the nature and impact of inter-relationships of these variables. Results from structural model tests indicate that uncertain project environment influences the nature of project targets which in turn affects the level of teamwork. Teamwork is an important process outcome for enhancing value to customer and time to market. Management implications are discussed as well.

- by Abraham Nahm
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- Marketing, Project Management, Uncertainty Management, Goal Setting

The Heterodyne I w e n t (HIPI) for the Far-IniWed and Sub-millimeter Telescope (FIRST) requires local oscillators well into the terah-fiquency ran@. The mechanism to realize the local oscillators will involve synlhesbers, active multiplia chains (AMC's) with output fkquencies from 71-112.5 GIXZ, power amplifiers ta ampllfy the AMC signals, and chains of Schottky diode multipliers to aclum tenhertz frequencies. We will present the htest state-of-theeaxt results on 70-1 15 GI& Monolithk Mibxter-wave Integrated Circuit ("IC) power amptifief t.echolagy.

- by Yvon Renotte
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- X Ray Astronomy, Dark Matter, X ray absorption spectroscopy, Adaptive Optics

The domain of life planning and personal development includes the important techniques of values clarification, strengths identification, goal setting and action planning. In the past two decades practices such as life coaching have grown in popularity (Green, Oades & Grant, 2006). Moreover, in mental health contexts, the recovery movement has challenged the illness and deficit focus (Andresen, Caputi, Oades, 2006;

- by Lindsay Oades
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- Clinical Psychology, Positive Psychology, Mental Health, Goal Setting

Indices of marital discord and mother-child affective processes were used to predict levels of negativity children displayed with unfamiliar peers. Thirty-nine mothers and their 5-year-olds were observed with 5-7 other mother-child dyads during a 30-minute free play session. Mother and child negativity were coded and two types of marital discord were assessed via mother self-report: affiliative discord (e.g., distress due to the lack of affiliative behaviors in the marriage) and instrumental discord (e.g., disagreements about the accomplishment of marital tasks, such as finances, time management, and goal setting). Affiliative discord was found to relate to the child's negativity with unfamiliar peers, but instrumental discord was not. Furthermore, maternal negativity moderated the link between marital discord and child's negativity with peers, such that high levels of affiliative discord combined with heightened maternal negativity was associated with child negativity. Practical implications are discussed.

- by Amanda Harrist
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- Psychology, Prediction, Linguistics, Coding

Clearly defined and measurable goals are commonly considered prerequisites for effective evaluation. Goal setting, however, presents a paradox to evaluators because it takes place at the interface of rationality and values. The objective of this article is to demonstrate a method for unlocking this paradox by making goal setting a process of evaluating goals, not simply defining them. Goals can be evaluated by asking program stakeholders why their goals are important to them. Systematic inquiry into goals also prepares the ground for setting consensual goals that express what stakeholders really care about. This article describes the method, provides a case illustration, offers guidelines for practice, and discusses the method in the context of the evaluation literature on goals and goal setting.

- by Jay Rothman and +1
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- Program Evaluation, Philosophy, Values, Goal Setting

Purpose. To use a taxonomy of goal content, developed in community-based brain injury rehabilitation to examine and compare the content of goals set within two different service settings; and to further examine the potential of the taxonomy to be a reliable and comprehensive framework for classifying goals. Method. Qualitative analysis and categorization of 1492 goal statements extracted from a community-based brain injury rehabilitation service over two time periods (1996 -97, 1998 -99), and cross-organizational comparison of ratings of goal classifications using a random sample of 100 goal statements drawn from this data set and the original 1765 goal statements used in developing the taxonomy. Results. Application of the taxonomy beyond the original service setting in which it was developed indicated a strong interrater reliability, with a high test-retest agreement reported over time. For both services, a small number of categories accounted for a substantial proportion of goals set within the two time periods, while considerable change was evident in goals between the two periods for one service. Further, both placed emphasis on individually focused goals rather than relationship or family-related goals. Conclusion. The taxonomy provides a reliable means for classifying goals and is a useful tool for exploration of the multiple influences on goal setting. Further application of the taxonomy to examine the relative influence on goal setting of client factors versus a range of organizational factors would be beneficial.

- by Melissa Kendall and +1
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- Community-Based Mental Health Services, Australia, Disability, Activities of Daily Living

Background: Excess gestational weight gain (GWG) is an important risk factor for long term obesity in women. However, current interventions aimed at preventing excess GWG appear to have a limited effect. Several studies have highlighted the importance of linking theory with empirical evidence for producing effective interventions for behaviour change. Theorists have demonstrated that goals can be an important source of human motivation and goal setting has shown promise in promoting diet and physical activity behaviour change within non-pregnant individuals. The use of goal setting as a behaviour change strategy has been systematically evaluated within overweight and obese individuals, yet its use within pregnancy has not yet been systematically explored.

- by Marlene Sinclair
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- Obesity, Life Style, Physical Activity, Multidisciplinary

As corporations attempt to move toward environmental sustainability, management must extend their efforts to improve environmental practices across their supply chain. The literature characterizing environmental management within the supply chain has been slowly building but remains sparse. Using a survey of North American manufacturers, this paper examines the impact of collaborative green supply chain practices (GSCP) on manufacturing performance. Collaborative GSCP were defined to include the interactions between organizations in the supply chain, including such aspects as joint environmental goal setting, shared environmental planning, and working together to reduce pollution or other environmental impacts. These practices can be directed either upstream toward suppliers or downstream toward customers. The influence of collaboration in each direction was empirically assessed for multiple objective and perceptual measures of manufacturing performance using a sample of plants in the package printing industry. Generally, the benefits of collaborative green practices were broadest with suppliers. In contrast, collaboration with customers yielded mixed outcomes. Overall, evidence emerged that upstream practices were more closely linked with process-based performance, while downstream collaboration was associated with product-based performance.

This article proposes a model of the impact of goal difficulty and goal specificity on selling behaviors (selling effort, adaptive selling, and sales planning) and hence sales and behavior performance. The model suggests that goal-setting factors may have opposing effects on different sales behaviors. The empirical findings suggest that goal difficulty positively influences selling effort while negatively influencing adaptive selling

- by Robert Palmatier
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- Marketing, Tourism, Goal Setting, Business and Management

the 5 questions leaders ask themselves as they step in to NEW levels of influence and management.

- by Jason Womack and +1
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- Goal Setting, Goal Theory and Interpersonal Teacher Behaviour

A number of studies conducted in the past fifteen years have concluded that grit, the persistence and perseverance to achieve goals, and growth mindset, the belief that skills and intelligence can be developed, are positive predictors of achievement; however, little focus has been placed on the implications at institutions purposed to educate minorities, first generation college students, and learners from diminished socio-economic backgrounds. The purpose of this paper is to introduce, describe, and document the methods involved in the preparation of a mindset intervention built into a freshmen development course, and established after years of longitudinal research, that is designed to have a positive impact on the outlook, achievement, and persistence of first generation and under-prepared students. A series of models were created, custom self-assessment scales designed, and a lesson plan prepared purposed to deliver a mindset intervention to edify students about and change perce...

- by Bryant Mitchell
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- Self Regulation, Persistence, Mindset, Goal Setting

Perfectionism is a prevalent characteristic in athletes. Yet some researchers have argued that perfectionism in sports is maladaptive because it undermines athletes’ performance and stifles athletic development. This argument, however, neglects that perfectionism is a multidimensional characteristic and that only some dimensions of perfectionism are clearly maladaptive, whereas others are not. This review argues that perfectionism is comprised of two main dimensions―perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns (Stoeber & Otto, 2006)―that show different and unique pattern of relationships with athletes’ emotion, motivation, and performance. In support of this argument the review will present findings indicating that only perfectionistic concerns show unique positive relationships with competitive anxiety, fear of failure, and avoidance goal orientations. In contrast, perfectionistic strivings show unique positive relationships with self-confidence, hope of success, approach goal orientations, and performance in training and competitions. The findings suggest that only perfectionistic concerns are clearly maladaptive, whereas perfectionistic strivings may form part of a healthy striving for excellence. Implications for applied sport psychology are discussed as are open questions for future research.

- by Joachim Stoeber
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- Psychology, Behavioural Science, Personality Psychology, Sport Psychology
- by Ines Krass
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- Management, Quality of life, Medication Adherence, Treatment

An interdisciplinary European group of clinical experts in the field of movement disorders and experienced Botulinum toxin users has updated the consensus for the use of Botulinum toxin in the treatment of children with cerebral palsy (CP). A problem-orientated approach was used focussing on both published and practice-based evidence. In part I of the consensus the authors have tabulated the supporting evidence to produce a concise but comprehensive information base, pooling data and experience from 36 institutions in 9 European countries which involves more than 10,000 patients and over 45,000 treatment sessions during a period of more than 280 treatment years. In part II of the consensus the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) and Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) based Motor Development Curves have been expanded to provide a graphical framework on how to treat the motor disorders in children with CP. This graph is named ''CP Graph Treatment Modalities-Gross Motor Function'' and is intended to facilitate communication between parents, therapists and medical doctors concerning (1) achievable motor function, (2) realistic goal-setting and (3) treatment perspectives for children with CP. The updated European consensus 2009 summarises the current understanding regarding an integrated, multidisciplinary treatment approach using Botulinum toxin for the treatment of children with CP.

- by Resa Aydın
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- Pediatrics, Motor Development, Cerebral Palsy, Goal Setting

Recent research suggests that person centred planning (PCP) can have a positive impact on the lives of people with intellectual disabilities. This article presents data from open-ended comments collected during research on the impact of PCP on the life experiences of 65 people with intellectual disabilities living in England. These comments addressed the goals set prior to and during PCP, and the main benefits of PCP for participants. The results suggest that PCP led to increased goal setting in a range of goal categories. This was reflected in the most common main benefit of PCP of ;increased activities and opportunities&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; reported for 57 percent of participants. For 48 percent of participants, a main benefit of PCP was that they felt better in themselves, in terms of happiness or self-esteem. This must surely be the ultimate aim of those seeking to improve the quality of life of people with intellectual disabilities.

- by Helen Sanderson and +1
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- Nursing, Quality of life, Intellectual Disability, England

Healthy People 2010 goals set a target of 90% of mothers starting prenatal care in the first trimester of pregnancy. While there are questions about the value of prenatal care (PNC), there is much observational evidence of the benefits of PNC including reduction in maternal, fetal, perinatal, and infant deaths. The objective of this study was to understand barriers to PNC as well as factors that impact early initiation of care among low-income women in San Antonio, Texas. A survey study was conducted among low-income women seeking care at selected public health clinics in San Antonio. Interviews were conducted with 444 women. Study results show that women with social barriers, those who were less educated, who were living alone (i.e. without an adult partner or spouse), or who had not planned their pregnancies were more likely to initiate PNC late in their pregnancies. It was also observed that women who enrolled in the WIC program were more likely to initiate PNC early in their pregnancies. Women who initiated PNC late in pregnancy had the highest odds of reporting service-related barriers to receiving care. However, financial and personal barriers created no significant obstacles to women initiating PNC. The majority of women in this study reported that they were aware of the importance of PNC, knew where to go for care during pregnancy, and were able to pay for care through financial assistance, yet some did not initiate early prenatal care. This clearly establishes that the decision making process regarding PNC is complex. It is important that programs consider the complexity of the decision-making process and the priorities women set during pregnancy in planning interventions, particularly those that target lowincome women. This could increase the likelihood that these women will seek PNC early in their pregnancies.

- by Linda Hook and +1
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- Poverty, Public Health, Adolescent, Goal Setting

The main purpose of the present work was to examine the construct of Constructive Thinking [Epstein, S., & Meier, P. (1989). Constructive thinking: a broad coping variable with specific components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 332–350] in the context of task performance with specific difficult goals. Based on former studies we hypothesized that different aspects of Constructive Thinking

- by Anit Somech
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- Psychology, Cognitive Science, Social Psychology, Goal Setting

The article focuses on the non-centered, non-hierarchical structure of life- tasks, which consists of stable periods of life from contentfulness, efficiency, and energy, while in crisis situations the value of creativity, adequacy and openness increases. It was shown the macro-, meso- and micro-environmental factors, which determine the setting of life-tasks and, accordingly, their variable structural configuration. These are factors of sociocultural contextuality, dialogic communication, multiple identities, axiological originality, and individual semantics.

- by Tetiana Tytarenko
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- Future Studies, Personality Psychology, Communication, Self and Identity

OBJECTIVE: To identify and review published interventions aimed at the prevention of weight gain. DESIGN: A systematic review of published interventions aimed at the prevention of weight gain. METHODS: Search strategies-we searched eight... more

- by Wendy Hardeman
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- Education, Obesity, Physical Activity, Goal Setting

Commercial supercapacitors, also known as ultracapacitors or electrochemical capacitors, from Saft, Maxwell, Panasonic, CCR, Ness, EPCOS, and Power Systems were tested under constant current and constant power discharges to assess their applicability for power-assist applications in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Commercial lithium-ion batteries from Saft and Shin-Kobe were also tested under similar conditions. Internal resistances were measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), as well as by the ''iR drop'' method. Self discharge measurements were also recorded. Compared with earlier generations of supercapacitors, the cells showed improved current and power capability. However, their energy densities are still too low to meet goals set by Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV) for HEV propulsion. Cells that use acetonitrile as the electrolyte solvent yield better performance, although safety issues need to be addressed. New high-power lithium-ion batteries show high energy densities, with high power capabilities.

- by Paul Braatz
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- Engineering, Power System, Performance, High Energy Density Physics

Followers’ trust is an essential element for effective leadership. Initial approaches of trust formation adopted an information perspective. However, recent findings suggest that trust formation has an affective component. In this study, we propose that emotional competencies, such as emotional attention, clarification and repair, will predict trust in leadership in the early stages of the follower-leader relation. As this relation develops in time, trust-related judgments will shift from followers’ emotions towards leadership behaviors such as setting clear and specific goals. Because goals can be set in either a directive or participative way, followers with different levels of emotional competences should have distinct emotional responses towards these goal-setting types. Following this rationale, we evaluated a possible interaction effect between goal setting types and emotional competencies on follower’s trust in leadership by conducting a two wave longitudinal experiment with 228 participants. Followers’ emotional competencies, at work session 1, had positive main effects on followers’ trust in leadership. Significant interaction effects between goal setting type and both emotional clarity and repair, at work session 2, indicate that setting goals (but not how goals are set) compensates low levels of followers’ emotional clarity and repair.

- by Lucas Monzani
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- Emotional intelligence, Trust, Goal Setting
- by C. J. McNair-Connolly
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- Goal Setting

This paper reports the tenth set of results of a series of grouped laser comparisons from national laboratories undertaken by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) at the request of the Consultative Committee for Length (CCL), formerly the Consultative Committee for the Definition of the Metre (CCDM), for the periods July 1993 to September 1995 and March 1997

- by Jorge Cogno
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- Goal Setting, Standard Deviation

The present study examined the relationship between goal orientation, coping with school failure and school achievement. Two questionnaires, Goal Orientation (Niemivirta, 1996a) and The School Failure Coping Scale (Rijavec & Brdar, 1997), were administered to 1057 high school students (aged from 15 to 17 years). The first goal of this study was to explore whether students can be classified in groups according to their goal orientation. The results identified four clusters of students with different achievement profiles: learning oriented, work-avoidance oriented, both performance and learning oriented and both performance and work-avoidance oriented group. Learning oriented group used emotion-focused coping the least frequently while students with combined performance and work avoidanc orientation used this kind of coping the most frequently. The second goal was to test the relationship between goal orientation patterns and the adoption of emotion-focused and problem-focused coping strategies, and academic achievement. It was hypothesized that goal orientation could predict school achievement directly and indirectly through coping strategies. Coping strategies were considered as mediators between goal orientation and school achievement. Path analysis demonstrated that direct effects of goal orientation on school achievement were not significant. The relationship between goal orientation and school achievement was mediated by coping strategies. La présente étude a étudié le rapport entre l’orientation vers un but en confrontation avec l’échec et le succès scolaires. Deux questionnaires: l’Orientation vers un But (Niemivirta, 1996a) et l’Echelle Relative l’Echec Scolaire (Rijavec & Brdar, 1997) ont été remplis par 1057 élèves de l’enseignement secondaire (âgés de 15 à 17 ans). Le premier objectif de cette étude était de constater si les élèves pouvaient être classés par groupes en fonction de l’orientation vers un but. Les résultats ont donné quatre clusters d’élèves avec différents profils d’accomplissement: orientés vers l’aquisition de savoir, orientés vers l’évitement du travail, orientés aussi bien vers l’acquisiton de savoir que les performances et orientés aussi bien vers l’évitement du travail que les performances. Les groupes orientés vers l’acquisiton de savoir ont recouru à la confrontation focalisée sur l’émotion le plus rarement, tandis que les élèves avec la combinaison des performances et de l’évitement du travail ont fait recours à cette sorte de confrontation le plus souvent. Le deuxième objectif était de tester le rapport entre, d’une part, les échantillons et l’adoption de deux types de stratégies de confrontation et, d’autre part, entre ces buts et stratégies et le succès académique. Il avait été supposé que l’orientation vers un but pourrait prévoir le succès scolaire directement ou indirectement au moyen des stratégies de confrontation. Ces stratégies de confrontation ont été considérées comme médiateurs entre l’orientation vers un but et le succès scolaire. Les résultats de l’analyse des pistes causales ont démontré que les effets directs de l’orientation vers un but sur le succès scolaire n’ont pas été significatifs. Les stratégies de confrontation ont médiatisé le rapport entre l’orientation vers un but et le succès scolaire.

Purpose – This paper establishes the leadership quality of good time management as the second of the “leadership performance standards” introduced in the first installment of this column and begins with proper goal setting as a powerful time management and planning tool.
Design – The paper introduces planning as the first key to good time management, and then establishes the place of goal setting in the planning process. It covers personal work goal setting and setting goals for subordinates.
Findings – The paper finds that career goal-setting can be used effectively as a time-management tool to aid in departmental and organizational goal-setting and planning.
Value – The value of using this approach is in more fulfilled employees offering more effective service.

CITATIONS 72 READS 262 7 authors, including: Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Can a new intensive model of aphasia rehabilitation achieve better outcomes than usual care? View project Exploring speech pathologist perspectives about working with interpreters in managing acquired communication disorders View project Sue Sherratt Communication Research Australia 66 PUBLICATIONS 365 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE

- by Sue Sherratt and +1
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- Rehabilitation, Aphasia, ICF - International Classification of Functioning, Neurolinguistics

tudent leadership enhancement involves giving students opportunities to practice leadership skills in a supportive learning environment. It is contended that leadership can be systematically developed so that students are more proficient in: project planning; reflection; problem solving; team building; decision making; goal setting; time management; project management and resource allocation; effective communication and networking; conflict resolution; diversity awareness; and self-confidence. These 12 skills are also linked to the four academic enabling skills of: interpersonal relationships; motivation; study skills; and engagement. Using this framework it is argued that student leadership can be embedded within the school curriculum. Two sample lessons illustrate this procedure, which is being introduced into a Brisbane high school. Some feedback from participating teachers is outlined.

- by Ian Hay
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- Decision Making, Critical Thinking, Resource Allocation, Conflict Resolution

This paper presents results of over 34,000 survey responses to air quality and thermal comfort questions in 215 buildings in US, Canada, and Finland. Results show that 80% or more of the occupants expressed satisfaction with their thermal comfort in only 11% of the buildings surveyed. Air quality scores were somewhat higher, with 26% of buildings having 80% or occupant satisfaction. With respect to thermal comfort and air quality performance goals set out by standards, most buildings appear to be falling far short. Occupant surveys offer a means to systematically measure this performance, and also to provide diagnostic information for building designers and operators.

- by samad abbaszadeh
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- Engineering, Air Quality, Architecture, Productivity

Based on expectancy theory, goal-setting theory and control theory, we propose a model in which perceived fairness mediates the relationship between characteristics of employee performance management (PM) systems and their perceived effectiveness by employees. PM system characteristics we propose are the frequency and length of formal reviews, the frequency of informal reviews and feedback, whether the formal conversation focused on evaluation or development and finally the degree of participation. The model was tested on a cross-industry sample of 3192 employees in Belgium. The measurement and structural models were simultaneously tested using structural equation modeling, and we used a bootstrapping approach to test the mediation hypothesis. Our findings indicate that performance review focus and employee participation strongly relate to perceptions of appraisal fairness and PM system effectiveness and that the frequency of informal performance reviews is stronger related to PM system effectiveness than the frequency of formal performance reviews. This suggests that the manifest expressions of PM have more impact on PM system effectiveness rather than the more latent characteristics of PM systems. The findings advance research to the role and functionality of PM systems by showing that (a) the manner in which PM systems are shaped and executed is of fundamental importance for their effectiveness, (b) fairness partially mediates the relationship between PM system characteristics and their effectiveness and (c) the three motivational theories appear useful for understanding the consequences of PM practices on individual employees.

- by Herman van Dijk
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- Marketing, Control Theory, Performance Management, Human Resource Management

The comparative analysis of self-constitution and self-realization in the context of post-classical psychology is presented. The possibilities of personal meanings operationalization in life-tasks are shown. The specifics of task self-constitution at different stages of the life path are determined. The life-task is considered as a narrative model of the desired transformation of the life trajectory and the acquisition of the personality of the renewed identity. The ways of constructing the futurological narrative as a life-task, which is formed within the concrete plot, acquire creativity, competitiveness, eroticism, and environmental friendliness are determined. By the thesaurus of the main plots included scenes of conquest with their heroic and love branches, adventure, and criminal stories, plots of salvation, preservation, contemplation, inaction. Among the characteristics of life's tasks as narrative, plot-based practices described personal belonging, strategic, probability, range and focus of use.
Keywords: life tasks, modeling of the future, self-constitution, practice, futurological narrative, plot, life trajectory.

- by Tetiana Tytarenko
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- Personality Psychology, Narrative Psychology, Life Cycle Assessment, Modernity

This study examined writers' use of their first language (L1) while writing in their second language (L2). Twenty students each wrote four short argumentative essays in their L1 (Dutch) and four in their L2 (English) under think-aloud conditions. We analysed whether L1 use varied between writers and tasks, and whether it was related to general writing proficiency, L2 proficiency, and L2 text quality. The analysis focused on the occurrence of a number of conceptual activities, including Generating ideas, Planning, and Metacomments. Results indicate that all participants used their L1 while writing in their L2 to some extent, although this varied among conceptual activities. In addition, L2 proficiency was directly related to L2 text quality but was not related to the occurrence of conceptual activities either in L1 or L2. General writing proficiency, on the other hand, has a negative influence on L1 use during L2 writing and a positive effect on L2 use during L2 writing. L1 use during L2 writing is negatively related to L2 text quality, at least for Metacomments. Finally, L2 use appears to be positively related to L2 text quality for Goal setting, Generating ideas, and Structuring, but negatively related to L2 text quality for Self-instructions and Metacomments. The theoretical relevance of these findings is also discussed. # Earlier L2 writing research has shown that L2 writers use their first language (L1) while writing in L2, although the extent to which they do so clearly varies (see for example, . Studies to date have also found that adult writers use their L1 while writing in their L2 for a wide variety of purposes, such as planning (Studies which reported on L1 use, such as those above, were carried out for a number of different reasons and with varying research goals. First of all, some studies focused on comparisons of L1 and L2 writing (e.g., or on the extent to which writers transfer their L1 strategies to L2 writing (e.g., . These studies see L1 use as a strategy which writers employ during L2 writing, mainly in the form of translating from L1 to L2. This view is also shared by other studies, which have focused on the influence of learner characteristics such as writing expertise and L2 proficiency on L2 writing (e.g.

- by Gert Rijlaarsdam and +1
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- Second Language Writing, Linguistics, Goal Setting, Second Language

There have been no consistent findings with regard to the relationships between sales control systems and job performance. The authors propose a contingency model in which the effects of sales control systems on job performance are moderated by goal-setting characteristics (goal difficulty, goal specificity, and goal participation). They empirically test the model using two studies conducted in the United States and China, respectively. The findings suggest the need for considering goal-setting characteristics when one attempts to link sales control systems to salesperson's job performance. Managerial and research implications are offered at the conclusion of the paper. D 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

- by Shaoming Zou
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- Business, Multidisciplinary, Control system, Goal Setting

Uitdagende werkafspraken, over bijvoorbeeld ontwikkeltaken of opleidingen, spelen een rol bij de loopbaanontwikkeling van medewerkers. Wanneer een leidinggevende en medewerkers uitdagende werkafspraken met elkaar maken, kunnen medewerkers laten zien dat zij meer in hun mars hebben. Dit kan het oordeel van de leidinggevende over doorgroeipotentieel positief beïnvloeden. In dit artikel presenteren we bevindingen van een studie naar de gevolgen van uitdagende werkafspraken voor het doorgroeipotentieel van medewerkers, zoals beoordeeld door leidinggevenden. We onderzochten in hoeverre uitdagende werkafspraken afhankelijk zijn van prestatie- en potentieelbeoordelingen door leidinggevenden en van het prestatietemperament van medewerkers. Ook onderzochten we of er mogelijk sprake is van een Mattheüseffect, waarbij medewerkers met een positieve potentieelbeoordeling in gesprek met hun leidinggevende meer uitdagende werkafspraken maken die maken dat hun leidinggevende hen in de toekomst een nog positievere potentieelbeoordeling geeft; i.e. ‘de rijken worden steeds rijker, en de armen armer’. Uit de resultaten blijkt dat een positieve potentieelbeoordeling door leidinggevenden de kans op uitdagende werkafspraken verhoogt, en dat vermijdingstemperament van de medewerker die kans verkleint. De uitdagende werkafspraken die medewerkers maken, hebben - na controle voor leeftijd, duur van de werkrelatie met de leidinggevende, eerdere prestatie- en potentieelbeoordeling en prestatietemperament - een directe relatie met hun toekomstige potentieelbeoordeling.

- by Cristel van de Ven
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- Employability, Leadership, Dialogue, HRM & Organisational Behaviour
- by Edwin Locke
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- Marketing, Psychology, Cognitive Science, Learning

This study examined three explanations of why participation in goal setting may lead to increased performance-the social factor of group discussion, the motivational factor of involvement in goal setting, and the cognitive factor of information. A 2 X 2 X 2 experimental design (low and high levels of group discussion, involvement, and information) was used to study a sample of 96 white collar employees who worked on a personnel selection task. Results indicated that the social and motivational factors of participation increased performance quantity, incidental learning, goal acceptance, group commitment, and satisfaction. The motivational and cognitive factors significantly contributed to performance quality, but the cognitive factor did not significantly affect performance quantity and work attitudes.

- by Miriam Erez
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- Marketing, Psychology, Applied Psychology, Experimental Design

Many supervisors and subordinates hate performance appraisal exercises. Moreover, the benefits of performance appraisals for organizations are questionable. To address these challenges, we participated in the development of an alternative Strength-Based Performance Appraisal (SBPA) and a goal setting process, considering ideas both from performance appraisals practitioners and from Positive Psychology scholars. SBPA emphasizes learning from success stories using the Feedforward interview [Kluger A.N. and Nir D., 2009. The feedforward interview. Human Resource Management Review 20,235–246.], reflected best self [Roberts L.M., Dutton J.E., Spreitzer C.M., Heaphy E.D., Quinn R.E. 2005. Composing the reflected best-self portrait: Building pathways for becoming extraordinary in work organizations Academy of Management Review 30(4),712–736], finding new ways to use existing strengths (Seligman, Steen, Park, & Peterson, 2005) and a win–win approach (Pruitt & Rubin, 1986). However, SBPA does not avoid negative feedback; it constrains it for prevention-focus behaviors, where it appears to be effective in increasing motivation and performance [Van-Dijk D. & Kluger A.N. 2004. Feedback sign effect on motivation: Is it moderated by regulatory focus? Applied Psychology: An International Review, 53(1), 113–135]. Following an elaboration of the theoretical rationale of SBPA, we describe a case study of applying SBPA at SodaStream (formerly Soda-Club), coupled with an initial evaluation of its impact. We conclude with lessons learned from the first implementation, followed by a call for replications.

- by Osnat Yam
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- Positive Psychology, Human Resource Management, Regulatory Focus, Goal Setting

To develop a framework for classifying the nature of goals identified by people with acquired brain injury (ABI) and explore the extent to which goals and the ability to set realistic goals vary over time and according to stage of recovery. Methods: Participants included 60 people with ABI comprising two subgroups: a post-acute subgroup (n = 28, mean time since injury = 1.1 years, SD = 0.5) and a longterm subgroup (n = 32, mean time since injury = 4.9 years, SD = 3.0). Participants completed the Self-Awareness of Deficits Interview, which includes a goal-setting component, at an initial assessment and at 12-month follow-up assessment. Data generated from the interviewing process were analysed using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. Results: Through an inductive analysis, a classification framework was developed consisting of the following goal categories: 'relationships', 'work and education', 'injury/ rehabilitation', 'health and leisure', 'daily life management' and 'general life/personal goals'. Each of these categories comprised several subcategories of goals. Overall, the postacute subgroup identified more goals in the improve function/ rehabilitation subcategory than the long-term subgroup (P = 0.002), whereas the nature of other life goals remained consistent over time. The ability to set realistic goals improved over time for the entire sample (P = 0.013).

- by Rayner Mason
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- Psychology, Clinical Psychology, Goal Setting, Client-Centred practice

The use of leaderboards is a common approach to the gamification of employee performance, but little is known about the specific mechanisms and mediating processes by which leaderboards actually affect employee behavior. Given the lack of research in this domain, this study proposes goal-setting theory, one of the most well-established motivational theories in psychology, as a framework by which to understand these effects. In this study, a classic brainstorming task is gamified with a leaderboard in order to explore this. Participants were randomly assigned to four classic levels of goal-setting (do-your-best, easy, difficult and impossible goals) plus a leaderboard populated with initials and scores representing identical goal-setting conditions. The presence of a leaderboard was successful in motivating participants to performance levels similar to that of difficult and impossible goal-setting, suggesting participants implicitly set goals at or near the top of the leaderboard without any prompting to do so. Goal commitment, a common individual difference moderator in goal-setting theory, was also assessed and behaved similarly in the presence of the leaderboard as when traditional goals were provided. From these results, we conclude that goal-setting theory is valuable to understand the success of leaderboards, and we recommend further exploration of existing psychological theories, including goal-setting, to better explain the effects of gamification.

The authors summarize 35 years of empirical research on goal-setting theory. They describe the core findings of the theory, the mechanisms by which goals operate, moderators of goal effects, the relation of goals and satisfaction, and the role of goals as mediators of incentives. The external validity and practical significance of goal-setting theory are explained, and new directions in goal-setting research are discussed. The relationships of goal setting to other theories are described as are the theory's limitations.

- by Edwin Locke
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- Psychology, Cognitive Science, Educational Psychology, Motivation

The article describes what has been found during 30 years of research by the author and others on the relationship between conscious performance goals and performance on work tasks. This approach is contrasted with previous approaches to motivation theory which stressed physiological, external or subconscious causes of action. The basic contents of goal setting theory are summarized in terms of 14 categories of findings. An applied example is provided.

- by Edwin Locke
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- Psychology, Goal Setting, Self Efficacy, Business and Management

In this article, we propose a framework for understanding destructive leadership that summarizes the extant destructive leadership research and extends it in new directions. By reviewing the current literature on destructive leadership and drawing on organizational leadership theory and the more general research on deviant behaviors in organizations, we identify the underlying features and mechanisms that define destructive leadership. Recognizing that each form of destructive leadership currently studied (e.g., abusive supervision, petty tyranny, and pseudo-transformational leadership) addresses aspects of destructive leadership but fails to capture the complete picture of the phenomenon, we clarify the boundaries among the constructs studied within the domain of destructive leadership, address some ambiguities about the nature of destructive leadership, make explicit some characteristics of destructive leadership that set it apart from other forms of leading, and integrate this thinking into a theoretical model that helps us understand the manifestations of destructive leadership, and their antecedents and consequences.

- by James M LeBreton
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- Management, Marketing, Leadership, Counterproductive Work Behavior

Objective: To consider clinical issues surrounding goal setting in neurological rehabilitation, and to identify priorities for future research.Participants: Twenty-four rehabilitation professionals were invited to attend because they had taught or published on the topic of goal setting. In addition two patient groups were represented.Evidence: (1) The results of a systematic literature review, (2) presentations given during the two-day conference by