Tourism Development Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

This paper explores the pro-poor tourism literature's proposition that businesses "at all levels and scales of operation" can contribute to poverty alleviation, and questions the view that small-scale "alternative" forms of tourism development are preferable in delivering wide-ranging benefits to the poor. Based on research in Fiji, it uses the multidimensional view of poverty modelled on Zhao and Ritchie's integrative research framework for "anti-poverty tourism" that identifies three determinants: "opportunity", "empowerment" and "security". The paper reveals that both small-and large-scale tourism make positive contributions to revenue generation, job creation and community development, but there is considerable potential for local procurement and labour conditions to improve. Poverty has increased in Fiji, despite rising tourism arrivals, but this problem is complex and is linked to agricultural decline. An underlying concern is that tourism policy in Fiji encourages development of large, foreign-owned resorts, while indigenous businesses often do not receive the support they require to be successful in the long term. Thus, indigenous Fijian participation in the tourism sector is predominantly as employees or as recipients of lease monies, and rarely as those directly involved in tourism planning and development, therefore limiting the pro-poor potential of the sector in Fiji.

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- Community Development, Sustainable Tourism, Tourism, Tourism Development
- by Arvin Panwar
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- Marketing, Tourism Management, Decision Making, Community Development

PurposeThis research investigated wine tourism development and marketing in southwest Michigan, a longtime viticultural, but emerging wine tourism region. The aims involved discovering the motivations, expectations, and successes of Southwest Michigan Wine Trail member wineries in developing horizontal and vertical alliances.Design/methodology/approachSemi‐structured, in‐depth interviews were conducted with individuals in charge of the wineries’ marketing activities (i.e. marketing directors and members of the marketing departments, winery owners). These interviews were recorded and transcribed. Activities fostered through the horizontal and vertical alliances were identified.FindingsAlliances along the Southwest Michigan Wine Trail have furthered the development and marketing of wine tourism. The trail's member wineries have formed strong horizontal relationships, which include joint advertising, promotion, and production. They have also built vertical relationships with tour o...

- by Deborah Che
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- Business, Marketing, Marketing Strategy, Tourism

This study outlines some of the more common barriers of tourism industry as perceived by local communities. A lack of community capacity has been identified as main barrier of tourism in third world countries; thus, the study provides a focus group discussion of this issue within tourism development in local communities in Shiraz, Iran. Findings through focus group discussion show that generally local residents agreed about community capacity barriers in tourism industry in both district of Shiraz. It is expected that the findings of this study could be utilized by the community developers for reassessments of tourism industry programs in local communities.

- by SARJIT S. Gill / FEM
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- Business, Community Development, Third World, Community Capacity

Tourism in China has rapidly developed since the adoption of open-door economic reform policy in 1978. There is still little understanding about the role played by the Chinese government in the development of tourism. This paper represents a "rst attempt to identify the roles played by the Chinese government in developing its international inbound tourism. The period examined is from 1978, a turning point for China's development, to the present. Generally, the Chinese government has played the following roles: Operator } involving ownership and provision of the infrastructure for tourism development and operation of tourism business activities; Regulator } formulating and implementing regulations to control tourism business; Investment stimulator } stimulating tourism investment through the provision of "nancial incentives; Promoter } spending money on the promotion of tourism in the international market; Coordinator } coordinating activities of di!erent government departments with respect to tourism; and Educator } establishing a system of tourism education institutions and providing tourism education and training programs. Analysis of the policies and government roles in China was examined systematically in terms of demands, decisions, outputs and impacts for each of the three historical periods identi"ed, namely 1978}1985, 1986}1991 and 1992 to the present. The framework adopted for examining the policies in terms of demands, decisions, etc. represents the speci"c policy issue components of the tourism policymaking process suggested by Hall's model (1994). Based on China's experiences, some implications of the governmental roles for other developing countries are suggested.

- by John Ap
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- Marketing, Tourism Studies, Tourism Management, International Marketing

This paper presents an empirical estimation of crossborder competition in the casino gambling sector. Informed by the &prisoners dilemma' hypothesis, the paper proceeds to examine various competitive situations likely to arise with the introduction of casino gambling at two tourist locations on opposite sides of the Israeli}Egyptian border. Numerical estimations of the outcomes of three di!erent situations are presented and the impact analysis method is described. The results point to small positive impacts and the volatility of this form of tourism development. The implications of the results point to the limited role of casino gambling in tourism development and the weighty monetary impact of social costs.

- by Daniel Felsenstein
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- Marketing, Tourism Management, Tourism, Impact Analysis

We analyzed the effects of changes in land cover on the water balance in Spain's Marina Baixa County, on the Mediterranean coast. To reveal how different land management strategies have affected the area's environment, four municipalities within the same catchment were studied: Benidorm, Callosa d'en Sarrià , Beniardà , and Guadalest. In the municipalities of Callosa and Benidorm, the proportion of the area covered by woodland declined by 4.2% and 30.2%, respectively, and woodland was replaced by agriculture and urban development. The abandonment of farmland produced a 17% increase in the proportion of the area covered by vegetation in Guadalest and Beniardá , where frequent forest fires have exacerbated a decrease in the area of pine woodland. Tourism development in Benidorm has been accompanied by an increase in the transportation infrastructure and by an expansion of areas with an impermeable surface, with the lowest level of infiltration into the aquifer system. These changes have generated a net water deficit in Callosa and Benidorm of more than 6 Mm 3 /year, creating a high demand for water imported from other municipalities (Guadalest and Beniardá ) or from outside of the county to maintain the sustainability of the current water management strategies. The Marina Baixa case study is representative of many of the world's coastal areas that are undergoing rapid urban development based on an inappropriate understanding of human progress based mainly on economic development and thus provides insights into water management in other areas.

- by Andreu Bonet
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- Water, Land management, Environmental Management, Economic Development

A significant literature exists on the impacts of tourism on local communities. This paper examines this issue with reference to the impacts of tourism on the residents of Shi Cha Hai hutong in Beijing, but does so with reference to theories of place attachment or place identity. It therefore addresses two gaps in the literature-namely, (a) a comparative lack of empirical evidence on community impacts of tourism in Mainland China and (b) the absence of debate in the tourism literature about place attachment. The study involved both quantitative and qualitative methods, but this paper primarily concentrates upon the results derived from the quantitative study. It was found that, in general, concerns about heritage outweighed perceived advantages from economic development, and the role of heritage in place attachment is duly discussed. Additionally, a structural equation model is suggested whereby attitudes toward tourism are based upon attitudes toward heritage, tourism as a source of potential employment, length of residency and perceived intrusiveness of tourism, all of which impact on a sense of place identity. The findings from these tests raised issues about the role of government and self-efficacy in place identity in a Chinese environment. r

- by Chris Ryan
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- Place Attachment, Urban Planning, Sustainable Tourism, Tourism

Given the increased research attention concerning both the social impacts of tourism and those concerning the historic tourist city, we can say that there remains a signi"cant lack of studies regarding how the residents of such cities perceive the impacts of tourism. This research addresses this by investigating residents' opinions of the impacts of tourism in the historic city of York, England. Results of the research suggested that the resident population should not be viewed as homogenous in its support for tourism development. Indeed, its opinions regarding tourism and its management were found to be signi"cantly diverse across a variety of socioeconomic and demographic indicators. This information has serious implications for the management of tourism in historic tourist cities.

- by Tim Snaith Ph.D
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- Marketing, Geography, Tourism Management, IT Management

Hall, C.M., Keelan, N. & Mitchell, I. 1993, The implications of Maori perspectives on the interpretation, management and promotion of tourism in New Zealand. Geojournal, 29(3): 315-322. Maori images have tong been a part of the... more

- by C. Michael Hall
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- Human Geography, Tourism Studies, Tourism Geography, Tourism Development
- by Filareti Kotsi
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- Tourism Development
- by Bas Amelung
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- Climate Change, Case Studies, Forecasting, Sustainable Tourism

Today, tourism industry is one of the fields that give diversity to the countries' economy. Whereas, according to investigations of the Global Tourism Organization, tourism is a key to development in many developing and less developed countries. On the other hand, a brief review of the economical planning of our (Iran's) neighbors and their general focus on tourism as one of the most important sectors of economy, further confirms the need to pay more strict attention to this competitive market. Therefore, it seems necessary to expand the tourism market of these islands and remove their deprivations via canonizing facilities and infrastructures there. The type of this research is explanatoryanalytical. The outcome of the present study indicates that Hendourabi Island has a good potential for tourism development, but it needs investment and planning. The island has a unique situation because of being located near the strategic Hormoz strait, neighborhood with the capitalist Arab countries, nearness to the free commercial zones, good weather in autumns and winters, having beautiful coastal landscape, and nearness to small fragmented islands suitable for winter camps, etc.

Even though this is a generally recognized that tourism development can positively effect on employment, income and education and impact the countries socio-economic development, the empirical research on the tourism development and socio-economic development are limited, specifically in case of state of AJ&K which largely depends upon tourism. The current research intends to add to the literature on tourism development and socio-economic development through empirical examining the connection among tourism development and socio-economic development in Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan. This research was based on social exchange theory. The data for this study was primary and collected through a questionnaire-based survey in three districts of AJ&K. The current study used SPSS version-21 for data analysis. The study used correlation and regression for analyzing data. This study findings confirmed that a considerable association exists among tourism development and socio-economic development in AJ&K, Pakistan. This research also validates the proposed tourism development and socio-economic development hypothesis. The present study increases the literature about tourism and socio-economic link, specifically for tourism dependent in AJ&K. The study findings are valuable for tourism officials, policymakers, entrepreneurs, and non-governmental organizations working for tourism development as well as economic development in AJ&K. Future researchers can base their research on the findings of this study. The current research is a primary data-based research conducted in a state which is having countless tourism potentials. The study is unique in the sense that to the best of authors’ knowledge it is probably the first of its nature in AJ&K.

- by IAEME Publication
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- Education, Tourism Development, Income, Socio-Economic Development

Cambodia has an emerging economy with relatively high economic growth and political stability. Since the 1990s, the country has undergone economic reforms and transformed to become a market economy with strong support from the international donor community and various organizations. Tourism is the third largest sector of the economy after agriculture and the garment industry, and the second largest income contributor after the garment industry. This report argues that tourism in Cambodia is playing an increasingly important role in shaping the country's political and economic development. Income generated from this sector helps to promote economic growth, poverty reduction, cultural identity, and political legitimacy in a country that used to be better known for land mines, killing fields and turmoil. The Cambodian government and the private sector are the main stakeholders in promoting tourism in the country. After three decades of civil war and armed conflict, Cambodia is reemerging to be a new destination for international tourists from around the world, especially from East Asia. Tourist arrivals have increased remarkably to more than two million in 2007 and the number is expected to go up yearly by about 20 to 30 percent. International tourists from Korea, Japan, Vietnam, China, Thailand, United States, and Europe are the major sources of tourist arrivals to Cambodia. The lack of infrastructure and high standard services for the high class, or top end tourists (aging tourists, medical tourists, and cultural tourists), and sports tourists (i.e. golf) present opportunities for Japanese investors. Investments in the construction of Japanese style hotels, resort centers, and restaurants are strongly recommended. In addition, the Japanese private sector could also introduce tourism products and services for special interest groups from Japan such as voluntourists (volunteer plus travel), eco-tourists (diving in coastal area, Tonle Sap biodiversity and floating villages, Fresh Water Dolphin in Kratie, forest exploration in Northeast Cambodia, wildlife watching along the Cardamom mountain range, Botanic garden near Angkor complex…) and adventure tourists (wildlife watching along the Thai-Cambodia border and Cambodia-Laos-Vietnam triangle). These tourism products have great potential to attract more international tourists, but depend on marketing and promotion strategies by both the government and private sector.

- by Vannarith Chheang
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- Economic Growth, Emerging Economies, East Asia, Civil War

Coral reefs and associated ecosystems in the NW region of Cuba are well preserved in general terms, although overfishing of some species is a generalized problem and coastal pollution is present in some places near highly populated areas. Tourism development in coastal areas is low and its present impact is negligible compared to other parts of the island. Leasing of blocks for oil and gas exploration in the adjacent oceanic EEZ creates a potential threat to marine biodiversity in the region. We present the results of two sampling expeditions made in 2004. The main goal of this sampling program was to obtain updated information, which we combined with existent knowledge to prepare a sound ecological baseline for the region.

- by Patricia González
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- Oil and gas, Marine biodiversity, Tourism Development, Coral Reef

The concept of tourist valorization is only partially and sporadically examined on the territory of the Republic of N. Macedonia. Furthermore, managing tourist areas by specific destination management organizations has not yet been implemented on a satisfactory level. In such conditions of tourism development, the idea developed for writing this paper. From this emerged the need for expanding the concept of tourist valorization in the domestic scientific and professional field. This is made possible through a comprehensive, substantial and systematic analysis of the tourist valorization process in the function of improving the management of tourist areas. The basic subject of this research paper consists of determining the place, role, function, types and approaches of tourist valorization in the processes of managing tourist areas. Thus, this paper has a dual purpose. On the one hand, it should contribute to the enrichment of the scientific thought with contemporary concepts and approaches for tourist valorization. On the other hand, the results and knowledge of the paper should be in function of improving the current destination management and intensifying the level of tourism development in a given tourist space. The territory in question is the Ohrid tourist region which is also the touristically most developed in the country. This paper presents the results of the doctoral thesis by the author in which the research process through all its phases was performed with the use of a conceptual theoretical and methodological framework, which consisted of both cabinet and empirical analysis. This made it possible for primary and secondary data to be obtained. The collection, systematization and processing of data, as well as the presentation of the obtained results, were made possible through the application of quantitative and qualitative research approaches. The conducted cabinet research involved the reference of a wide range of international scientific and professional literature. The empirical research activities included the implementation of contemporary methodological approaches for valorization of several aspects of tourism. The scientific - applicative verification of this paper consists of the practical use of sublimated knowledge, global experiences and best practices for the valorization process in a defined tourist area. More specifically, the used methodological research approaches were the following: European Tourism Indicator System for Sustainable Destinations Toolkit (ETIS-Toolkit), Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) and valorization of the destination’s sub-systems: Factor, Attractors and Support Services (FAS-approach). Because of the wide range and volume of findings and results from the conducted research processes, only the most relevant will be presented in this paper. The gained research results allowed making conclusions and suggestions that have the aim to intensify and promote tourism development in the designated area of the Ohrid tourist region. This should serve as a framework for creative use of various valorization approaches in the processes of tourism management, not only on the analyzed territory, but also beyond.
Keywords: tourism, tourist valorization, tourist destination, tourism development.

Historically, tourism in India has been important and in fact is encouraged by Hindu scriptures. Nevertheless, international tourism to India and South Asia generally has languished in recent times in contrast to the growth of international tourism in the Asia-Pacific which has experienced the fastest tourism growth rate of any· region in the world. Paying particular attention to India and Bangladesh, some of the economic and other reasons for this lack-lustre performance are outlined, e.g., government regulations, restriction of competition in the tourist and travel industry, state provision of tourist services, currency restrictions. Now that India, and to some extent, Bangladesh have embarked on economic reforms to help liberalise their economies some of their previous impediments to international tourism will be reduced.
Both in India and Bangladesh, the government has played a major role in the provision of tourist services. This not only includes the provision of transport facilities such as air ·and rail transport, but also hotels, lodges, guest houses and tours themselves. Although the governments of India and Bangladesh have played a major role in tourism, with the economic structural adjustments that are occurring or planned the relative role of the government in the tourism sector can be expected to decline. In India for example, greater competition is to be expected in the provision of airline services and some government owned hotels are to be sold to private industry. Some reduction in 'red tape' faced by tourists might also be anticipated.
Apart from considering general economic issues and policies involved in tourism development in India and Bangladesh, the study draws on a survey of the development· of ecotourism in the Sunderbans. This is a major area for ecotourism both in West Bengal and in Bangladesh. Many of the problems encountered in this region also are encountered for ecotourism in other countries, both less developed and developed. ·
Amongst the economic problems encountered in operating tourism enterprises in the Sunderbans are: (1) The fact that tourism ·to the area is seasonal; the tourist facilities cannot be used during the hot monsoon period and so they remain idle for a large part of the year. This is a major cost component. (2) Virtually no local persons are employed in the tourist industry in the Sunderbans, so there are very few employment benefits to locals. (3) Most commodities for tourism in the Sunderbans are sourced from outside the Sunderbans. In the case of the Indian Sunderbans, most of the supplies come from Calcutta. (4) Permits are required for entry to the Sunderbans both in Bangladesh and India. These must be issued by the Ministry of Forestry and often there are delays in their issue which can frustrate tourists. (5) Wild animals, especially tigers, are very difficult to see. Therefore, many tourists may feel disappointed. Tourism in the Indian and Bangladesh Sunderbans is compared and contrasted

- by Clement Tisdell
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- Ecotourism, Bangladesh, India, Biodiversity Conservation

Tourism development must be based on sustainability criteria, be long term bearable economically and ethically and socially equitable for the local populations of the destinations. Tourism forms identified by the literature as being “sustainable” are numerous: ecological tourism (ecotourism), green tourism, soft, rural tourism and agrotourism, community tourism, solidarity and responsible tourism, all these opposing to the traditional, mass tourism. According to some specialists only tourism in natural reservations or national parks is considered to be ecological. A larger concept of ecological tourism refers to that form of responsible travel, developed in natural spaces, that contributes to environment protection and local population life conditions improvement and wellbeing. Equitable tourism is a form of sustainable tourism aiming at applying in the tourism sector the principles of equitable commerce, respecting a series of criteria, that focus on respect of the residents and th...

- by Ion Danut Juganaru
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- Geography, Ecotourism, Life Style, Rural Tourism

This conceptual paper re-evaluates the concept of niches in tourism markets. As many regions are now attempting to address niche markets in tourism as a development strategy, understanding of the dynamics of niche markets is crucial. Current approaches are often limited to seeing niche markets as simple subsectors of larger consumer markets. We argue for a broader view of market niches as forms of social rituals involving both consumers and producers with a mutual focus of attention. Based on the work of Randall Collins we examine how interaction rituals are produced and maintained, and how these are also reflected in niche markets, such as backpacking. We illustrate the how backpacking produces a mutual focus of attention and boundaries to outsiders, helping to sustain the niche over the longer term. This analysis has implications for producers hoping to tap into niche markets, as they too need to become part of the niche community.

- by greg richards
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- Tourism Studies, Tourism Marketing, Marketing Theory, Interaction Ritual Theory
- by Prasenjeet Kamble
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- Marketing, Human Resource Development, Human Resource, Human Resources

Produced over the past decade, monuments and museums dedicated to the Civil Rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s have desegregated America's memorial landscape. Tracing a broad arc across the US South, the material elements of this landscape — historic markers, monuments, parks, registered buildings, and museums — present a distinct challenge to representations of an elite, white American past.

- by Owen Dwyer
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- Human Geography, Landscape, Memory, Tourism Development

The Las Vegas Strip has seen astonishing tourism development in the 1990s. The study examined the inter-relationship between the room supply and demand functions, and room rate in Las Vegas employing econometric variables in a simultaneous framework during 1992-1999. The results suggest that room rate for the current month, the 3-month Treasury bill rate and gaming revenue per room for the 12-month prior are the three determinants of the room supply function, while consumer price index for the current month is the only determinant of the room demand function. r

- by Bomi Kang
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- Marketing, Hospitality, Tourism, Tourism Development
- by Noel B. Salazar
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- Tourism Studies, Terrorism, Indonesian Studies, Indonesia

Within a wide body of literature it has been argued and demonstrated that community participation in tourism development is advantageous in terms of the sustainability and effectiveness of the development policies adopted. However, over time, doubts have been raised about whether community participation should take place in developing countries. There are major concerns regarding the immaturity and the incompliance of the political and social conditions of developing countries in relation to the requirements necessary for an effective participatory planning. In this paper, we argue that mega-events, due to their wide scope and the key role that large groups of stakeholders play in their success, may represent a driver for community participation in developing countries. In order to explore our idea, we will analyse tourism development and the planning of a mega-event within the Yangtze River Delta area, driven by the organisation and preparation of the Shanghai World Expo. According to our evidence, some initial elements of participative decision-making have indeed developed around the organisation of this mega-event, even though China has historically been considered refractory towards community participation. Finally, we discuss the findings in the light of existing knowledge to elicit significant questions about community participation in tourism development within developing countries and to address further research on this topic.

- by Lucio Lamberti
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- Marketing, Tourism Management, Decision Making, Developing Countries

For more than two decades the attainment of sustainable environmental quality and the protection of environmental assets have been at the forefront of central policy issues in global tourism development. Recently, it has been argued that collaborative and associative forms of governance among tourism companies and other related agents are growing in importance in the drive for sustainable and environmentally sensitive tourism. Despite the increasing number of debates on the role of networking on tourism they are not well supported by empirical studies, and still far from explain how such networks can contribute to the sustainable development of territories. This paper aims to contribute to previous literature by analysing together governance networks and literature on sustainable development, and by providing empirical findings that highlight the importance of governance networks in sustainable tourism development, the importance of different scales of collaborative governance networks and the role of organisation building for environmentally sustainable tourism development in Antalya. The paper offers analytical findings on the networks of environmental governance among different types of tourism organisations based on a company-level survey, which reveals an increase in local collaboration and selfhelp networking based on local concerns and endogenous dynamics among the different actors in tourism. Unfortunately, the findings show that environmental motivations fall far behind economic considerations in networking practices.

- by Hilal Erkus Ozturk
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- Business, Marketing, Tourism Management, Sustainable Development
- by Atirah Ghazali
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- Human Geography, Tourism Development

This article explores the role of resident's perceptions of impacts as indicators of tourism destination decline using data collected from five coastal communities in Belize, each experiencing a different level of tourism development. First, a theoretical relationship between Butler's . The concept of a tourist area cycle of evolution: implications for management of resources. Canadian Geographer, 24, 5-12.] Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) is proposed, drawing on additional well-established theories from the tourism and social science literature. Next, the proposed relationship is tested using resident perception data collected in the Belizean communities. The data are used to predict the position of the study communities in the TALC which, based on the proposed model, range from the late exploration to late development stage. The results show that the data collected in Belize reflect the proposed relationship, suggesting that local perceptions of tourism impacts may be used as indicators of destination decline.

- by Amy Diedrich
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- Marketing, Perception, Tourism Management, Tourism

This paper applies the new heterogeneous panel cointegration technique to re-investigate the long-run comovements and causal relationships between tourism development and economic growth for OECD and nonOECD countries (including those in Asia, Latin America and Sub-Sahara Africa) for the 1990–2002 period. On the global scale, after allowing for the heterogeneous country effect, a cointegrated relationship between GDP and tourism development is substantiated. It is also determined that tourism development has a greater impact on GDP in nonOECD countries than in OECD countries, and when the variable is tourism receipts, the greatest impact is in Sub-Sahara African countries. Additionally, the real effective exchange rate has significant effects on economic growth. Finally, in the long run, the panel causality test shows unidirectional causality relationships from tourism development to economic growth in OECD countries, bidirectional relationships in nonOECD countries, but only weak relationships in Asia. Our empirical findings have major policy implications.

- by JIN CHENG
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- Marketing, Tourism Management, Economic Growth, Tourism

Nearly all applied research on arts activity has examined phenomena in metropolitan areas. Findings from this past research confirm an arts specialization in a limited number of cities. This paper finds a similar pattern in nonmetropolitan areas, where a limited number of counties maintain or develop a distinct specialization in the arts. We document the emergence of these "rural artistic havens" and identify county characteristics associated with the attraction of performing, fine, and applied artists. The implications of these findings for rural development strategies focusing on the arts are discussed.

- by Timothy Wojan
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- Rural Development, Applied Research, Applied Economics, Urban Development
- by Habib Alipour
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- Marketing, Tourism Management, Policy Analysis, Tourism
- by Oliver Mtapuri
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- Tourism Studies, Anthropology of Tourism, Tourism Marketing, Tourism Management

Analysis of Sustainable Tourism Development in Lundu, Sarawak is a study on the development of tourism has been and will be done in Lundu. This study focuses on the development aspects of the impact of tourism on society in Lundu, involvement of village communities to the development of tourism in Lundu, Sarawak and potential Lundu, Sarawak as the development of sustainable tourism. This study uses two methods of data collection which are quantitative and qualitative. Through quantitative methods, questionnaires were distributed to 350 respondents in the study area, namely in Lundu, Sarawak. Through qualitative approaches, researchers have interviewed the elected head village and Office staffs inLundu District who have extensive knowledge of development in Sarawak Lundu. Data were analyzed for the study. All the data obtained are described in tables and diagrams. Next, the proposal forwarded to the relevant authorities and researchers hope that this study will be conducted in the future with a more complete and provides benefit to the community and anyone in need Keywords: tourism development, sustainable tourism, the impact of construction, community Lundu, community involvement, the potential of tourism, sustainable tourism locations

The quality of the environment, both natural and man-made, is essential to tourism. However, the relationship of tourism with the environment is complex. It involves many activities that can have adverse environmental effects. Many of these impacts are linked with the construction of general infrastructure such as roads and airports, and of tourism facilities, including resorts, hotels, restaurants, shops, golf

- by Ugur Sunlu
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- Environmental Pollution, Tourism Development, Environmental protection

The increasing demand of international tourists for holidays has resulted in a rapidly increase of the number of tourist destinations. To explain destinations development the life cycle approach has been widely adopted. According to Butler (1980) destinations pass through a predictable sequence of six stages. These stages are: exploration, involvement, development, consolidation, stagnation and decline or rejuvenation. In each life cycle stage there are changes in the morphology, the types of tourists visitation, and residents' attitudes towards tourism. Through the presentation of historical data from the start of the 20 th century up to now, it is the aim of this paper to document these changes by providing evidence from the island of Crete. Five stages of tourism evolution are evident, namely: the era of 'wealthy' explorers, the era of cruisers, the Second World War and the Civil War, the reconstruction of the tourism industry, and the era of mass organised tourism. The findings confirm that today the island is on the maturity stage, tourism has resulted on substantial changes on the island's coastal resorts and various attempts are required by the private and the public sectors to avoid decline.

- by Prof. Konstantinos Andriotis
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- Tourism Studies, Tourism Impacts, Tourism, Tourism Development

Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to review the contribution made by this theme issue to the question: how far do theme parks and attractions contribute to social and economic sustainability of destinations? Design/methodology/approach -The paper reviews some of the key contributions emerging from this theme issue. Findings -Theme parks and attractions will continue growing globally. There seem to be many internal and external reasons that may lead to success and failure of theme parks and attractions. It is evident that theme parks and attractions contribute greatly to sustainability of destinations in many areas including investments in infrastructure, job creation, tax revenues, tourism revenues, donations, and community support. However, it is also evident that failure of a theme park may result in a major decline or failure of a destination. Research limitations/implications -It also emerges that more research is needed into development and management of theme parks and attractions globally. Practical implications -There are many stakeholders in developing theme parks and attractions in destinations. It is essential to ensure active participation, coordination, and support from all stakeholders to ensure that theme parks and attractions deliver intended outcomes. Careful and long-term planning and coordination are necessary to ensure that theme parks and attractions created and managed well so that they contribute to sustainability of destinations. Originality/value -This current theme issue is perhaps one of the first journal issues that specifically focus on theme parks and attractions and their impact on destinations. This final paper highlights emerging conclusions from this theme and offers practical and theoretical implications to the theme park industry.

- by Ady Milman and +1
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- Corporate Social Responsibility, Sustainable Development, Regional development, Tourism

The Administration plays a central role in the development of the tourist sector so that this became competitive and sustainable. Itʼs his responsibility to establish a frame so that the tourism develops respecting criteria of sustainability, looking for the necessary balance between interests and actors and guaranteeing that the negative impacts that this activity provokes are minimal. The principal aim

- by Yolanda Pérez Albert
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- Tourism Development

This study investigates whether tourism firms in a developing country, namely Turkey, which adopt one of the four strategic orientations of Miles and Snow (1978), differ based on their financial and non-financial performance. The study results show that there is a difference in both financial and non-financial performance based on the strategic orientations followed by tourism enterprises. Generally, prospectors were found to outperform defenders, whereas analyzers showed a comparable performance to prospectors. The findings of this study imply that in developing countries, tourism businesses may be indifferent when choosing between these two strategies based on their internal characteristics since they yield similar financial results. Specific factors and developments in the macro environment and company-specific factors seem to affect tourism firms' strategic orientation as well as their performance. Better understanding and closer analysis of such factors can help improve the performance of tourism businesses in developing countries. Further research using both perceptual and objective measures is needed to confirm the present results to better assess possible differences in performance among strategic orientations in some other developing countries.

- by Fevzi Okumus
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- Marketing, Tourism Management, Developing Countries, Hospitality

There is great potential for the development of adventure tourism in Southern Africa for a number of reasons. One is the variety of landscapes provided by South Africa's natural environment that are suitable for adventure tourism activities, many of which remain relatively pristine. In addition, the development of adventure tourism has significant potential to uplift local communities through local economic development strategies due to the relatively low capital needed to establish many activities considered adventure tourism. However, very little research exists on this important industry in the South African context. Th is research note, therefore, highlights three important aspects of adventure tourism development in South Africa. First, the challenges facing the adventure tourism industry are addressed. Three of the most significant challenges to its development are the need for specific skills among staff , the use of adventure tourism as a pro-poor development strategy, and environmental management concerns associated with adventure tourism. Next, an overview of existing research is given, much of which has focused on specific adventure activities and destinations in South Africa. Finally, and most importantly, a detailed outline is offered of further research that would assist in the management and development of adventure tourism in South Africa in the future.

- by Julia Giddy
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- Adventure Tourism, Nature-based tourism, South Africa, Tourism Development

Purpose -This paper serves two purposes. First, to identify the stages of the historical development of place marketing, because place marketing has developed over time through discrete phases, which differ in their sophistication as well as in their approaches and objectives. Secondly, to identify and articulate significant issues, which will determine the "way forward" for place marketing. Design/methodology/approach -Place marketing has been shaped by developments within marketing science and cognate disciplines but also by the external historical contexts at various spatial scales that determined its assumptions, goals and priorities. A concordance of a number of approaches to the evolution of place marketing is attempted and from this, conclusions are drawn about the current assumptions upon which place marketing is based. Findings -Seven issues are identified that appear to hinder marketing implementation from delivering its full contribution and are suggested here as significant for the future of place marketing. The most important ones refer to the need for a collective understanding and appreciation of place marketing, the achievement of wide cooperation and clear role allocation, the implementation of marketing as a long-term process and the expansion of marketing understanding to fields other than tourism development. Originality/value -The originality of this paper lies in the clear articulation of the historical episodes of place marketing development and, at the same time, the identification of the issues mentioned above, which will determine the effectiveness of place marketing practice. Therefore, the paper is of great value to both academic commentators and practitioners of place marketing.

- by Mihalis Kavaratzis
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- Market Design, Marketing Strategy, Tourism Development, Place Management

to foreign tourists in the early 1990s, the number of tourists to the country has increased significantly. However, the Lao PDR remains one of the poorest countries in the world and tourism is seen by the Laotian government and by NGOs active in the country as a tool to alleviate poverty. Nonetheless, the Laotian government has until now lacked the financial means and know-how to enact a concerted and effective plan to use tourism to promote poverty alleviation in the country. The paper investigates the current state of pro-poor tourism development in Viengxay and aims at gaining an impression of the actual and potential roles and motivations of various stakeholders within the endeavour of tourism for poverty alleviation. The paper concludes with an analysis of the opportunities and barriers to pro-poor tourism in Viengxay, in which the improvement of linkages between the private sector and local development is an important aspect.

- by Wantanee Suntikul
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- Local Development, Lao PDR, Tourism, Tourism Development

Agritourism is a new form of tourism practice that is gradually gaining global recognition. The combination of agricultural activities with tourism services, is known as "Agritourism". It is a medium for promoting participation in agricultural activities and physical development. This form of tourism can be considered as a key approach to rural development, if properly managed.This paper examines how agriculture could be promoted through tourism by the fusion of both sectors to develop more socioeconomic opportunities for the host community. This study is focused on accessing the agritourism potentials of Afe Babalola University (ABUAD) farm in Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria. Quantitative and qualitative methods of research were adopted through interviews and questionnaires: These were administered through the use of random and purposive sampling method to gather important data. Data gathered were presented in the form of descriptive and inferential statistics with the aid of simple percentage analysis.

- by Khidir B Balogun
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- Sustainable Development, Agritourism, Tourism Development

Proponents of Alternative Tourism overwhelmingly believe that alternative forms of tourism development need to be small in scale. Inasmuch as tourists' demand has great power to shape the market, the issues surrounding the tourism development scale deserve further consideration. This paper discusses the implications and effects of the tourism development scale on natural resources and the environment from the perspective

- by Sinji Yang and +1
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- Tourism Development, Scale Development, Carrying Capacity, Natural Resource

Since the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991 the former Soviet republics have been coming to terms with new found independence and with operation in a market economy. Against this background many of them have been encouraging the development of tourism. The article examines the development of tourism in Uzbekistan. It outlines the key changes since independence in 1991, it identifies the main characteristics of tourism and it identifies and comments on potential strengths and weaknesses of tourism in Uzbekistan as it seeks to re-establish its links with the global tourism markets. It suggests that the transformation of tourism still has a long way to go but that quality of the attractions and the development of the services provide a basis for optimism. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd

- by David Airey
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- Marketing, Tourism Management, Tourism, Tourism Development

This paper addresses two interrelated issues in tourism development: horizontal integration within tourism's component sectors and attempts at vertical integration between them. The paper employs a conceptual framework adapted from regulation theory, to assess the dynamics of these processes, particularly in relation to airlines and hotels. Through examining some of the most important examples of both horizontal and vertical integration, it indicates how these have in#uenced contemporary strategies in the component sectors. The paper goes on to illustrate how trends towards Fordist organization within airlines have con#icted with post-Fordist trends in hotel operations, to undermine attempts at vertical integration across the tourism industry.

- by Anthony van Fossen
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- Management, Marketing, Tourism Management, Environmental Studies

This article examines the growth of Community-Based Tourism within the broader discipline of tourism. New topics in the field have emerged such as responsible tourism, pro-poor tourism, sports tourism and moral impacts of tourism. This phenomenon also reflects the multi-disciplinarity of tourism. In this article, using the Title, Abstract and Keywords (TAK) for instances in which the words (Community-based Tourism, Community Tourism and Community-Based Eco-Tourism) to subsume Community-Based Tourism (CBT), a search was made in various databases and found that CBT as a sub-specialty of tourism started to emerge in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The number of articles published specifically on CBT has been growing phenomenally. The major contribution of this article is that we now know the evolution of CBT and we also now know its trajectory of growth which has been upward. While the number of articles on CBT is growing, there is no journal dedicated solely to CBT.

- by Oliver Mtapuri
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- Tourism Studies, Anthropology of Tourism, Tourism Marketing, Tourism Management

Heritage tourism is seen as a way to bolster struggling urban economies and redevelop municipal spaces. Attempts to understand the processes and outcomes associated with urban heritage tourism development usually fall into one of two groupings: a "topdown" perspective stressing the role of global factors and external actors in driving urban redevelopment; and a "bottom-up" perspectiw focusing on local influences. This paper argues for an integrative approach. The case studies of Montreal and Singapore show that while similar macro-scale processes have pushed both cities to adopt heritage tourism as an urban redevelopment strategy the final outcomes reflect important local influences.

- by Atirah Ghazali
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- Marketing, Tourism, Tourism Development, Case Study