WTO/GATT Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

"The increasing sensibility regarding intangible cultural heritage provides momentum to better define a legal framework for the protection of these peculiar immaterial goods. This article questions whether the current intellectual property rights (IPRs) regime represents an adequate model of protection vis-à-vis intangible cultural heritage. A plethora of caveats must be taken into consideration, starting with the desirability of the commodification of intangible cultural heritage, i.e. its exploitation and commercialization through the IPRs regime, but also including the outlining of the legal instruments needed for guaranteeing adequate advantages for the countries and communities representing the sources of origin of the intangible goods.
After framing the crucial issues detected in literature regarding intangible cultural heritage, the article investigates the ways in which the actual IPRs regime grants protection to intangible goods. Our evaluation supports the idea that, without a many-faceted remodeling, current intellectual property laws represent an unsatisfactory mechanism for protecting intangible cultural heritage. This inadequacy is rooted in the inefficacy of IPRs under the patent and copyright regimes in ensuring the protection of cultural heritage, while also falling short of fostering an appropriate comprehensive social policy."

- by
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- Islamic Law, Indigenous Studies, Intellectual Property, Globalization

Edited by Kalman Kalotay, this publication contains essays by 11 economists: Predrag Bjelić, Piergiuseppe Fortunato, Torbjörn Fredriksson, Maria Alejandra Gonzalez-Perez, Jan Hoffmann, the volume's editor, Michael Lim, Jörg Mayer, Simon Mevel, Mia Mikic and Maler Vilee, written on the occasion of Mohan Panicker's retirement from UNCTAD, after managing its most successful training programme, the flagship "Paragraph 166" courses on Key Issues on the International Economic Agenda since their inception in 2002. The production of the publication was managed by Khaled Gaafar, and the cover page designed by Sophie Combette.

This Textbook has been prepared with financial assistance from the European Union. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and therefore in no way reflect the official opinion of the European Union nor the Ministry of Industry... more

This Textbook has been prepared with financial assistance from the
European Union. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and
therefore in no way reflect the official opinion of the European Union nor
the Ministry of Industry and Trade

- by Thắng Nguyễn Phúc
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- NPT, UEL, WTO / INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW, WTO/GATT

This article examines the trade and environment debate in the context of a very recent dispute that has arisen with respect to a Brazilian ban on the import of retread tires. PART I of this article addresses the most relevant trade and environment scholarship and the development of selected trade and environment/ public health jurisprudence in the GATT/WTO. PART II deals with the MERCOSUR dispute over trade in retread tires, explaining
the specific products banned by Brazil, the relevant treaty' provisions under which the import ban was reviewed by the MERCOSUR arbitration panel, and the consequent regulatory changes produced in domestic law. PART III addresses the WTO dispute over trade in retread tires, setting out the specific provisions of the W'TO agreements that the European Communities (EC) contend are currently being violated by the Brazilian ban, along with a description of the way in which these provisions have been interpreted by previous decisions of the WTO panels and the Appellate Body. Finally, Part IV concludes the article.

- by Fabio C Morosini and +1
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- International trade law, Mercosur/Mercosul, Environmental protection, WTO/GATT

Relação de Publicados n. 225. Relação de Originais n. 506.
1. Introdução: a complexidade da agenda econômica internacional
2. Agendas negociadoras nos foros econômicos mundiais: uma perspectiva de meio século
De Bretton Woods ao GATT-ITO
O Plano Marshall e a OECE
Da reconstrução ao desenvolvimento... como projeto
O desenvolvimento entra na agenda internacional
O comércio desigual: busca da não-reciprocidade
A negociação do desenvolvimento: a UNCTAD
Ascensão e declínio da UNCTAD
3. Agendas negociadoras da OCDE, da OMC e da UNCTAD: divergências e compromissos
O charme discreto de uma velha senhora: a OCDE
A OMC e a nova estrutura do comércio internacional
A “nova” UNCTAD e o desafio do desenvolvimento
4. OCDE, OMC e UNCTAD: agendas convergentes nos foros econômicos multilaterais?
Diferenças funcionais, similaridade de objetivos
Do purgatório capitalista a um novo contrato global

- by Paulo Roberto de Almeida
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- International Political Economy, OECD, Brazilian Foreign policy, UNCTAD

The crisis on trade cooperation resulted in an impasse in the appointment of new Appellate Body members in the World Trade Organization (WTO) . As of December 11th, 2019, the number of judges on the Appellate Body was reduced to only one member. Its primary function of adjudicating international trade dispute appeals and adopting Panel reports was brought to a grinding halt after a progressively successful career. This unfortunate demise threatens to derail the multilateral rules-based trade regime that has regulated and even burgeoned the global economy for more than seventy years. This paper assesses some of the factors that threatened to unravel the WTO regime and suggests possible opportunities to move forward with a rules-based system of international trade.

- by Sher Maharaj
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- WTO Trade Topics, WTO law, WTO Dispute Settlement, WTO
- by Dmitriy Galushko and +1
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- International Studies, International Law, WTO law, WTO/GATT
- by Arooj Malik
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- WTO Trade Topics, WTO law, WTO Dispute Settlement, WTO

Edited volume with contributions from H. E. Mogens Jensen, Gary C. Hufbauer, Ricardo Meléndez-Ortiz, Richard Samans, Jisun Kim, Joachim Monkelbaan, Arunabha Ghosh, Himani Gangania, Alan Herve, David Luff, Sunny Rai, Tetyana Payasova,... more

- by Ricardo Meléndez-Ortiz and +1
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- Climate Change, Wind Energy, International Trade, Sustainable Development

People’s Republic of China which was founded in 1949 was in the position of a self-enclosed economy. Together with the economic reforms carried out in 1980s, China has entered into a transition period from socialist system to free market economy. Together with these reforms, China became a member of IMF in 1989 and World Trade Organization in 2001. As a result of these international expansion policies, the country takes the attention with its high growing rates and becomes the focus of the international capital. Especially after the country became a member in World Trade Organization in 2001, foreign trade volume has expanded and foreign direct investment flow is increased. Foreign trade reforms in China are analyzed in this study because of the outstanding growth in Chinese trade in recent years.

- by Huseyin Tekler 錢博文
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- Economic Development, China studies, WTO/GATT

Washington, 17 abr. 2003, 4 p. Resenha do livro de Rabih Ali Nasser, A OMC e os países em desenvolvimento (São Paulo: Aduaneiras, 2003). Publicada na revista Política Externa (v. 12, n. 1, jun/jul/ago. 2003; ISSN: 1518-6660; p. 146-148).... more

In spite of substantial economic growth of nations, there still persist conflicting views among developed and developing countries for retaining a strong intellectual property regime in their municipal laws. For instance, the debate on competition laws and feasibility of having monopolistic tendencies as emphasized by the jurisprudence of IP laws still appears to haunt the think-tank of developing nations like India. The fact that developing countries vary widely in the quality and capacity of their scientific and technical infrastructures, poses a major hurdle to the extent of applicability of IP, particularly, patent laws. Having a uniform IP standard across the globe undoubtedly seems to be an idealistic situation, but the issue certainly involves numerous micro and macro considerations which needs to be considered. The aim of the present paper is to analyze the impact of a strong IP regime on the economic development of a nation. As is well understood, IP protection is an important determinant of economic growth. It helps entrepreneurs to recover costs of their innovative expenses. Undoubtedly, IP systems must be developed so as to bring in socioeconomic well-being of the people. However, the incentives for the same needs to be analyzed critically considering the conflicting views of various stakeholders at the WTO platform. Having strong IPR actually provoke IPR infringements in many developing nations also seems to be a serious issue which needs to be considered while comprehending the need for the strong IPR regime. The trade-off between unfair competition laws and IP also assumes importance of high magnitude and hence needs to be debated.

2018. MIT Press, Cambridge Mass. Ed. Urs Luterbacher and Detlef F. Sprinz

- by Carla Norrlof
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- Environmental Law, Climate Change, International Trade, Environmental Studies
- by Manzoor Elahi
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- Law, Islamic Law, Constitutional Law, International Economics

هدف اساسی این تحقیق گشایش یک روزنه ی روشن برای دورنمای افغانستان پسا الحاق در سازمان تجارت جهانی میباشد. طوریکه، افغانستان در ۲۹ جولای سال ۲۰۱۶ عضویت سازمان تجارت جهانی را به دست آورد، اما این موضوع هنوز هم قابل تحقیق است، که بعد از الحاق به این سازمان وضعیت تجاری و اقتصادی افغانستان بهتر خواهد شد یا خیر؟ برای این ملحوظ در این تحقیق وضعیت تجاری و اقتصادی کشورهای جنوب آسیا به خصوص کشورهای (هندوستان، پاکستان و بنگله دیش) تحلیل گردیده تا بر مبنای آن دورنمای افغانستان در سازمان تجارت جهانی ترسیم گردد. درین تحقیق از روش مختلط (کیفی/ کتابخانه ای) استفاده گردیده است. طوریکه مرور آثار در خصوص کشور های جنوب آسیا نشان میدهد، وضعیت این کشور ها در کل بهبود یافته اما نه به اندازه ی که توقع میرفت و در تمامی این کشور ها سکتور زراعت تأثیرات منفی برداشته است و همچنان کسر بیلانس تجارت نیز بیشتر گردیده است. در خصوص افغانستان همچنان توقع می رود که واردات بیشتر شده و کسر بیلانس تجارت این کشور را بیشتر سازد، زیرا شرایط حاکم در کشور به گونه ی است که تولیدات داخلی با معیارات جهانی بخصوص از لحاظ بسته بندی آماده رقابت نبوده و این امر در کوتاه مدت باعث افزایش واردات خواهدگردید. افغانستان برای اینکه از عضویت در سازمان تجارت جهانی استفاده بهینه نماید، باید قوانین سازمان را بصورت جدی تطبیق کرده و شرایط تطبیق آنرا فراهم سازد زیرا تحقیقات نشان میدهند کشور های بیشترین نفع را از عضویت سازمان نصیب شدند که قوانین سازمان را بصورت جدی تطبیق نموده اند. از فرصت های خوبی برای افغانستان در سازمان تجارت جهانی بهبود وضعیت قوانین تجاری، معیاری شدن تولید و همچنان حل معضل ترانزیتی با کشور های همسایه توقع برده میشود.
اصطلاحات کلیدی: سازمان تجارت جهانی، جنوب آسیا، حجم تجارت، تولیدات ناخالص داخلی، سرمایه گذاری مستقیم خارجی.

- by Ajmal Kakar
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- Political Economy of International Trade, WTO, WTO/GATT, تجارت

Il presente elaborato intende proporre al lettore un’analisi delle misure commerciali restrittive che diversi paesi hanno adottato durante il periodo di pandemia Covid-19, atte a limitare o vietare le esportazioni di dispositivi di protezione individuale (DPI). L’obbiettivo principale è quello di ricostruire l’evoluzione del mercato internazionale di questi dispositivi durante la pandemia, andando ad osservare come l’interruzione delle catene di approvvigionamento mondiale abbia sollevato una serie di questioni e problematiche per i paesi importatori.

- by Gianluca Legé
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- Economics, European Law, International Law, International Development

Sanctions are by their nature discriminatory trade barriers and prime facie conflict with World Trade Organization (WTO) obligations if undertaken between WTO Members. However, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (GATT) Article XXI (‘security exceptions’) expressly permits WTO Members to impose sanctions in certain situations. GATT art XXI(c) definitively covers only sanctions mandated by Security Council resolutions under ch VII. GATT art XXI(b), while allowing Members considerable discretion in taking unilateral sanctions on national security grounds, is nonetheless subject to more intensive review by WTO dispute settlement panels and the Appellate Body. A third type of sanction, in addition to UN and unilateral sanctions, is the so-called ‘hybrid’ sanction, which is related to but exceeds the scope of a ch VII resolution. In those circumstances, art XXI(c) will excuse that portion of the sanctions regime that complies with the ch VII resolution, but art XXI(b) must be relied upon to excuse the remaining portion. Specifically, for a WTO Member to justify measures pursuant to GATT art XXI(b), it must have determined that the scope of the relevant resolution leaves its essential security interest exposed, such that it considers trade restrictions necessary to protect them.

- by Andrew D Mitchell
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- WTO / INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW, WTO/GATT

The epidemiology and political economy of the global health gap has provoked struggle over TRIPS and access to medicines for HIV/AIDS and other health needs in developing countries. This in turn raises broader questions about the WTO regime’s impact on health and its relationship to other international legal norms, such as states’ legal obligation to realize progressively the human right to the highest attainable standard of health. A critical review of WTO treaties and jurisprudence identifies concerns with the regime’s treatment to date of health-related measures. In WTO dispute settlement, a state’s binding human rights obligations must not only guide WTO treaty interpretation but be given full effect, in line with the international legal hierarchy in which human rights norms are “constitutional”, enjoying primacy over other norms such as WTO intellectual property rules. This hierarchy can and should be reflected in the creation, interpretation and operation of the WTO regime.

The WTO legal framework in the field of energy is a disintegrated one. There are no specific rules on energy directly addressing its production, purchase and distribution, and even the word ‘energy’ is absent from the multitude of agreements composing the WTO system. The reason for this may be traced back to the historical roots of the organisation, with just a small number of producers of energy involved in the creation of the 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) – the precursor of the WTO. Only more recently have major energy-producing States such as Russia and Saudi Arabia, together with some significant consumers like China or transit States like Ukraine, acceded to the WTO, amplifying a problem that is now strongly felt. This problem does not lie in the impossibility of applying WTO rules to energy-relating issues – this application is indeed absolutely possible – but in the fact that these rules were not tailored to energy, are incomplete and scattered throughout the WTO instruments. Incomplete because some topics are not covered (e.g., electricity as a non-storable, sui generis good has no status) or are covered in a general fashion, with no focus on energy problems (e.g., Art. V GATT on transit of goods is more basic than the relevant provision – Art. 7 – in the 1991 Energy Charter Treaty). Not-fully consistent because an activity like the transnational supply of energy is situated in the middle ground between the provision of a good (covered by the GATT) and of a service (covered by the General Agreements on Trade in Services; “GATS”), and ends up being subject to a dual regime49.
This notwithstanding, there are many WTO rules that may find application in cases concerning energy resources. They range from the most-favoured-nation (Arts. I GATT, Art. II GATS) and the national- treatment principles (Art. III GATT, Art. XVII GATS)50 to the prohibition of quantitative restrictions (Art. XI GATT), subsidies (Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, hereinafter “ASCM”) and dumping (Anti-dumping Agreement; “ADA”). The reach from the rules on monopolies and State enterprises (Arts. II and XVII GATT, Art. VIII GATS) and technical obstacles to trade (Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade) to those on the Agreement on Trade-related Investment Measures (“TRIMs”; e.g., local-content requirements) and the Agreement on Agriculture (biofuels). The functioning of many of these rules is well known in legal doctrine, so they will not be analysed in-depth here. Except for the Government Procurement Agreement – which is important since the greatest energy transactions are concluded through contracts between states and private companies – only a few elements will be discussed, as incidental to the main topics of this chapter, namely the fight against market distortions and the protection of the environment, two of the main political and legal challenges the EU is now facing.

- by Antonino Ali
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- Energy Law, WTO law, International trade law, EU trade policy

Le projet de développer une régulation international de la concurrence est ancien et protéiforme car il s'est manifesté tant l'enceinte du GATT / OMC, que de la CEE / UE, de l'ONU ou de la CNUCED. Au carrefour de l'histoire économique et de l'histoire globale, cet article reconstitue une ambition ancienne, portée par des individus aux motivations variées, des pays du Sud réclamant un contrôle des entreprises du Nord, aux néolibéraux souhaitant promouvoir la mondialisation libérale. En particulier, un certain nombre d’acteurs européens, en particulier des juristes inspirés par l’expérience allemande, ont tenté de faciliter la mise en place d’une régulation mondiale de la concurrence, fondée en partie sur l’expérience européenne, dans les années 1990, sans succès.

- by Laurent Warlouzet
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- Globalization, Competition Law, Competition Policy, Global History

The US-China trade war instigated by President Trump has thrown the multilateral trading system into a crisis. Drawing on vast interview and documentary materials, Hopewell shows how US-China conflict had already paralyzed the system of international rules and institutions governing trade. The China Paradox-the fact that China is both a developing country and an economic powerhouse-creates significant challenges for global trade governance and rule-making. While China demands exemptions from global trade disciplines as a developing country, the US refuses to extend special treatment to its rival. The implications of this conflict extend far beyond trade, impeding pro-development and pro-environment reforms of the global trading system. As one of the first analyses of the implications of US-China rivalry for the governance of global trade, this book is crucial to our understanding of China's impact on the global trading system and on the liberal international economic order. on this title 30 June 2021 Expires

Celem książki jest analiza zmian zachodzących w handlowym wymiarze globalnego zarządzania gospodarczego.Autorzy odnieśli się do wybranych aspektów funkcjonowania światowego systemu handlu, dokonując oceny ich funkcjonalności oraz odnosząc się do związanych z nimi wyzwań. W kolejnych częściach opracowania omówiono m.in.: kwestię kryzysu idei globalnego zarządzania gospodarczego, problematykę postępującej dysfunkcjonalności Światowej Organizacji Handlu oraz zagrożeń dla wielostronnego systemu handlowego, wybrane aspekty regulacji handlu rolnego i przeszkody dla rozwoju handlu światowego, a także zagadnienia zależności między handlem międzynarodowym a rozwojem społeczno-gospodarczym na przykładzie inicjatywy Aid for Trade i specyfikę handlu produktami wiedzy.

- by Marek Rewizorski and +2
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- International Relations, International Regimes, Political Science, International Political Economy

La Diaria, 31 diciembre 2020

- by Magdalena Bas and +1
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- International Relations, International Law, International Trade, Vaccines

This course is devoted to understanding the organization of world politics. It is not strictly about the United Nations (UN) system, though the first half of the course will focus on the so-called UN Galaxy, affiliated agencies and and their roles in shaping world politics. Later in the semester this course will also address peacekeeping operations, international financial and trade institutions (International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and GATT/WTO system), security organizations (NATO and regional equivalents), international adjudicative bodies (including international criminal tribunals), and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The general objective of this course is to develop the student's capacity to critically examine problems in international organization and global governance, consider the range of possible solutions to those problems, and communicate the results of this analysis to others. The assigned readings explore organizational forms, stability and change, efficacy and dysfunction, among other themes in the study of world politics. 2. Methodology and textbooks The course is taught through lectures and in-class discussions. The relevant materials are indicated for each topic in the course syllabus and will be made available online by the instructor. Students are required to read them carefully before coming to class. Please follow the order in which readings are listed below. Additional readings are also suggested for students who wish to go further on topics of particular interest (see the course Blackboard page).

- by Sharon Jumper
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- Law, Comparative Law, International Business, International Law
- by Rishabha Meena
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- International Trade, International trade law, TRIPS, SPS, TBT, WTO/GATT

This paper assesses both institutionalist and realist positions in regard the efficacy of international institutions. Using the GATT and the EU as examples, it is found that international institutions represent a means for powerful states to construct international society for their own benefit, rather than for reasons of true co-operation.

Neoliberals do not believe in
the liberation but in the encasement of markets. The encasement or protection is staged not
only by the state but, crucially, by a law understood at the global level. This is not only the
public international law between states but the private international law that protects
individuals and corporations and its synthesis in the so-called International Economic Law
(IEL) ascendant since the 1980s. Neoliberals, especially those from what I call the Geneva
School as opposed to the Chicago School, share a foundational belief in the need for what
they call the visible hand of the law as the necessary supplement to the invisible hand of the
market. This essay introduces the idea of ordoglobalism as a way of describing this inherently political school of thought.

- by Quinn Slobodian
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- Critical Theory, History, Intellectual History, Cultural History

In a short period of time, Covid-19 has become much bigger than just a health problem. Among other things, it has disrupted the global economy and world trade, with the biggest negative impact of the pandemic outbreak in the international services sector. During the Covid-19 crisis, in order to preserve the national economy, states started introducing trade-related measures. These measures had the potential to disrupt trade flows, supply chains, and eventually even the whole system of world trade. The paper examines the compliance of trade restriction measures taken in response to Covid-19 with the WTO rules and what the policy of the WTO was during this crisis. Since the elimination of trade restrictions is one of the WTO basic principles, this introduction of a number of restrictions had to meet certain preconditions prescribed by the WTO agreements, such as transparency, temporality, and not being discriminatory towards different countries, etc. Since the Covid-19 crisis is still ongoing, we concluded that most countries have introduced some form of trade policy measures, most of them in the form of technical barriers to trade and sanitary and phytosanitary measures, and that the introduced measures will not all be removed as long as there is an existing threat and insecurity.

- by Yavuz ELBİSTAN
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- Foreign Policy Analysis, East Asia, United Nations, Foreign Policy
- by Richard Anderson Sinaga
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- Islamic Law, Political Economy, Environmental Law, Corporate Law
- by Phuong Thao Vu
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- International Commercial Law, WTO/GATT

"Si aucune théorie générale n’a été élaborée au sujet des processus et méthodes de production (PMP) en droit de l’OMC, il apparaît que la jurisprudence récente n’empêche pas nécessairement des PMP à finalité environnementale de sortir leurs effets pour autant « qu’elles soient prises de bonne foi ou mettent en œuvre des conventions internationales protectrices de l’environnement » . Les incertitudes juridiques autant dans les textes que dans le cadre du système de règlement des différends de l’OMC doivent inciter à une clarification du débat sur la possibilité d’admettre la prise en compte des méthodes et processus de fabrication. "

- by Rohanne F
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- Environmental Law, Photovoltaics, Energy and Environment, WTO law

This is the world with money, markets, business, trade and investment. These things are changing this world very quickly. In this competitive and progressive world of trade and business, the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its dispute settlement system have a crucial role to play. Dispute settlement system of World Trade Organization (WTO) has become one of the significant international tribunal.

This chapter overviews the relationship between international trade and the WTO law, international trade strategy, as well as labour standards, human rights, and the public health in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. It is stated that the most effective way to overcome the crisis is timely and effective information-sharing since informed community can make better decisions on trade issues. The urgency of effective measures and implementation of new WTO regulations are believed to be vital for providing fair trade in the present circumstances. The right trade policies would not only revive the trade and recover the time lost to the crisis but would also shift toward a more sustainable and inclusive future. The author claims that, in view of the pandemic, the efforts of policymakers and business leaders to find ways to achieve trade balance should imply greater coherency between trade, labour standards, public health, and human rights objectives.

Special and Differential Treatment / S&DT adalah ketentuan-ketentuan perlakuan khusus yang diberikan kepada negara berkembang dalam berbagai elemen perjanjian WTO yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan peran serta negara berkembang dalam perdagangan global dan mendorong pembangunan. Perkembangan mengenai isu S&DT ini perlu dicermati Indonesia sebagai negara berkembang yang dapat memperoleh hak-hak istimewa tersebut guna mengamankan kepentingan nasional.

- by Maximin Emagna
- •
- Islamic Law, Corporate Law, Business Law, Intellectual Property Law

In the following paper the relationship between political stability and trade agreements as well as the empirical model of political stabilization in WTO member states that affects international trade, are analyzed. The author considers three approaches to domestic political economy of trade agreements setting special focus on national security, which safeguards their simplicity, stability and neutrality. Social and economic development provides for political stability, crucial for ensuring democracy and healthy economic processes in the WTO countries. Dramatic political changes, like a coup d'etat, cause shock, slow down/reverse of economic growth and deteriorate welfare of the population. On the other hand, trade stability is achieved through the unique political arrangement of the World Trade Organization, the complex mechanism of power redistribution (checks and balances), the diversity of member states, and the constant struggle between supra-nationalism and intergovernmentalism in decision-making. The author explores the level of trade stability, simplicity and neutrality in view of the specific cases as well as the conducted research. It is concluded, that political stability promotes regional and good neighborly relations, thus affecting the trade stability of the EU/WTO countries at different degrees. The research is based on the theorists' arguments on political stability.

- by Giga Abuseridze
- •
- International Relations, International Law, International Trade, WTO Trade Topics
- by Giuseppe Morgese
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- Intellectual Property, WTO Trade Topics, Intellectual Property Law, WTO law
- by Abiola Inniss
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- Islamic Law, Corporate Law, Business Law, Intellectual Property Law
- by ria yohana
- •
- International Business, International Law, Tobacco control policy, Hukum