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شاندونغ (بالصينية: 山东 = Shāndōng)هي مقاطعة داخلية في الصين. تقع على واجهة خليج بوهاي والبحر الأصفر (بحر الصين)، تقابلها على الواجهة الأخرى شبه جزيرة «». عاصمتها مدينة «جينان». لعبت شاندونغ دورًا رئيسًا في التاريخ الصيني منذ بداية الحضارة الصينية على روافد النهر الأصفر. وكانت بمثابة مركزًا محوريًا للثقافة والدين لدى الطاوية، والبوذية الصينية، والكونفوشية. جبل تايشان بشاندونغ هو أكثر جبل موقر في الطاوية ومزار عالمي يمتلك أطول تاريخ للعبادة الدينية المستمرة. كذلك كانت المعابد في الجبال الواقعة جنوب العاصمة جينان ضمن المزارات البوذية الرئيسة في الصين. مدينة تشيوفو هي مسقط رأس كونفوشيوس وتم اعتبارها مركز الكونفوشية فيما بعد. وتطورت الكونفوشية مما عُرف فيما بعد بمدارس الفكر المئة للفيلسوف الصيني كونفوشيوس. موقع شاندونغ في ملتقى الطرق التجارية القديمة والحديثة بين الشمال والجنوب والشرق والغرب جعل منها مركزًا اقتصاديا. وبعد فترة من عدم الاستقرار السياسي والمعاناة الاقتصادية التي بدأت في أواخر القرن التاسع عشر، ظهرت شاندونغ كواحدة من أكثر مقاطعات الصين سكانًا (سجلت 99,470,000 مقيم في تعداد 2016) وازدهارًا، بناتج محلي إجمالي يقدر بـ7.65 تريليون رنمينبي في عام 2018 وهو ما يعادل 1.156 تريليون دولار أمريكي، مما جعلها ثالث أكثر مقاطعات الصين ثراء. كذلك تعتبر شاندونغ سادس أكثر تقسيم إداري مكتظ بالسكان في العالم. (ar) Šan-tung (čínskýmí znaky: 山东; pchin-jinem: Shāndōng) je pobřežní provincie Čínské lidové republiky ve východní Číně. Má rozlohu 157 100 km² a žije v ní téměř 100 miliónů obyvatel. Jedná se o jednu z nejlidnatějších a ekonomicky nejrozvinutějších provincií. Provincie Šan-tung hrála již od počátku čínské civilizace významnou roli a sloužila jako stěžejní kulturní a náboženské místo pro taoismus, čínský buddhismus a konfucianismus. Hlavním městem je subprovinční město Ťi-nan. Na území provincie se nachází rodiště Konfucia, město Čchü-fu, a posvátná hora Tchaj (Tchaj-šan), která je nejvyšším vrcholem provincie. (cs) (?·pàg.) (xinès tradicional: 山東, xinès simplificat: 山东, pinyin: Shāndōng, Wade-Giles: Shan-tung) és una província costanera de l'est de la República Popular de la Xina. La seva abreviació és Lu, per l'estat de Lu. Shandong vol dir "muntanyes de l'est", en referència a les muntanyes de Taihang. La província es troba al curs baix del Huang He (riu Groc) i s'estén cap al mar tot formant la . Shandong limita amb la al nord, amb Hebei al nord-oest, amb Henan a l'oest, amb Jiangsu al sud, i el mar Groc al sud-est; també té una petita frontera amb Anhui, entre Henan i Jiangsu. La província de Shandong també és coneguda com a Qílǔ (齐鲁/齊魯). (ca) Η / Το Σαντόνγκ ή Σαντούνγκ ή Σαν Τουνγκ (κινεζικά: 山东, προφέρεται: [ʂán.tʊ́ŋ]) είναι ανατολική παραθαλάσσια επαρχία της Λαϊκής Δημοκρατίας της Κίνας που καταλαμβάνει την ομώνυμη χερσόνησο. Βρέχεται από τη Θάλασσα Μποχάι στα βόρεια, την Κίτρινη Θάλασσα στα νοτιοανατολικά και συνορεύει με τις επαρχίες Χεμπέι στα βορειοδυτικά, Χαϊνάν στα δυτικά, Τσιανγκσού στα νότια, και με την Ανχουί, μεταξύ Χαϊνάν και Τσιανγκσού. Καταλαμβάνει έκταση 157.168 τ.χμ. και ο πληθυσμός της ανέρχεται σε 95.793.065, σύμφωνα με την απογραφή του (2010) που την καθιστά δεύτερη σε πληθυσμό επαρχία της Κίνας. Μεγαλύτερη πόλη είναι η Τσινγκτάο και πρωτεύουσά της είναι η Τζινάν, ή Τσινάν (Jinan). (el) Ŝandongo estas provinco en la oriento de Ĉinio kun 98 milionoj da loĝantoj. En antikveco en tiu provinco esti Lu-ŝtato de Konfuceo (vidu la suban mapon). Ĉefurbo de la provinco estas Ĝjinano kun 4 milionoj da enloĝantoj. En tiu provinco naskiĝis, vivis kaj mortis Konfuceo (vidu la suban bildon) ( grava ĉina instruisto, verkisto, politikisto, kaj filozofo, kies ideoj, nomataj konfuceismo, profunde influis multajn aziajn kulturojn). La municipo Zaozhuang situas en tiu provinco. La Internacia Esperanto-Muzeo troviĝas en la Zaozhuang-a Universitato. (eo) Shandong, dt. nach Stange auch Schantung oder Lessing-Othmer Schandung genannt (chinesisch 山東 / 山东, Pinyin Shāndōng), ist eine Provinz an der chinesischen Ostküste. Shandong liegt am Unterlauf des Gelben Flusses (Huang He). Von 1898 bis 1914 war mit dem Gebiet Kiautschou ein Teil der Provinz Pachtgebiet des Deutschen Reichs. Nachbarprovinzen sind Anhui, Hebei, Henan und Jiangsu. (de) Shandong (山东 txinera sinplifikatuz), Txinako Herri Errepublikako probintzia baten izena da. Probintziak 156.700 kilometro koadroko azalera dauka eta 2004ko erroldaren arabera 94.000.000 biztanle bizi ziren bertan. (eu) Shandong léase en chino, Shan-tóng, lit. 'Zh-Shandong.ogg' (en chino simplificado, 山东 'Montes Orientales'; en chino tradicional, 山東; pinyin, Shāndōng; transcripción antigua, Shantung) es una de las veintidós provincias que, junto con las cinco regiones autónomas, cuatro municipios y dos regiones administrativas especiales, conforman la República Popular China. Su capital es Jinan. Su abreviatura es Lǔ (鲁), por el Estado de Lu que existió en la zona durante el periodo de las Primaveras y los Otoños. Otro nombre popular que se le suele dar es Qilu (齐鲁, 齊魯, Qílǔ ), ya que el Estado de Qi también estuvo aquí en esa misma época. Shandong significa literalmente “este de las montañas” en referencia a la localización de la provincia al este de las montañas Taihang. La provincia está situada en el bajo río Amarillo y se extiende hacia el mar en la península de Shandong. Limita con el mar de Bohai al norte, con Hebei al noroeste, con Henan al oeste, con Jiangsu al sur y con el mar Amarillo al suroeste. También comparte un pequeño tramo de frontera con Anhui, entre Henan y Jiangsu. (es) Cúige is ea Shandong (Sínis: 山东, Pinyin: Shāndōng) i nDaon-Phoblacht na Síne. Tá an cúige suite in oirthear na tíre. (ga) Shandong atau Shan-tung (Hanzi sederhana: 山东; Hanzi tradisional: 山東; Pinyin: Shāndōng; Wade–Giles: Shan-tung) adalah sebuah pesisir di timur Republik Rakyat Tiongkok. Kependekannya adalah Lu, setelah yang berada di sini pada Periode Semi dan Gugur. Shandong bila diartikan secara harfiah adalah "timur gunung", yang menunjuk ke lokasi provinsi yang berada di timur . Provinsi ini terletak di bagian hilir Huang He (Sungai Kuning) dan memanjang ke laut dalam bentuk Semenanjung Shandong. Shandong berbatasan dengan Teluk Bohai di utara, Hebei di barat laut, Henan di barat, Jiangsu di selatan, dan Sungai Kuning di tenggara; dia juga berbagi perbatasan dengan Anhui, antara Henan dan Jiangsu. Julukan umum untuk Shandong adalah Qílǔ (齐鲁/齊魯), setelah dan negara Qi yang berada di sini pada masa Periode Semi dan Gugur. (in) Shandong (UK: /ʃænˈdʊŋ/ shan-DUUNG, US: /ʃɑːnˈdɔːŋ/ shahn-DAWNG; simplified Chinese: 山东; traditional Chinese: 山東; alternately romanized as Shantung) is a coastal province of the People's Republic of China and is part of the East China region. Shandong has played a major role in Chinese history since the beginning of Chinese civilization along the lower reaches of the Yellow River. It has served as a pivotal cultural and religious center for Taoism, Chinese Buddhism and Confucianism. Shandong's Mount Tai is the most revered mountain of Taoism and a site with one of the longest histories of continuous religious worship in the world. The Buddhist temples in the mountains to the south of the provincial capital of Jinan were once among the foremost Buddhist sites in China. The city of Qufu is the birthplace of Confucius and was later established as the center of Confucianism. Confucianism developed from what was later called the Hundred Schools of Thought from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. Shandong's location at the intersection of ancient and modern north–south and east–west trading routes has helped establish it as an economic center. After a period of political instability and economic hardship that began in the late 19th century, Shandong has experienced rapid growth in recent decades. Home to over 100 million inhabitants, Shandong is the world's sixth-most populous subnational entity, and China's second most populous province. The economy of Shandong is China's third largest provincial economy with a GDP of CNY¥8.3 trillion in 2021 or USD$1.3 trillion, which is equivalent to the GDP of Mexico. Compared to a country, it would be the 15th-largest economy and the 15th most populous as of 2021. Its GDP per capita is around the national average. Shandong is considered one of China's leading provinces in education and research. It hosts 153 higher education institutions, ranking second in East China after Jiangsu and fourth among all Chinese provinces/municipalities after Jiangsu, Guangdong and Henan. As of 2022, two major cities ranked in the top 70 cities in the world (Jinan 36th and Qingdao 68th) by scientific research output, as tracked by the Nature Index. (en) Le Shandong (chinois simplifié : 山东省 ; chinois traditionnel : 山東省 ; pinyin : Shāndōng shěng ; litt. « à l'est de la montagne ») est une province de l'est de la Chine, sur la mer Jaune et le golfe de Bohai. Avec plus de 100 millions d'habitants, c'est l'une des provinces les plus peuplées du pays. Bien que situé au sud de Pékin, on considère que le Shandong fait partie de la Chine du Nord. Son chef-lieu est Jinan (pinyin : Jǐ'nán). La partie est de la province, la péninsule du Shandong où se trouve la ville de Qingdao, bénéficie d'importants investissements étrangers. C'est dans le Shandong, alors nommé pays de Lu, que vécut et mourut Confucius (551-479 av. J.-C.). (fr) Shandong is een kustprovincie aan de oostkust van China. De naam Shandong betekent letterlijk "oostkant van de bergen". De provincie ligt aan het eind van het stroomgebied van de Gele Rivier aan de Gele Zee. Shandong heeft vanaf vroege tijden een belangrijke rol gespeeld in de ontwikkeling van China. Confucius werd hier geboren. Een aantal plaatsen langs de kust vielen eind 19de eeuw tijdelijk onder controle van vreemde mogendheden (Duitsland en Engeland). Tegenwoordig is het een van de rijkste provincies van China. Shangdong is het grootste wijnbouwgebied van Oost-China. (nl) ( 산둥은 여기로 연결됩니다. 다른 뜻에 대해서는 산둥 (동음이의) 문서를 참고하십시오.) 산둥성(중국어 간체자: 山东省, 정체자: 山東省, 병음: Shāndōng Shěng) 또는 산동성은 중화인민공화국 동부의 성이다. 산동 반도에 자리 잡고 있으며 황하 하류, 황해, 보하이해와 접하고 있다. (ko) Lo Shandong (in cinese 山東T, 山东S, ShāndōngP, ShantungW, Schantung o Schandong in tedesco, Sciantung secondo una obsoleta denominazione italiana) è una provincia costiera situata lungo la regione più orientale della Repubblica popolare cinese. Il suo nome abbreviato è Lu, ereditando così il nome storico di un antico regno, il regno di Lu, che esisteva in questa regione durante il Periodo delle primavere e degli autunni. Una comune accezione nel linguaggio cinese per questa provincia è Qílǔ (齐鲁/齊魯), sempre in richiamo al regno di Lu ed al regno di Qi esistiti durante il Periodo delle Primavere e degli Autunni. Fu colonia della Germania Imperiale dal 1898 al 1919; la capitale della colonia era la città di Kiao-Ciao (attuale Qingdao), posta sotto assedio durante la prima guerra mondiale. Il nome Shandong significa letteralmente a oriente del monte riferendosi alla posizione della provincia situata a est delle Montagne Taihang. La provincia si sviluppa lungo il corso inferiore dello Huang He (Fiume Giallo) e si estende fino al mare tramite la . I confini della provincia si estendono a settentrione fino alla baia di Bohai, a nord-ovest confina con la provincia dello Hebei, con la provincia dello Henan a occidente, con la provincia del Jiangsu a sud e a sud-est con il Mar Giallo, condividendo anche un breve tratto di confine con la provincia dello Anhui tra il confine tra lo Henan ed il Jiangsu. (it) 山東省（さんとうしょう、山东省、拼音: Shāndōng Shěng、Shandong）は、中華人民共和国の省の一つ。略称は周代の国名より魯。山東とは太行山脈の東方の意。北には渤海、東には黄海があり、黄河の下流に位置する。人口9579.3万人、面積157,126平方キロメートル。省都は済南市。他に青島市・泰安市・煙台市などの主要都市がある。 (ja) Shandong, tidigare kallat Shantung, är en provins i Kina. Den har en yta på 156 700 km² och totalt 91 250 000 invånare (2003). Provinsens namn betyder "öster om bergen", vilket syftar på bergskedjan Taihang. Provinshuvudstaden är Jinan. (sv) Шаньду́н (кит. упр. 山东, пиньинь Shāndōng, буквально: «восток гор») — провинция на востоке Китая. Административный центр — город Цзинань. Согласно переписи 2020 года в Шаньдуне проживало 101,527 млн человек (по численности населения провинция занимает второе место в Китае, после Гуандуна). (ru) Szantung – prowincja na wschodnim wybrzeżu Chin. Używa się także historycznej nazwy Lu, wywodzącej się od państwa z okresu Wiosen i Jesieni. Nazwa prowincji oznacza "na wschód od gór" i odnosi się do łańcucha gór Taihang Shan (太行山), który rozciąga się na przestrzeni około 500 km na terenie prowincji położonych na zachód, tzn.: Hebei, Henan i Shanxi. Przez północną część prowincji przebiega dolny odcinek Rzeki Żółtej, która wpada do Zatoki Pohaj. Od południa Szantung graniczy z prowincjami Jiangsu i Anhui. Stolicą prowincji jest miasto Jinan. (pl) Xantum, Xantungue ou Chantungue (em chinês: 山东; romaniz.: Shāndōng) é uma província da República Popular da China. Sua capital é a cidade de Jinan. A província deu o nome a um tipo de tecido de seda, o xantungue. É um tradicional centro do taoismo. Segundo a lenda, em frente ao seu litoral se localizaria P'eng Lai Shan, a mitológica "ilha dos imortais". (pt) Шаньдун (кит. трад. 山東, спр. 山东, піньїнь: Shandong, МФА: [ʂán tʊ́ŋ], схід гір) — провінція на сході Китаю. Столиця — місто Цзінань (місто на півдні річки Цзі), найбільший порт — Циндао. Населення — 91,800 млн (дані на 2004 р.) Площа 156700 км². Узбережжя Жовтого Моря в провінції — 3000 км. (uk) 山东省，简称鲁，位于中华人民共和国东部沿海、黄河下游、京杭大运河中北段，属华东地区，省会济南，经济中心青岛。山东土地面积约15.79万平方公里，为全国第19位。作为工农业大省，山东是环渤海经济圈的重要组成部分，2019年生产总值达人民币7.1兆，位列全国第三名，約占中国内地经济的9%，人均地区生产总值位居第10位。2019年山东省常住人口超过1亿人，为全国第二。其中汉族占99.3%，同时有回、满、蒙3个世居少数民族及朝鲜族等非世居少数民族。 山东省西部是黃河沖積平原、中部山脈丘陵、東部山东半島，地理特徵有山有海，是華北地區較多山脈分佈的省份。西部逆时针分别与河北、河南、安徽、江苏四省接壤；中部为鲁中南山地丘陵区，泰山是全境最高点（1532.7米）；东部的山东半岛向北与辽东半岛隔渤海海峡相对，往东与朝鲜半岛隔黄海相望，往南則可航行至長江口與東南沿岸，境内交通发达，铁路、高速公路网络密集。 山东历史悠久，是华夏文明的发祥地之一，齊文化、魯文化与东夷文化相融合，形成独特的齐鲁文化。又因為古代人群的分佈不同，分鲁南、鲁北、鲁东南、胶东四区，山東方言可大致分为中原官话、冀鲁官话、胶辽官话三个方言区，这之下又可细分为小片，各地在词法和语法上颇具特色、辨识性强。山东历史上人才辈出，春秋时期起就有孔丘、孟轲、颜回、曾参、鲁班等一系列历史文化名人。。 (zh) |
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Shandong (en) |
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Ethnic composition (en) Languages and dialects (en) |
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Shandong Provincial People's Congress (en) |
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dbr:Provinces_of_China |
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Shandong in China .svg (en) |
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May Wind 20090215.jpg (en) Qianfoshanpark.jpg (en) Yantai2017.jpg (en) Yinqueshan Han tomb museum.jpg (en) |
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Saan1-dung1 (en) |
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cities (en) |
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dbr:Chinese_Communist_Party_Committee_Secretary dbr:Governor_(China) National People's Congress Representation (en) CPPCC chairman (en) Congress chairman (en) |
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no (en) |
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Map showing the location of Shandong Province (en) |
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Map showing the location of Shandong Province (en) |
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dbr:Provinces_of_China |
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Country (en) |
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| rdfs:comment |
Ŝandongo estas provinco en la oriento de Ĉinio kun 98 milionoj da loĝantoj. En antikveco en tiu provinco esti Lu-ŝtato de Konfuceo (vidu la suban mapon). Ĉefurbo de la provinco estas Ĝjinano kun 4 milionoj da enloĝantoj. En tiu provinco naskiĝis, vivis kaj mortis Konfuceo (vidu la suban bildon) ( grava ĉina instruisto, verkisto, politikisto, kaj filozofo, kies ideoj, nomataj konfuceismo, profunde influis multajn aziajn kulturojn). La municipo Zaozhuang situas en tiu provinco. La Internacia Esperanto-Muzeo troviĝas en la Zaozhuang-a Universitato. (eo) Shandong, dt. nach Stange auch Schantung oder Lessing-Othmer Schandung genannt (chinesisch 山東 / 山东, Pinyin Shāndōng), ist eine Provinz an der chinesischen Ostküste. Shandong liegt am Unterlauf des Gelben Flusses (Huang He). Von 1898 bis 1914 war mit dem Gebiet Kiautschou ein Teil der Provinz Pachtgebiet des Deutschen Reichs. Nachbarprovinzen sind Anhui, Hebei, Henan und Jiangsu. (de) Shandong (山东 txinera sinplifikatuz), Txinako Herri Errepublikako probintzia baten izena da. Probintziak 156.700 kilometro koadroko azalera dauka eta 2004ko erroldaren arabera 94.000.000 biztanle bizi ziren bertan. (eu) Cúige is ea Shandong (Sínis: 山东, Pinyin: Shāndōng) i nDaon-Phoblacht na Síne. Tá an cúige suite in oirthear na tíre. (ga) Le Shandong (chinois simplifié : 山东省 ; chinois traditionnel : 山東省 ; pinyin : Shāndōng shěng ; litt. « à l'est de la montagne ») est une province de l'est de la Chine, sur la mer Jaune et le golfe de Bohai. Avec plus de 100 millions d'habitants, c'est l'une des provinces les plus peuplées du pays. Bien que situé au sud de Pékin, on considère que le Shandong fait partie de la Chine du Nord. Son chef-lieu est Jinan (pinyin : Jǐ'nán). La partie est de la province, la péninsule du Shandong où se trouve la ville de Qingdao, bénéficie d'importants investissements étrangers. C'est dans le Shandong, alors nommé pays de Lu, que vécut et mourut Confucius (551-479 av. J.-C.). (fr) Shandong is een kustprovincie aan de oostkust van China. De naam Shandong betekent letterlijk "oostkant van de bergen". De provincie ligt aan het eind van het stroomgebied van de Gele Rivier aan de Gele Zee. Shandong heeft vanaf vroege tijden een belangrijke rol gespeeld in de ontwikkeling van China. Confucius werd hier geboren. Een aantal plaatsen langs de kust vielen eind 19de eeuw tijdelijk onder controle van vreemde mogendheden (Duitsland en Engeland). Tegenwoordig is het een van de rijkste provincies van China. Shangdong is het grootste wijnbouwgebied van Oost-China. (nl) ( 산둥은 여기로 연결됩니다. 다른 뜻에 대해서는 산둥 (동음이의) 문서를 참고하십시오.) 산둥성(중국어 간체자: 山东省, 정체자: 山東省, 병음: Shāndōng Shěng) 또는 산동성은 중화인민공화국 동부의 성이다. 산동 반도에 자리 잡고 있으며 황하 하류, 황해, 보하이해와 접하고 있다. (ko) 山東省（さんとうしょう、山东省、拼音: Shāndōng Shěng、Shandong）は、中華人民共和国の省の一つ。略称は周代の国名より魯。山東とは太行山脈の東方の意。北には渤海、東には黄海があり、黄河の下流に位置する。人口9579.3万人、面積157,126平方キロメートル。省都は済南市。他に青島市・泰安市・煙台市などの主要都市がある。 (ja) Shandong, tidigare kallat Shantung, är en provins i Kina. Den har en yta på 156 700 km² och totalt 91 250 000 invånare (2003). Provinsens namn betyder "öster om bergen", vilket syftar på bergskedjan Taihang. Provinshuvudstaden är Jinan. (sv) Шаньду́н (кит. упр. 山东, пиньинь Shāndōng, буквально: «восток гор») — провинция на востоке Китая. Административный центр — город Цзинань. Согласно переписи 2020 года в Шаньдуне проживало 101,527 млн человек (по численности населения провинция занимает второе место в Китае, после Гуандуна). (ru) Xantum, Xantungue ou Chantungue (em chinês: 山东; romaniz.: Shāndōng) é uma província da República Popular da China. Sua capital é a cidade de Jinan. A província deu o nome a um tipo de tecido de seda, o xantungue. É um tradicional centro do taoismo. Segundo a lenda, em frente ao seu litoral se localizaria P'eng Lai Shan, a mitológica "ilha dos imortais". (pt) Шаньдун (кит. трад. 山東, спр. 山东, піньїнь: Shandong, МФА: [ʂán tʊ́ŋ], схід гір) — провінція на сході Китаю. Столиця — місто Цзінань (місто на півдні річки Цзі), найбільший порт — Циндао. Населення — 91,800 млн (дані на 2004 р.) Площа 156700 км². Узбережжя Жовтого Моря в провінції — 3000 км. (uk) 山东省，简称鲁，位于中华人民共和国东部沿海、黄河下游、京杭大运河中北段，属华东地区，省会济南，经济中心青岛。山东土地面积约15.79万平方公里，为全国第19位。作为工农业大省，山东是环渤海经济圈的重要组成部分，2019年生产总值达人民币7.1兆，位列全国第三名，約占中国内地经济的9%，人均地区生产总值位居第10位。2019年山东省常住人口超过1亿人，为全国第二。其中汉族占99.3%，同时有回、满、蒙3个世居少数民族及朝鲜族等非世居少数民族。 山东省西部是黃河沖積平原、中部山脈丘陵、東部山东半島，地理特徵有山有海，是華北地區較多山脈分佈的省份。西部逆时针分别与河北、河南、安徽、江苏四省接壤；中部为鲁中南山地丘陵区，泰山是全境最高点（1532.7米）；东部的山东半岛向北与辽东半岛隔渤海海峡相对，往东与朝鲜半岛隔黄海相望，往南則可航行至長江口與東南沿岸，境内交通发达，铁路、高速公路网络密集。 山东历史悠久，是华夏文明的发祥地之一，齊文化、魯文化与东夷文化相融合，形成独特的齐鲁文化。又因為古代人群的分佈不同，分鲁南、鲁北、鲁东南、胶东四区，山東方言可大致分为中原官话、冀鲁官话、胶辽官话三个方言区，这之下又可细分为小片，各地在词法和语法上颇具特色、辨识性强。山东历史上人才辈出，春秋时期起就有孔丘、孟轲、颜回、曾参、鲁班等一系列历史文化名人。。 (zh) شاندونغ (بالصينية: 山东 = Shāndōng)هي مقاطعة داخلية في الصين. تقع على واجهة خليج بوهاي والبحر الأصفر (بحر الصين)، تقابلها على الواجهة الأخرى شبه جزيرة «». عاصمتها مدينة «جينان». لعبت شاندونغ دورًا رئيسًا في التاريخ الصيني منذ بداية الحضارة الصينية على روافد النهر الأصفر. وكانت بمثابة مركزًا محوريًا للثقافة والدين لدى الطاوية، والبوذية الصينية، والكونفوشية. جبل تايشان بشاندونغ هو أكثر جبل موقر في الطاوية ومزار عالمي يمتلك أطول تاريخ للعبادة الدينية المستمرة. كذلك كانت المعابد في الجبال الواقعة جنوب العاصمة جينان ضمن المزارات البوذية الرئيسة في الصين. مدينة تشيوفو هي مسقط رأس كونفوشيوس وتم اعتبارها مركز الكونفوشية فيما بعد. وتطورت الكونفوشية مما عُرف فيما بعد بمدارس الفكر المئة للفيلسوف الصيني كونفوشيوس. (ar) (?·pàg.) (xinès tradicional: 山東, xinès simplificat: 山东, pinyin: Shāndōng, Wade-Giles: Shan-tung) és una província costanera de l'est de la República Popular de la Xina. La seva abreviació és Lu, per l'estat de Lu. Shandong vol dir "muntanyes de l'est", en referència a les muntanyes de Taihang. La província es troba al curs baix del Huang He (riu Groc) i s'estén cap al mar tot formant la . Shandong limita amb la al nord, amb Hebei al nord-oest, amb Henan a l'oest, amb Jiangsu al sud, i el mar Groc al sud-est; també té una petita frontera amb Anhui, entre Henan i Jiangsu. (ca) Šan-tung (čínskýmí znaky: 山东; pchin-jinem: Shāndōng) je pobřežní provincie Čínské lidové republiky ve východní Číně. Má rozlohu 157 100 km² a žije v ní téměř 100 miliónů obyvatel. Jedná se o jednu z nejlidnatějších a ekonomicky nejrozvinutějších provincií. Provincie Šan-tung hrála již od počátku čínské civilizace významnou roli a sloužila jako stěžejní kulturní a náboženské místo pro taoismus, čínský buddhismus a konfucianismus. Hlavním městem je subprovinční město Ťi-nan. (cs) Η / Το Σαντόνγκ ή Σαντούνγκ ή Σαν Τουνγκ (κινεζικά: 山东, προφέρεται: [ʂán.tʊ́ŋ]) είναι ανατολική παραθαλάσσια επαρχία της Λαϊκής Δημοκρατίας της Κίνας που καταλαμβάνει την ομώνυμη χερσόνησο. Βρέχεται από τη Θάλασσα Μποχάι στα βόρεια, την Κίτρινη Θάλασσα στα νοτιοανατολικά και συνορεύει με τις επαρχίες Χεμπέι στα βορειοδυτικά, Χαϊνάν στα δυτικά, Τσιανγκσού στα νότια, και με την Ανχουί, μεταξύ Χαϊνάν και Τσιανγκσού. (el) Shandong léase en chino, Shan-tóng, lit. 'Zh-Shandong.ogg' (en chino simplificado, 山东 'Montes Orientales'; en chino tradicional, 山東; pinyin, Shāndōng; transcripción antigua, Shantung) es una de las veintidós provincias que, junto con las cinco regiones autónomas, cuatro municipios y dos regiones administrativas especiales, conforman la República Popular China. Su capital es Jinan. (es) Shandong atau Shan-tung (Hanzi sederhana: 山东; Hanzi tradisional: 山東; Pinyin: Shāndōng; Wade–Giles: Shan-tung) adalah sebuah pesisir di timur Republik Rakyat Tiongkok. Kependekannya adalah Lu, setelah yang berada di sini pada Periode Semi dan Gugur. Julukan umum untuk Shandong adalah Qílǔ (齐鲁/齊魯), setelah dan negara Qi yang berada di sini pada masa Periode Semi dan Gugur. (in) Shandong (UK: /ʃænˈdʊŋ/ shan-DUUNG, US: /ʃɑːnˈdɔːŋ/ shahn-DAWNG; simplified Chinese: 山东; traditional Chinese: 山東; alternately romanized as Shantung) is a coastal province of the People's Republic of China and is part of the East China region. (en) Lo Shandong (in cinese 山東T, 山东S, ShāndōngP, ShantungW, Schantung o Schandong in tedesco, Sciantung secondo una obsoleta denominazione italiana) è una provincia costiera situata lungo la regione più orientale della Repubblica popolare cinese. Il suo nome abbreviato è Lu, ereditando così il nome storico di un antico regno, il regno di Lu, che esisteva in questa regione durante il Periodo delle primavere e degli autunni. Una comune accezione nel linguaggio cinese per questa provincia è Qílǔ (齐鲁/齊魯), sempre in richiamo al regno di Lu ed al regno di Qi esistiti durante il Periodo delle Primavere e degli Autunni. Fu colonia della Germania Imperiale dal 1898 al 1919; la capitale della colonia era la città di Kiao-Ciao (attuale Qingdao), posta sotto assedio durante la prima guerra mondiale. (it) Szantung – prowincja na wschodnim wybrzeżu Chin. Używa się także historycznej nazwy Lu, wywodzącej się od państwa z okresu Wiosen i Jesieni. Nazwa prowincji oznacza "na wschód od gór" i odnosi się do łańcucha gór Taihang Shan (太行山), który rozciąga się na przestrzeni około 500 km na terenie prowincji położonych na zachód, tzn.: Hebei, Henan i Shanxi. Przez północną część prowincji przebiega dolny odcinek Rzeki Żółtej, która wpada do Zatoki Pohaj. Od południa Szantung graniczy z prowincjami Jiangsu i Anhui. (pl) |
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| is dbp:ground of |
dbr:Qingdao_Hailifeng_F.C. dbr:Qingdao_Liming_F.C. dbr:Qingdao_University_of_Science_and_Technology_F.C. |
| is dbp:headquarters of |
dbr:Qingdao_Airlines |
| is dbp:hometown of |
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dbr:Shandong_Taishan_F.C. |
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dbr:Shandong_Gold_Group |
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dbr:Greenland_Puli_Center |
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| is dbp:name of |
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| is dbp:nameDdd of |
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dbr:Zhang_Qibin_(swimmer) dbr:Du_Li |
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| is dbp:state of |
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dbr:Yang_Xinhai |
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| is dbp:teams of |
dbr:Song_Jianwei |
| is dbp:terminusA of |
dbr:G18_Rongcheng–Wuhai_Expressway dbr:China_National_Highway_206 dbr:China_National_Highway_220 dbr:China_National_Highway_308 dbr:China_National_Highway_309 dbr:China_National_Highway_327 |
| is gold:hypernym of |
dbr:2012_Shandong_Luneng_Taishan_F.C._season |
| is rdfs:seeAlso of |
dbr:Zhucheng dbr:Shandong |
| is owl:differentFrom of |
dbr:Linyi dbr:Major_historical_and_cultural_sites_protected_by_Shandong_Province |
| is foaf:primaryTopic of |
wikipedia-en:Shandong |
