Gentry (original) (raw)
Als Gentry (auch Landed Gentry) bezeichnet man auf den britischen Inseln den niederen Adel, in Abgrenzung zum höheren Adel (Peerage oder Nobility). Der Begriff des Gentleman bezeichnete ursprünglich einen männlichen Angehörigen der Gentry.
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| dbo:abstract | Džentry nebo gentry (anglicky gentry) je označení pro anglickou nižší šlechtu, přeneseně je používáno pro obdobné společenské vrstvy jiných evropských i neevropských zemí. Jako džentry je označována zejména vrstva nižších šlechticů (zemanů) v Uhrách a také konfuciánsky vzdělaní úředníci a statkáři v Číně počínaje vládou dynastie Tchang, vlivní zejména v mingské a čchingské době. Termín pochází z anglického gentry, což je označení nižší šlechty stojící mezi (svobodnými vlastníky půdy, kteří na ni sami pracovali) a peery (vyšší šlechtou). Tato nižší šlechta neměla tituly vyšší než rytíř, nebo baronet. Na rozdíl od yeomanů na půdě nepracovala, ale pronajímala ji sedlákům. Termín se objevil koncem 16. století. Gentry hrála významnou roli v anglické občanské válce. Ve slovenském prostředí nabylo slovo džentry hanlivého významu (maďarská vrstva nižší šlechty byla v 2. polovině 19. století nositelem maďarského šovinismu a protidemokratické politiky), a tak se dostalo i do českého jazyka, kde se slovo džentry v první polovině 20. století používalo většinou jako označení zchudlé maďarské šlechty měšťanského typu. Naproti tomu obecné označení pro nižší šlechtu gentry (a zvláště pro anglickou) bylo psáno v originálním pravopise. (cs) Als Gentry (auch Landed Gentry) bezeichnet man auf den britischen Inseln den niederen Adel, in Abgrenzung zum höheren Adel (Peerage oder Nobility). Der Begriff des Gentleman bezeichnete ursprünglich einen männlichen Angehörigen der Gentry. (de) La gentry se refiere a una clase social, inicialmente británica, integrada por la nobleza de tipo medio y bajo (barones, caballeros...) y los hombres libres (freemen y commoners) terratenientes. Controlaban, antes de la revolución agrícola británica, aproximadamente un 50% de las tierras, haciéndose llamar burguesía territorial. (es) Gentry (from Old French genterie, from gentil, "high-born, noble") are "well-born, genteel and well-bred people" of high social class, especially in the past. Word similar to gentle [simple and decent] familiesGentry, in its widest connotation, refers to people of good social position connected to landed estates (see manorialism), upper levels of the clergy, and "gentle" families of long descent who in some cases never obtained the official right to bear a coat of arms. The gentry largely consisted of landowners who could live entirely from rental income, or at least had a country estate; some were gentleman farmers. In the United Kingdom, the term gentry refers to the landed gentry: the majority of the land-owning social class who typically had a coat of arms, but did not have a peerage. The adjective "patrician" ("of or like a person of high social rank") describes in comparison other analogous traditional social elite strata based in cities, such as free cities of Italy (Venice and Genoa), and the free imperial cities of Germany, Switzerland, and the Hanseatic League. The term "gentry" by itself, so Peter Coss argues, is a construct that historians have applied loosely to rather different societies. Any particular model may not fit a specific society, yet a single definition nevertheless remains desirable. (en) La gentry est le nom donné en Angleterre à la noblesse non titrée ou non issue de la pairie. (fr) La landed gentry inglese era una classe sociale che veniva definita piccola nobiltà di campagna e che aveva carattere ereditario. Essa era costituita da grandi e piccoli proprietari terrieri nonché da piccoli ereditieri, detti gentlemen. (it) ジェントリ（gentry）は、イギリスにおける下級地主層の総称。郷紳（きょうしん）と訳される。 (ja) 젠트리(영어: gentry)는 영국에서 귀족으로서의 지위는 없었으나 가문의 휘장을 사용할 수 있도록 허용받은 유산 계층을 이른다. 그러나 역사적인 개념으로는 요먼 이상, 귀족 이하의 토지 소유자 즉 부농(농장주)·법률가·기술자·대기업 회장·중소기업 사장·대상인·은행장·건물주·공장주 등 전문적인 직업을 가진 자 및 부자 등을 핵심으로 한 유산 계층을 말한다. 중산층이라는 오해와 달리 이들과 관련된 어휘는 상류층 혹은 고급적이라는 의미로 쓰이며 평민적 정체성은 별로 없었다. 그래서 평민 부르주아들은 젠트리들이 패권을 잡은 후에도 상당히 오랜 세월이 흘러서야 권리를 얻게 되었다. 이러한 젠트리는 16세기 이후 중산층인 요먼(Yeoman)의 희생 및 귀족계급의 붕괴의 결과로서 발생, 영국사상 거의 대부분 지배적인 지위를 확립했으며 그 패권은 20세기 초두까지 이르렀다. 이 계층은 영국의 자본주의와 사회발전에 있어 그 근간을 이루었으며, 영국사의 모든 국면에 걸쳐 그 각인을 남기고 있다. 신사를 뜻하는 영단어인 젠틀맨(Gentleman)은 여기서 유래되었다. (ko) Landadel is de adel die actief hun landgoederen beheren of dienstdoen in het leger of het bestuur. Zij worden in tal van staatkundige en sociologische categorieën tegenover hofadel gesteld. De hofadel was een groep edellieden die rond het hof verkeerde. Om aan het hof te kunnen verblijven, was veel geld nodig. Daar stond tegenover dat men zich de gunst van de koninklijke familie kon verwerven en deze patronage voor de hofadel en hun familieleden goedbetaalde banen, waaronder kerkelijke functies, abdijen en sinecures opleverde. Aan het Franse hof had in de 17e en 18e eeuw iedereen toegang voor zover men netjes gekleed was. Men kon de benodigde sabel op het voorplein huren. Alleen de leden van de oude adellijke geslachten hadden toegang tot bepaalde plechtigheden en vertrekken. Men eiste voor sommige functies en privileges een groot aantal kwartieren en adeldom, zogenaamde oeradel, die terugging tot de middeleeuwen. Een groot aantal edelen verbleef niet, of zelden, aan het hof. Zij beheerden hun bezittingen en bestuurden de steden en dorpen. Het ontbrak hun aan geld, opvoeding, zin, kwartieren of ambitie om aan het hof te leven. (nl) Designa-se gentry - do francês arcaíco genterie - a nobreza rural europeia que, embora desprovida de títulos nobiliárquicos, possuía os mesmos valores da restante aristocracia inglesa. É uma nobreza terratenente, que a partir do século XVI se começou a apropriar das terras comunais e de pequenas propriedades rurais de modo a cercá-las e assim proceder à criação de gado ovino - necessária para haver as manufaturas domésticas que faziam a produção de têxteis. Foram responsáveis pelo aumento subsequente da produção agrícola, ao introduzirem uma série de inovações agrícolas. (pt) Gentry – ziemiaństwo angielskie lub inne rodziny żyjące na pewnym poziomie majątkowym nieposiadające tytułów szlacheckich. Do gentry zalicza się: * dziedzicznych rycerzy – baronetów i Hereditary Knights. * pasowanych rycerzy, kawalerów orderów, banneretów. * niesformalizowaną niższą szlachtę bez tytułu rycerskiego, posiadającą herb i posiadłość ziemską. Przy czym nadanie herbu (nieszlacheckiego) nie tworzy gentry, ale jest raczej formalnym stwierdzeniem rzeczywistego zaliczania się do tej grupy (jak w przypadku ojca Williama Szekspira). (pl) Дже́нтри (англ. Gentry) — английское нетитулованное мелкопоместное дворянство, занимающее промежуточное положение между пэрами и йоменами. В отличие от йоменов джентри не занимались земледелием. Термин возник в конце XVI века и отражал реалии так называемого ублюдочного феодализма. В ходе аграрной революции XVI—XVII веков земельные владения джентри существенно выросли; источниками прирезаемой земли были пожалования от короны, секуляризованные монастырские земли и экспроприированные крестьянские участки. На своих землях джентри активно применяли новые методы хозяйствования — открывали рудники (железные и оловянные), строили лесопилки, сукновальни, кожевенные производства, сдавали участки в аренду; они также занимались морской торговлей. Из числа младших сыновей джентри, по законам майората не имевших права на наследование земель, формировался костяк чиновничества и торговая буржуазия, они становились священниками и моряками. Усиление позиций джентри привело к тому, что его представителей начали избирать мировыми судьями и шерифами. Джентри сыграли решающую роль в Английской революции, в частности выходцами из этой среды были Оливер Кромвель, Джон Лилберн, Джон Хемпден и Джон Пим. Другие выходцы из этого сословия (Сесилы, Расселы, Херберты) делали политическую карьеру в условиях монархии, получая титулы лордов. Это слово иногда также употребляется как обозначение класса состоятельных землевладельцев вне англосаксонской традиции — например, по отношению к помещичеству в позднеимперском Китае (шэньши). (ru) Дже́нтрі (англ. Gentry) — соціальний стан в англійському суспільстві XVI-XVII століть, нетитулована середня й дрібна шляхта. Речниками джентрі були купці, котрі ніколи не займалися сільським господарством. Джентрі відіграли велику роль в Англійській революції XVII століття, зокрема, вихідцем з джентрі був Олівер Кромвель. Англійське слово джентльмен походить від слова джентрі. В європейській науковій літературі термін «джентрі» вживається також на позначення китайського стану шеньши. (uk) 紳士指一種社會階級。 (zh) |
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| rdfs:comment | Als Gentry (auch Landed Gentry) bezeichnet man auf den britischen Inseln den niederen Adel, in Abgrenzung zum höheren Adel (Peerage oder Nobility). Der Begriff des Gentleman bezeichnete ursprünglich einen männlichen Angehörigen der Gentry. (de) La gentry se refiere a una clase social, inicialmente británica, integrada por la nobleza de tipo medio y bajo (barones, caballeros...) y los hombres libres (freemen y commoners) terratenientes. Controlaban, antes de la revolución agrícola británica, aproximadamente un 50% de las tierras, haciéndose llamar burguesía territorial. (es) La gentry est le nom donné en Angleterre à la noblesse non titrée ou non issue de la pairie. (fr) La landed gentry inglese era una classe sociale che veniva definita piccola nobiltà di campagna e che aveva carattere ereditario. Essa era costituita da grandi e piccoli proprietari terrieri nonché da piccoli ereditieri, detti gentlemen. (it) ジェントリ（gentry）は、イギリスにおける下級地主層の総称。郷紳（きょうしん）と訳される。 (ja) 젠트리(영어: gentry)는 영국에서 귀족으로서의 지위는 없었으나 가문의 휘장을 사용할 수 있도록 허용받은 유산 계층을 이른다. 그러나 역사적인 개념으로는 요먼 이상, 귀족 이하의 토지 소유자 즉 부농(농장주)·법률가·기술자·대기업 회장·중소기업 사장·대상인·은행장·건물주·공장주 등 전문적인 직업을 가진 자 및 부자 등을 핵심으로 한 유산 계층을 말한다. 중산층이라는 오해와 달리 이들과 관련된 어휘는 상류층 혹은 고급적이라는 의미로 쓰이며 평민적 정체성은 별로 없었다. 그래서 평민 부르주아들은 젠트리들이 패권을 잡은 후에도 상당히 오랜 세월이 흘러서야 권리를 얻게 되었다. 이러한 젠트리는 16세기 이후 중산층인 요먼(Yeoman)의 희생 및 귀족계급의 붕괴의 결과로서 발생, 영국사상 거의 대부분 지배적인 지위를 확립했으며 그 패권은 20세기 초두까지 이르렀다. 이 계층은 영국의 자본주의와 사회발전에 있어 그 근간을 이루었으며, 영국사의 모든 국면에 걸쳐 그 각인을 남기고 있다. 신사를 뜻하는 영단어인 젠틀맨(Gentleman)은 여기서 유래되었다. (ko) Designa-se gentry - do francês arcaíco genterie - a nobreza rural europeia que, embora desprovida de títulos nobiliárquicos, possuía os mesmos valores da restante aristocracia inglesa. É uma nobreza terratenente, que a partir do século XVI se começou a apropriar das terras comunais e de pequenas propriedades rurais de modo a cercá-las e assim proceder à criação de gado ovino - necessária para haver as manufaturas domésticas que faziam a produção de têxteis. Foram responsáveis pelo aumento subsequente da produção agrícola, ao introduzirem uma série de inovações agrícolas. (pt) Gentry – ziemiaństwo angielskie lub inne rodziny żyjące na pewnym poziomie majątkowym nieposiadające tytułów szlacheckich. Do gentry zalicza się: * dziedzicznych rycerzy – baronetów i Hereditary Knights. * pasowanych rycerzy, kawalerów orderów, banneretów. * niesformalizowaną niższą szlachtę bez tytułu rycerskiego, posiadającą herb i posiadłość ziemską. Przy czym nadanie herbu (nieszlacheckiego) nie tworzy gentry, ale jest raczej formalnym stwierdzeniem rzeczywistego zaliczania się do tej grupy (jak w przypadku ojca Williama Szekspira). (pl) Дже́нтрі (англ. Gentry) — соціальний стан в англійському суспільстві XVI-XVII століть, нетитулована середня й дрібна шляхта. Речниками джентрі були купці, котрі ніколи не займалися сільським господарством. Джентрі відіграли велику роль в Англійській революції XVII століття, зокрема, вихідцем з джентрі був Олівер Кромвель. Англійське слово джентльмен походить від слова джентрі. В європейській науковій літературі термін «джентрі» вживається також на позначення китайського стану шеньши. (uk) 紳士指一種社會階級。 (zh) Džentry nebo gentry (anglicky gentry) je označení pro anglickou nižší šlechtu, přeneseně je používáno pro obdobné společenské vrstvy jiných evropských i neevropských zemí. Jako džentry je označována zejména vrstva nižších šlechticů (zemanů) v Uhrách a také konfuciánsky vzdělaní úředníci a statkáři v Číně počínaje vládou dynastie Tchang, vlivní zejména v mingské a čchingské době. (cs) Gentry (from Old French genterie, from gentil, "high-born, noble") are "well-born, genteel and well-bred people" of high social class, especially in the past. Word similar to gentle [simple and decent] familiesGentry, in its widest connotation, refers to people of good social position connected to landed estates (see manorialism), upper levels of the clergy, and "gentle" families of long descent who in some cases never obtained the official right to bear a coat of arms. The gentry largely consisted of landowners who could live entirely from rental income, or at least had a country estate; some were gentleman farmers. In the United Kingdom, the term gentry refers to the landed gentry: the majority of the land-owning social class who typically had a coat of arms, but did not have a peerage. (en) Landadel is de adel die actief hun landgoederen beheren of dienstdoen in het leger of het bestuur. Zij worden in tal van staatkundige en sociologische categorieën tegenover hofadel gesteld. De hofadel was een groep edellieden die rond het hof verkeerde. Om aan het hof te kunnen verblijven, was veel geld nodig. Daar stond tegenover dat men zich de gunst van de koninklijke familie kon verwerven en deze patronage voor de hofadel en hun familieleden goedbetaalde banen, waaronder kerkelijke functies, abdijen en sinecures opleverde. (nl) Дже́нтри (англ. Gentry) — английское нетитулованное мелкопоместное дворянство, занимающее промежуточное положение между пэрами и йоменами. В отличие от йоменов джентри не занимались земледелием. Термин возник в конце XVI века и отражал реалии так называемого ублюдочного феодализма. В ходе аграрной революции XVI—XVII веков земельные владения джентри существенно выросли; источниками прирезаемой земли были пожалования от короны, секуляризованные монастырские земли и экспроприированные крестьянские участки. На своих землях джентри активно применяли новые методы хозяйствования — открывали рудники (железные и оловянные), строили лесопилки, сукновальни, кожевенные производства, сдавали участки в аренду; они также занимались морской торговлей. (ru) |
| rdfs:label | Gentry (en) Džentry (cs) Gentry (de) Gentry (es) Gentry (fr) Gentry (classe sociale) (it) 젠트리 (ko) Landadel (nl) ジェントリ (ja) Gentry (pl) Nobreza rural (pt) Джентри (ru) Джентрі (uk) 紳士階級 (zh) |
| rdfs:seeAlso | dbr:Four_occupations_(East_Asia) |
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| prov:wasDerivedFrom | wikipedia-en:Gentry?oldid=1123158239&ns=0 |
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| foaf:isPrimaryTopicOf | wikipedia-en:Gentry |
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| is dbp:occupation of | dbr:Molly_Verney |
| is gold:hypernym of | dbr:Ogle_family dbr:Minnie_Gentry dbr:Patchwork_(album) |
| is foaf:primaryTopic of | wikipedia-en:Gentry |
