Napoleonic Wars (original) (raw)
Napoleonské války byly sérií válečných konfliktů mezi lety 1803 až 1815, následující po revolučních válkách, které skončily roku 1802. Napoleonská Francie byla nakonec poražena, což vedlo k restauraci Bourbonů. Napoleonské války skončily porážkou Napoleona I. v bitvě u Waterloo 18. června 1815 a druhou pařížskou mírovou smlouvou.
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| dbo:abstract | الحروب النابليونية هو مصطلح يستخدم في تعريف سلسلة الحروب التي وقعت في أوروبا خلال فترة حكم نابليون بونابرت لفرنسا. كانت هذه الحروب امتداداً جزئياً للحروب الثورية التي اشعلتها الثورة الفرنسية، والتي استمرت خلال فترة الإمبراطورية الفرنسية الأولى.لا يوجد إجماع حول تحديد متى انتهت الحروب الفرنسية ومتى بدأت حروب نابليون بونابرت. إن التاريخ المحتمل لبداية هذة الأخيرة هو 9 نوفمبر عام 1799، هذا اليوم الذي يوافق تولي بونابرت مقاليد الحكم في فرنسا من خلال انقلاب 18 برومير (فرنسا) .و لكن التاريخ الأكثر شيوعاً هو 18 مايو عام 1803 مع تجدد إعلان الحرب بين بريطانيا وفرنسا، بعد الاتهامات المتبادلة لانتهاك الإتفاقيات المنصوص عليها في معاهدة أميان، الحدث الذي انهى الفترة الوحيدة للسلام العام في أوروبا بين عام 1792 و1784.كما يعد يوم 12 ديسمبر عام 1804 آخر تاريخ محتمل لبداية الحرب، حيث توَج نابليون نفسه إمبراطوراً على فرنسا . انتهت الحروب النابليونية يوم 18 يوليو 1815 بعد هزيمة نابليون النهائية في معركة واترلو وتوقيع معاهدة باريس الثانية . يشار إلى الفترة ما بين 20 أبريل عام 1792 و20 نوفمبر عام 1815 بمصطلح «الثورة الفرنسية العظمى». (ar) Les Guerres Napoleòniques són el conjunt de conflictes bèl·lics que es van produir durant el període que Napoleó Bonaparte va governar el Primer Imperi Francès. En part van ser una extensió dels conflictes que varen esclatar amb motiu de la Revolució Francesa, i que es varen perllongar al llarg de tot el Primer Imperi Francès. No hi ha un consens sobre el moment exacte en què aquestes varen començar. Hi ha un sector dels historiadors que considera que varen començar quan Napoleó va arribar al poder a França el novembre de 1799, mentre que d'altres defensen que han de situar-se al període bèl·lic entre 1799 i 1802 en el context de les Guerres de la Revolució Francesa, i més concretament en la declaració de guerra entre el Regne Unit de la Gran Bretanya i Irlanda i la Primera República Francesa l'any 1803, que prèviament havia estat precedit per un breu període de pau arran de la signatura del Tractat d'Amiens l'any 1802. Les Guerres Napoleòniques varen finalitzar el 20 de novembre de 1815, després de la derrota final de Napoleó a la Batalla de Waterloo i de la signatura del segon Tractat de París de l'any 1815. (ca) Napoleonské války byly sérií válečných konfliktů mezi lety 1803 až 1815, následující po revolučních válkách, které skončily roku 1802. Napoleonská Francie byla nakonec poražena, což vedlo k restauraci Bourbonů. Napoleonské války skončily porážkou Napoleona I. v bitvě u Waterloo 18. června 1815 a druhou pařížskou mírovou smlouvou. (cs) Οι Ναπολεόντειοι Πόλεμοι (1803-1815) ήταν μια σειρά μεγάλων συγκρούσεων που έφεραν αντιμέτωπους τη Γαλλική Αυτοκρατορία και τους συμμάχους της, υπό την ηγεσία του Ναπολέοντα Α΄, με μια μεταβαλλόμενη ομάδα ευρωπαϊκών δυνάμεων που συγκροτούσαν διάφορους συνασπισμούς, χρηματοδοτούμενους και συνήθως από την ηγεσία του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου. Οι πόλεμοι προήλθαν από τις ανεπίλυτες διαφορές σχετικές με τη Γαλλική Επανάσταση και τις συγκρούσεις που προκάλεσε. Οι πόλεμοι συχνά ταξινομούνται σε πέντε συγκρούσεις, καθεμία από τις οποίες πήρε το όνομά της μετά από τον συνασπισμό που πολεμούσε τον Ναπολέοντα: τον Τρίτο Συνασπισμό (1805), τον Τέταρτο (1806-07), τον Πέμπτο (1809), τον Έκτο (1813) και τον Έβδομο (1815). Ο Ναπολέων, όταν αναδείχθηκε Πρώτος Ύπατος της Γαλλικής Δημοκρατίας το 1799, κληρονόμησε μια χαοτική δημοκρατία. Στη συνέχεια δημιούργησε ένα κράτος με σταθερά οικονομικά, ισχυρή γραφειοκρατία και καλά εκπαιδευμένο στρατό. Το 1805 η Αυστρία και η Ρωσία σχημάτισαν τον Τρίτο Συνασπισμό και διεξήγαγαν πόλεμο εναντίον της Γαλλίας. Απαντώντας ο Ναπολέων νίκησε τον συνασπισμένο Ρωσοαυστριακό στρατό στο Άουστερλιτς τον Δεκέμβριο του 1805, που θεωρείται η μεγαλύτερη νίκη του. Στη θάλασσα οι Βρετανοί νίκησαν κατά κράτος το ενωμένο Γαλλοϊσπανικό ναυτικό στη Ναυμαχία του Τραφάλγκαρ στις 21 Οκτωβρίου 1805. Αυτή η νίκη εξασφάλισε τον βρετανικό έλεγχο των θαλασσών και απέτρεψε την εισβολή στην ίδια τη Βρετανία. Ανησυχώντας για την αύξηση της γαλλικής ισχύος, η Πρωσία ηγήθηκε της δημιουργίας του Τέταρτου Συνασπισμού με τη Ρωσία, τη Σαξονία και τη Σουηδία και του νέου πολέμου τον Οκτώβριο του 1806. Ο Ναπολέων νίκησε γρήγορα τους Πρώσους στην Ιένα και τους Ρώσους στο Φρίντλαντ, φέρνοντας μια ανήσυχη ειρήνη στην ήπειρο. Η ειρήνη όμως απέτυχε καθώς ξέσπασε πόλεμος το 1809 και ο ανεπαρκώς προετοιμασμένος Πέμπτος Συνασπισμός, με επικεφαλής την Αυστρία, νικήθηκε γρήγορα στο Μάχη του Βαγκράμ. Ελπίζοντας να απομονώσει οικονομικά τη Βρετανία, ο Ναπολέων εξαπέλυσε μια εισβολή στην Πορτογαλία, τον μόνο εναπομείναντα σύμμαχο της Βρετανίας στην ηπειρωτική Ευρώπη. Αφού κατέλαβε τη Λισαβόνα το Νοέμβριο του 1807 και με τον κύριο όγκο των Γαλλικών στρατευμάτων στην Ισπανία, ο Ναπολέων εκμεταλλεύτηκε την ευκαιρία να στραφεί εναντίον της πρώην συμμάχου του, να εκθρονίσει τη βασιλεύουσα Ισπανική οικογένεια των Βουρβόνων και να ανακηρύξει τον αδελφό του Βασιλιά της Ισπανίας το 1808 ως Ιωσήφ Α΄. Οι Ισπανοί και οι Πορτογάλοι επαναστάτησαν με βρετανική υποστήριξη και εκδίωξαν τους Γάλλους από την Ιβηρική το 1814, μετά από εξαετή πόλεμο. Παράλληλα, η Ρωσία, που δεν επιθυμούσε να υποστεί οικονομικές συνέπειες από τη μείωση του εμπορίου, παραβίαζε συστηματικά τον Ηπειρωτικό Αποκλεισμό, ωθώντας τον Ναπολέοντα να εξαπολύσει μαζική εισβολή στη Ρωσία το 1812. Η εκστρατεία που ακολούθησε τελείωσε με τη διάλυση και την καταστροφική υποχώρηση της Γαλλικής Grande Armée. Ενθαρρυμένες από την ήττα, η Πρωσία, η Αυστρία και η Ρωσία σχημάτισαν τον Έκτο Συνασπισμό και ξεκίνησαν μια νέα εκστρατεία εναντίον της Γαλλίας, νικώντας αποφασιστικά τον Ναπολέοντα στη Λειψία τον Οκτώβριο του 1813, μετά από αρκετές αμφίρροπες μάχες. Στη συνέχεια, οι Σύμμαχοι εισέβαλαν στη Γαλλία από τα ανατολικά, ενώ ο Πόλεμος της Χερσονήσου μεταφέρθηκε στη νοτιοδυτική Γαλλία. Συμμαχικά στρατεύματα κατέλαβαν το Παρίσι στα τέλη Μαρτίου του 1814 και ανάγκασαν τον Ναπολέοντα να παραιτηθεί τον Απρίλιο. Εξορίσθηκε στο νησί Έλβα και οι Βουρβόνοι αποκαταστάθηκαν στην εξουσία. Αλλά ο Ναπολέων δραπέτευσε τον Φεβρουάριο του 1815 και ανέλαβε πάλι τον έλεγχο της Γαλλίας για περίπου εκατό ημέρες. Με τον Έβδομο Συνασπισμό οι σύμμαχοι τον νίκησαν οριστικά στο Βατερλώ τον Ιούνιο του 1815 και τον εξόρισαν στην Αγία Ελένη, όπου πέθανε έξι χρόνια αργότερα . Το Συνέδριο της Βιέννης ξανασχεδίασε τα σύνορα της Ευρώπης και έφερε μια περίοδο σχετικής ειρήνης. Οι πόλεμοι είχαν σοβαρές συνέπειες για την παγκόσμια ιστορία, συμπεριλαμβανομένων της εξάπλωσης του εθνικισμού και του φιλελευθερισμού, της ανόδου της Βρετανικής Αυτοκρατορίας ως της μεγαλύτερης δύναμης του κόσμου, της εμφάνισης κινημάτων ανεξαρτησίας στη Λατινική Αμερική και της επακόλουθης κατάρρευσης της Ισπανικής Αυτοκρατορίας, της θεμελιώδους αναδιοργάνωσης των γερμανικών και ιταλικών εδαφών σε μεγαλύτερα κράτη και της καθιέρωσης ριζικά νέων μεθόδων διεξαγωγής πολέμου. (el) La Napoleonaj Militoj estis serio de konfliktoj deklaritaj kontraŭ la Franca Imperio de Napoleon kaj pluraj aroj de eŭropaj aliancanoj per kontraŭbataladaj koalicioj kiuj daŭris de 1803 ĝis 1815 jaro. Kiel daŭrigo de la militoj ekigitaj en la Franca Revolucio de 1789 ili revoluciigis eŭropajn armeojn kaj intrigis eksteren je senprecedenca skalo, plejparte pro la aplikado de la modernaj amas-ribeloj. Franca potenco pliiĝis rapide, konkeris la plej grandan parton de Eŭropo, sed kolapsis rapide post la katastrofa franca invado al Rusio en 1812. La imperio de Napoleon finfine suferis kompletan armean malvenkon gvidanta al la restarigo de la Burbonoj en Francio. La militoj kondukis al la disiĝo de la Sankta Romia Imperio kaj post tio naskiĝis naciismo en Italio kaj Germanio kiu vidis la naskiĝon de du solidaj nacioj iom poste en tiu jarcento. Dume la Hispana Imperio komencis diseriĝi kiel la franca okupo en Hispanio malfortigis la tenon de Hispanio sur ĝiaj kolonioj, kreante malfermaĵon por naciismaj revolucioj en Latinameriko. Kiel rekta sekvo de la Napoleonaj militoj la Brita Imperio iĝis la ĉefa mondpotenco por la venonta jarcento, tiel komencante Pax Britannica. Neniu konsento ekzistas pri la finiĝo de la francaj revoluciaj militoj kaj la ekiĝo de la Napoleonaj militoj. Unua ebla dato estas 9-a de novembro 1799, kiam Bonaparte uzurpis la povon en Francio kun la puĉo Brumero 18. La 18-a de majo 1803 estas verŝajne la plej ofte uzata dato, kiam estis renovigita la militdeklaro inter Britio kaj Francio (kiel rezulto de la kolapso de la Paco de Amiens) metante finon al la nura pacperiodo en Eŭropo inter 1792 kaj 1814. La plej malfrue proponita dato estas 2-a de decembro 1804, kiam Bonaparte kronis sin imperiestro. La Napoleonaj Militoj finiĝis sekvante la finan malvenkon de Napoleon ĉe la Batalo de Waterloo la 18-an de junio 1815 kaj la . (eo) Napoleondar Gerrak Napoleon Bonaparteren aginte inperialaren garaian (1804-1815) borroka egindako zenbait gatazka armatu izan ziren, 1789ko Frantziako Iraultzak eragindako gerrei jarraipena eman zietenak. Hein handi batean Erresuma Batuaren finantziazioari esker jarraitu zuten gerrak izan ziren, Frantziako Lehen Inperioan zehar. Ez dago kontsentsurik gerra hauen hasiera zehatzaren inguruan. Batzuen ustez gerrak hasi ziren Napoleonek Frantzian agintea lortu zuenean, 1799ko azaroan, baina beste batzuek uste dute 1799 eta 1802 artean emandako gatazkak Frantziako Iraultzako Gerrak direla, eta Erresuma Batuak 1803an Frantziari gerra deklaratu izana jartzen dute hasieratzat. Kasu honetan haustura izango litzateke hasiera. Napoleondar Gerrak geroz eta gehiago Koalizioaren Gerrak deitzen dira, izan ere Napoleonen aliatuek sortutako gerrak izan ziren. 1815eko azaroaren 20an amaitu ziren, Napoleonek Waterlooko gudua galdu ostean eta 1815eko sinatu eta gero. Batzuetan 1792eko apirilaren 20tik 1815eko azaroaren 20an emandako gerra guztiei Frantziar Gerra Handia deitzen zaio. (eu) Las guerras napoleónicas, también llamadas guerras de la Coalición, fueron una serie de conflictos bélicos que tuvieron lugar durante el tiempo en que el emperador Napoleón I Bonaparte gobernó en Francia. Fueron en parte una extensión de los conflictos que estallaron a causa de la Revolución francesa y continuaron, a instigación y gracias al financiamiento del Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda, durante todo el Primer Imperio francés. No existe consenso sobre el momento exacto en que comenzaron estas guerras. Hay quienes consideran que empezaron cuando Napoleón alcanzó el poder en Francia, en noviembre de 1799. Sin embargo, otras versiones sitúan el periodo bélico entre 1799 y 1802 en el contexto de las guerras revolucionarias francesas y consideran la ruptura de la paz y declaración de guerra del Reino Unido a Francia en 1803, que siguió al breve periodo de paz del Tratado de Amiens en 1802 como el punto inicial de las llamadas guerras napoleónicas. Las guerras napoleónicas finalizaron el 20 de noviembre de 1815 tras la derrota final de Napoleón en la batalla de Waterloo y el Segundo Tratado de París de 1815. En conjunto, el casi continuado período de guerras comprendido entre el 20 de abril de 1792 y el 20 de noviembre de 1815 es llamado con frecuencia La Gran Guerra Francesa (anterior a la Primera Guerra Mundial, llamada simplemente La Gran Guerra). (es) Les guerres napoléoniennes sont en partie le prolongement des guerres engendrées par la Révolution française de 1789, et durèrent tout au long du Premier Empire de Napoléon Ier. Il n’existe pas de consensus sur leur point de départ. Certains considèrent qu’elles commencent lors du coup d'état du 18 Brumaire an VIII (9 novembre 1799) par le général Bonaparte. D’autres prolongent les guerres de la Révolution française jusqu’en 1802, et estiment que la déclaration de guerre du Royaume-Uni à la France en 1803, après la courte période de paix qui suit le traité d'Amiens (1802), est le point de départ des guerres napoléoniennes. De 1792 à 1815, sept coalitions — incluant toutes le Royaume-Uni — se forment contre la France, durant ce qu'on appelle les guerres de Coalitions. Pendant les guerres de la Révolution française, la France bat la Première Coalition, puis, sous le Consulat de Napoléon Bonaparte, elle défait la Deuxième Coalition. Devenu empereur, Napoléon bat l'Autriche et la Russie lors de la Troisième Coalition (batailles d'Ulm et d'Austerlitz), la Prusse et la Russie lors de la Quatrième Coalition (Iéna, Eylau, Friedland), puis l'Autriche seule lors de la Cinquième Coalition (Eckmühl, Wagram). Mais tandis que la Grande Armée triomphe en Europe centrale, elle s'enlise dans une longue guerre d'occupation en Espagne, et l'Angleterre domine les mers à partir de la bataille de Trafalgar. Après l'échec d'une tentative d'invasion de la Russie par la France, la Sixième Coalition est victorieuse à Leipzig et renverse Napoléon en 1814. L'année suivante, l'Empereur revenu au pouvoir est définitivement vaincu par la Septième Coalition à Waterloo. Ces guerres révolutionnent les armées européennes et notamment l’emploi de l’artillerie, ainsi que toute l’organisation militaire, à une échelle jamais vue auparavant, due principalement à l’introduction moderne de la conscription de masse. La France, sur l’élan des conquêtes révolutionnaires, voit sa puissance croître rapidement et étend sa domination au continent entier. La chute est plus rapide encore, de la désastreuse retraite de Russie à la bataille de Waterloo, jusqu’à ce que la dynastie des Bourbons soit provisoirement restaurée en France. L’ensemble de tous ces conflits fit un total de morts compris entre 3,5 et 6,5 millions de personnes. (fr) The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of major global conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European states formed into various coalitions. It produced a period of French domination over most of continental Europe. The wars stemmed from the unresolved disputes associated with the French Revolution and the French Revolutionary Wars consisting of the War of the First Coalition (1792–1797) and the War of the Second Coalition (1798–1802). The Napoleonic Wars are often described as five conflicts, each termed after the coalition that fought Napoleon: the Third Coalition (1803–1806), the Fourth (1806–1807), the Fifth (1809), the Sixth (1813–1814), and the Seventh (1815) plus the Peninsular War (1807–1814) and the French invasion of Russia (1812). Napoleon, upon ascending to First Consul of France in 1799, had inherited a republic in chaos; he subsequently created a state with stable finances, a strong bureaucracy, and a well-trained army. In December 1805, Napoleon achieved what is considered his greatest victory, defeating the allied Russo-Austrian army at Austerlitz. At sea, the British fleet under Admiral Nelson decisively crushed the joint Franco-Spanish navy in the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 October 1805. This victory secured British control of the seas and prevented the invasion of Britain. Concerned about increasing French power, Prussia led the creation of the Fourth Coalition with Russia, Saxony, and Sweden, which resumed war in October 1806. Napoleon quickly briefly beat out the Prussians at Jena and the Russians at Friedland, bringing an uneasy peace to the continent. The treaty failed to end the battle in conclusivity, though, as war broke out in 1809, with the badly prepared Fifth Coalition, led by Austria. At first, the Austrians won a stunning victory at Aspern-Essling, but were quickly defeated at Wagram. Hoping to isolate and weaken Britain economically through his Continental System, Napoleon launched an invasion of Portugal, the only remaining British ally in continental Europe. After occupying Lisbon in November 1807, and with the bulk of French troops present in Spain, Napoleon seized the opportunity to turn against his former ally, depose the reigning Spanish royal family and declare his brother King of Spain in 1808 as José I. The Spanish and Portuguese revolted with British support and expelled the French from Iberia in 1814 after six years of fighting. Concurrently, Russia, unwilling to bear the economic consequences of reduced trade, routinely violated the Continental System, prompting Napoleon to launch a massive invasion of Russia in 1812. The resulting campaign ended in disaster for France and the near destruction of Napoleon's Grande Armée. Encouraged by the defeat, Austria, Prussia, Sweden, and Russia formed the Sixth Coalition and began a new campaign against France, decisively defeating Napoleon at Leipzig in October 1813 after several inconclusive engagements. The Allies then invaded France from the east, while the Peninsular War spilled over into southwestern France. Coalition troops captured Paris at the end of March 1814 and forced Napoleon to abdicate in April. He was exiled to the island of Elba, and the Bourbons were restored to power. But Napoleon escaped in February 1815, and reassumed control of France for around one hundred days. After forming the Seventh Coalition, the allies defeated him at Waterloo in June 1815 and exiled him to the island of Saint Helena, where he died peacefully six years later. The Congress of Vienna redrew the borders of Europe and brought a period of relative peace. The wars had profound consequences on global history, including the spread of nationalism and liberalism, the rise of Britain as the world's foremost naval and economic power, the appearance of independence movements in Latin America and subsequent decline of the Spanish and Portuguese Empires, the fundamental reorganization of German and Italian territories into larger states, and the introduction of radically new methods of conducting warfare, as well as civil law. After the end of the Napoleonic Wars, there was a period of relative peace in continental Europe, lasting until the Crimean War in 1853. (en) Tharla Cogaí Napoléon timpeall an domhain sna blianta 1803–1815, (ga) Perang Napoleon (1803–1815) adalah serangkaian konflik besar yang mengadu Kekaisaran Prancis dan sekutunya, yang dipimpin oleh Napoleon I, melawan kekuatan yang berfluktuasi susunan Kekuatan Eropa dibentuk menjadi berbagai koalisi. Ini menghasilkan periode dominasi Prancis atas sebagian besar benua Eropa. Perang berasal dari perselisihan yang belum terselesaikan terkait dengan Revolusi Prancis dan konflik yang dihasilkan. Perang sering dikategorikan ke dalam lima konflik, masing-masing disebut setelah koalisi yang melawan Napoleon: Koalisi Ketiga (1805), Keempat (1806– 07), Kelima (1809), Keenam (1813–14), dan Ketujuh (1815). Napoleon, setelah naik ke Konsul Pertama Prancis pada tahun 1799, telah mewarisi republik dalam kekacauan; dia kemudian menciptakan negara dengan keuangan yang stabil, birokrasi yang kuat, dan tentara yang terlatih. Pada tahun 1805, Austria dan Rusia membentuk Koalisi Ketiga dan mengobarkan perang melawan Prancis. Sebagai tanggapan, Napoleon mengalahkan tentara sekutu Rusia-Austria di Austerlitz pada bulan Desember 1805, yang dianggap sebagai kemenangan terbesarnya. Di laut, Inggris mengalahkan angkatan laut gabungan Prancis-Spanyol dalam Pertempuran Trafalgar pada 21 Oktober 1805. Kemenangan ini mengamankan laut Inggris dan mencegah invasi Inggris sendiri. Prihatin tentang peningkatan kekuatan Prancis, Prussia memimpin pembentukan Koalisi Keempat dengan Rusia, Saxony, dan Swedia, dan dimulainya kembali perang pada Oktober 1806 Napoleon dengan cepat mengalahkan Prusia di dan Rusia di Friedland, membawa perdamaian yang tidak menyenangkan ke benua itu. Namun, perdamaian gagal, ketika perang pecah pada tahun 1809, dengan Koalisi Kelima yang tidak dipersiapkan dengan baik, dipimpin oleh Austria. Pada awalnya, Austria memenangkan kemenangan yang menakjubkan di Aspern-Essling, tetapi dengan cepat dikalahkan di Wagram. Berharap untuk mengisolasi dan melemahkan Inggris secara ekonomi melalui Sistem Kontinental, Napoleon meluncurkan invasi Portugal, satu-satunya sekutu Inggris yang tersisa di benua Eropa. Setelah menduduki Lisbon pada November 1807, dan dengan sebagian besar pasukan Prancis hadir di Spanyol, Napoleon memanfaatkan kesempatan untuk berbalik melawan mantan sekutunya, menggulingkan yang berkuasa dan menyatakan saudaranya Raja Spanyol pada tahun 1808 sebagai José I. Spanyol dan Portugis memberontak dengan dukungan Inggris dan mengusir Prancis dari Iberia pada tahun 1814 setelah . Bersamaan dengan itu, Rusia, yang tidak mau menanggung konsekuensi ekonomi dari pengurangan perdagangan, secara rutin melanggar Sistem Kontinental, mendorong Napoleon untuk meluncurkan invasi besar-besaran ke Rusia pada tahun 1812. Kampanye yang dihasilkan berakhir dengan bencana dan hampir penghancuran Grande Armée Napoleon. Didorong oleh kekalahan, Austria, Prusia, Swedia, dan Rusia membentuk Koalisi Keenam dan memulai kampanye baru melawan Prancis, mengalahkan Napoleon secara meyakinkan di Leipzig pada Oktober 1813 setelah beberapa pertempuran yang tidak meyakinkan. Sekutu kemudian menyerbu Prancis dari timur, sementara Perang Semenanjung meluas ke Prancis barat daya. Pasukan koalisi merebut Paris pada akhir Maret 1814 dan memaksa Napoleon untuk turun tahta pada bulan April. Dia diasingkan ke pulau Elba, dan Bourbon dipulihkan ke kekuasaan. Tapi Napoleon melarikan diri pada Februari 1815, dan menguasai kembali Prancis selama sekitar seratus hari. Setelah membentuk Koalisi Ketujuh, Sekutu mengalahkannya secara permanen di Waterloo pada bulan Juni 1815 dan mengasingkannya ke Saint Helena, di mana dia meninggal enam tahun kemudian. Kongres Wina menggambar ulang perbatasan Eropa dan membawa periode yang relatif damai. Perang memiliki konsekuensi mendalam pada sejarah global, termasuk penyebaran nasionalisme dan liberalisme, kebangkitan Inggris sebagai kekuatan angkatan laut dan ekonomi terkemuka dunia, munculnya gerakan kemerdekaan di Amerika Latin dan penurunan berikutnya dari Kekaisaran Spanyol dan Kekaisaran Portugis, reorganisasi mendasar wilayah Jerman dan Italia menjadi negara bagian yang lebih besar, dan pengenalan metode baru yang radikal melakukan peperangan, serta hukum sipil. Akhir Perang Napoleon akan memulai periode perdamaian relatif di benua Eropa, yang berlangsung hingga Perang Krimea. (in) 나폴레옹 전쟁(Napoleonic Wars, 1803년 ~ 1815년)은 프랑스 제1제국 및 그 동맹국과 영국이 재정 및 군사적으로 주도하는 사이에서 벌어진 일련의 전쟁이다. 전쟁은 프랑스 혁명과 그 여파로 일어난 프랑스 혁명 전쟁 당시 해결되지 못한 문제들이 원인이 되어 발발했다. 전쟁은 크게 5개 항목으로 분류되는데, 1805년의 제3차 대프랑스 동맹, 1806년부터 1807년까지의 제4차 대프랑스 동맹, 1809년의 제5차 대프랑스 동맹, 1813년의 제6차 대프랑스 동맹, 그리고 1815년의 제7차 대프랑스 동맹으로 구성되어 있다. 1799년 프랑스 통령정부의 첫 통령이었던 나폴레옹은 프랑스 제1공화국을 다스리는 동안 안정적인 재정을 확보하고 강력한 관료체제를 만들었으며 잘 훈련된 군대를 육성했다. 1805년 오스트리아 제국과 러시아 제국은 프랑스를 상대로 전쟁을 재개했고, 나폴레옹은 이에 맞서 1805년 12월 아우스터리츠 전투에서 러시아-오스트리아 연합군을 격파했다. 그러나 바다에서 영국은 1805년 10월 트라팔가르 해전에서 스페인-프랑스 연합함대를 격파해 을 무산시켰다. 한편 프로이센 왕국은 프랑스의 영향력이 확대되는 것을 우려해 1806년 10월 프랑스와 전쟁을 개시했지만 예나-아우어슈테트 전투에서 패배했고, 1807년 6월 프리틀란트 전투에서 러시아 제국군도 패배시켰다. 이후 틸지트 조약이 체결되었지만, 평화는 오래 가지 못했다. 1809년 전쟁은 재발했고, 바그람 전투에서 연합군은 패배했다. 영국을 경제적으로 고립시키기 위해 대륙봉쇄령을 발표한 나폴레옹은 1808년 이베리아 반도를 침공해 스페인의 국왕으로 조제프 보나파르트를 옹립했다. 스페인과 포르투갈은 영국의 지원 하에 봉기했고, 1814년까지 프랑스와 전쟁을 벌인 후 이베리아 반도에서 프랑스를 축출했다. 동시에 경제적 타격을 입을 것을 우려한 러시아 제국이 프랑스의 대륙봉쇄령을 따르지 않음으로써 나폴레옹은 1812년 러시아 원정을 감행했다. 그러나 러시아 원정에서 프랑스 대육군이 궤멸된 이후 철수하면서, 이에 힘입은 오스트리아 제국과 프로이센, 러시아 제국은 프랑스를 상대로 새로운 전쟁을 개시했다. 삼국은 1813년 10월 라이프치히 전투에서 나폴레옹을 결정적으로 패배시킨다. 이후 영국을 비롯한 연합군은 프랑스를 침공해 1814년 3월 말 파리를 함락시켰다. 연합국은 1814년 4월 엘바섬에 나폴레옹을 유폐시키고 부르봉 왕정복고를 단행한다. 그러나 나폴레옹은 1815년 2월 섬을 탈출해 프랑스에 대한 통치권을 회복했다. 연합국은 이에 맞서 제7차 대프랑스 동맹을 결성하고 1815년 6월 워털루 전투에서 승리한다. 이후 나폴레옹은 세인트헬레나섬으로 유배를 간다. 나폴레옹 전쟁 이후 비엔나 회의가 개최되어 유럽의 국경은 새로 그려졌다. 이 전쟁을 통해 대영제국은 팍스 브리타니카를 통해 세계 최강대국으로 발돋움하게 되었다. 라틴 아메리카에서는 스페인 제국에 맞서 라틴 아메리카 독립 전쟁이 발발했다. 또한 민족주의와 자유주의가 전세계로 확장되었고, 이는 추후 독일과 이탈리아의 통일, 그리고 그리스의 독립에 영향을 주게 되었다. 군사학적인 측면에서도 전쟁을 수행할 당시 급진적으로 새로운 전술과 전투방식이 도입되게 되었다. (ko) Guerre napoleoniche è il termine usato per definire l'insieme delle guerre combattute in Europa nel periodo in cui Napoleone Bonaparte governò la Francia, in parte estensione delle guerre rivoluzionarie innescate dalla Rivoluzione francese e perduranti poi durante tutto il Primo Impero francese. Non esiste un consenso unanime nello stabilire quando si possano ritenere concluse le guerre rivoluzionarie francesi e cominciate quelle riconducibili a Napoleone: una data possibile di inizio di queste ultime è il 9 novembre 1799, giorno in cui Bonaparte salì al potere in Francia con il colpo di Stato del 18 brumaio. La data di inizio usata più comunemente è il 18 maggio 1803, in occasione della rinnovata dichiarazione di guerra tra Regno Unito e Francia, dopo le reciproche accuse di violazione degli accordi sanciti con il trattato di Amiens, evento che pose termine all'unico periodo di pace generalizzata in Europa tra il 1792 e il 1814. Un'ultima data di inizio proposta è il 2 dicembre 1804, giorno nel quale Napoleone si incoronò imperatore. Le guerre napoleoniche ebbero termine dopo la disfatta finale di Napoleone nella battaglia di Waterloo il 18 giugno 1815 e il secondo Trattato di Parigi. Il periodo che va dal 20 aprile del 1792 al 20 novembre 1815 viene anche indicato con il termine di "grande guerra francese". Le guerre napoleoniche provocarono circa un milione e mezzo di vittime civili e oltre tre milioni di combattenti caduti. (it) ナポレオン戦争（ナポレオンせんそう、フランス語: Guerres napoléoniennes、英語: Napoleonic Wars、ドイツ語: Napoleonische Kriege）は、フランスの第一執政期および第一帝政期の一連の戦争 (1799～1815) の総称。ナポレオン・ボナパルトが第一執政に就任した1799年11月9日を境に「フランス革命戦争」と「ナポレオン戦争」の二つの局面に分けられる。総裁政府下でナポレオン・ボナパルトが指揮した第一次イタリア遠征、エジプト遠征を含めることもある。 (ja) As Guerras Napoleônicas (português brasileiro) ou Guerras Napoleónicas (português europeu) foram uma série de conflitos colocando o Império Francês, liderado por Napoleão Bonaparte, contra uma série de alianças de nações europeias. Essas guerras revolucionaram os exércitos e táticas dos países da Europa, com grandes tropas sendo deslocadas para o combate de forma nunca antes vista no continente, acontecendo devido a algumas das primeiras conscrições em massa modernas. Este conflito foi uma continuação direta das chamadas Guerras Revolucionárias, que começaram em 1792 durante a Revolução Francesa. Inicialmente, o poderio da França cresceu exponencialmente, com os exércitos de Napoleão conquistando boa parte da Europa. No total, o imperador francês lutou em mais de sessenta batalhas e perdeu muito poucas, a maioria no fim da sua carreira. O poder francês no continente foi quebrado logo após a desastrosa invasão da Rússia em 1812. Napoleão foi derrotado em 1814 e enviado para o exílio na ilha de Elba, na costa da Itália; ele, contudo, alguns meses mais tarde, conseguiu escapar, marchou em Paris e retomou o poder na França, apenas para ser novamente deposto, em 1815, após a fracassada Batalha de Waterloo. O imperador francês foi novamente exilado, desta vez na distante ilha de Santa Helena, onde viria a morrer em 1821. O conflito viu uma série de Coalizões anti-Bonapartistas, formadas por diversas nações europeias como o Reino Unido, a Áustria, a Rússia e a Prússia, se erguendo contra o Império Francês. Os franceses, contudo, foram capazes de vencer cinco das sete coalizões que se levantaram contra eles. As primeiras duas aconteceram ainda no contexto das guerras revolucionárias francesas e terminaram como uma vitória da França. Já a terceira, a quarta e a quinta coalizões foram derrotadas por Napoleão com ele já no comando total do país. Estas vitórias deram ao Grande Armée francês e ao seu imperador uma fama de invulnerabilidade, especialmente quando estes marcharam até Moscou, antes de terem que abandonar esta cidade. Com a derrota sofrida na Rússia, em 1812, onde os franceses foram sobrepujados pelo poderoso inverno russo, o exército napoleônico não conseguiu se erguer novamente e se tornou uma sombra do seu antigo poderio. Então a sexta coalizão europeia se levantou novamente contra a França e derrotou Napoleão na decisiva Batalha de Lípsia e depois avançaram sobre o norte e leste da França, marchando em Paris em meados de 1814. No ano seguinte, durante a Guerra da Sétima Coalizão, os franceses foram derrotados, desta vez de forma definitiva, na Batalha de Waterloo. Vitoriosas, as potências europeias começaram a redesenhar o mapa do continente com as fronteiras de antes de 1789, através do Congresso de Viena. As guerras napoleônicas tiveram um impacto significativo no cenário geopolítico europeu, como na dissolução do Império Romano-Germânico, e fez ascender novas ondas de patriotismo e nacionalismo pelo continente, que ajudaram os processos de reunificação na Alemanha e Itália ao final do século XIX. O outrora poderoso Império Espanhol entrou em rápido declínio após a ocupação francesa, abrindo caminho para revoluções por independência em toda a América espanhola. Assim, o Império Britânico se tornou a maior potência mundial, de forma incontestável, pelas próximas décadas, dando início à chamada Pax Britannica. Há discórdia entre acadêmicos e historiadores a respeito de quando as guerras revolucionárias francesas terminam e as Guerras Napoleônicas começam de fato. A chegada de Napoleão Bonaparte ao poder na França aconteceu em 9 de novembro de 1799 e em 18 de maio de 1803 a guerra entre franceses e britânicos recomeçou a todo vapor, após um período de curta paz firmada no Tratado de Amiens. Grandes combates pelo continente europeu terminaram após a derrota final de Napoleão em junho de 1815, embora algumas lutas de pequena intensidade ainda estivessem acontecendo. O Tratado de Paris formalmente encerrou as guerras em 20 de novembro de 1815. (pt) Napoleonkrigen var en serie krig i Europa som löpte från 1803 till 1815 mellan Napoleons franska kejsardöme och olika koalitioner. De var fortsättning på de krig som utlöstes av franska revolutionen 1789. Napoleons arméer erövrade stora delar av Europa, men hans makt kollapsade efter Frankrikes katastrofala invasion av Ryssland 1812 och slaget vid Leipzig 1813. Kejsardömet led slutligen ett fullständigt militärt nederlag vid Waterloo vilket resulterade i restaurationen av bourbonska monarkin i Frankrike. Trots en slutlig seger mot Napoleon besegrades fem av sju koalitioner mot Frankrike. Det besegrade den första och andra koalitionen under franska revolutionskrigen och besegrade den tredje (seger vid Austerlitz), den fjärde (seger vid Jena, Eylau, Friedland) och den femte koalitionen (seger vid Wagram) under ledning av Napoleon. Dessa stora segrar gav den franska armén en känsla av osårbarhet, särskilt när de närmade sig Moskva. Men efter reträtten från Ryssland, trots ofullständiga segrar, besegrades Frankrike av den sjätte koalitionen vid Leipzig och den sjunde koalitionen vid slaget vid Waterloo. Krigen resulterade i upplösningen av tysk-romerska riket och sådde frön av gryende nationalism i Tyskland och Italien som skulle leda till de två nationernas respektive konsolideringar senare under århundradet. Under tiden började det globala spanska imperiet nystas upp då franska försvagade Spaniens grepp över sina kolonier, vilket gav en öppning för nationalistiska revolutioner i spanska Amerika. Som en direkt följd av Napoleonkrigen, blev brittiska imperiet den främsta världsmakten under det kommande 100 åren och påbörjade därmed Pax Britannica. Ingen enighet råder om när franska revolutionskrigen upphörde och Napoleonkrigen började. En tidig kandidat är den 9 november 1799 då Bonaparte tog makten i Frankrike genom Brumairekuppen. Den 18 maj 1803 är det vanligaste datumet eftersom detta var när en förnyad krigsförklaring mellan Storbritannien och Frankrike (på grund av kollapsen av freden i Amiens) avslutade den enda perioden av allmän fred i Europa mellan 1792 och 1814. Napoleonkrigen avslutades efter Napoleons slutliga nederlag vid Waterloo den 18 juni 1815 och Andra Parisfreden. (sv) Wojny napoleońskie – seria konfliktów zbrojnych pomiędzy Francją i państwami z nią sprzymierzonymi a zmieniającą się koalicją innych państw Europy, w czasach supremacji Napoleona Bonaparte. Były one kontynuacją wojen między I Republiką Francuską a państwami I i II koalicji, które wybuchły z powodu rewolucji francuskiej i trwały – z inicjatywy i dzięki finansowaniu przez Wielką Brytanię – przez cały okres Konsulatu i I Cesarstwa. Historycy nie są zgodni co do tego, kiedy dokładnie należy datować ich początek. Niektórzy uważają, że należy je liczyć od momentu, gdy w listopadzie 1799 roku Napoleon przejął władzę we Francji. Inni uznają, że konflikty okresu 1799–1802 należy zaliczać jeszcze do wojen okresu rewolucji francuskiej i za punkt początkowy „wojen napoleońskich” uważają zerwanie pokoju w Amiens i wypowiedzenie wojny Francji przez Brytanię w 1803. Obecnie w historiografii zachodniej coraz częściej nazywa się je „wojnami Koalicji”, ponieważ faktycznie zostały one narzucone Napoleonowi przez kolejne koalicje.Wojny te – dzięki talentom dowódczym Napoleona początkowo zwycięskie, co zaowocowało pobiciem w polu armii większości dawnych mocarstw europejskich – zakończyły się przegraną Francji i najpierw abdykacją, a po ostatniej kampanii, znanej jako „100 dni Napoleona”, zesłaniem cesarza na Wyspę Świętej Heleny (1815). Za ich końcową datę uznaje się 20 listopada 1815 – po ostatecznej klęsce Napoleona w bitwie pod Waterloo i podpisaniu drugiego traktatu paryskiego w 1815 roku. Wojny napoleońskie przyczyniły się pośrednio do powstania w wielu krajach Europy nowego stylu myślenia, a w konsekwencji do walki o wyzwolenie narodowe w Polsce, Belgii, we Włoszech i na Bałkanach. (pl) Наполеоновские войны — под этим названием известны главным образом войны, которые велись против Наполеона Бонапарта разными государствами Европы, когда тот был Первым консулом и императором Франции (ноябрь 1799 — июнь 1815). В более широком смысле сюда относится и итальянская кампания Наполеона (1796—1797), и его египетская экспедиция (1798—1799), хотя их (особенно итальянскую кампанию) обычно причисляют к так называемым революционным войнам. Жертвами наполеоновских войн стали по меньшей мере 3 миллиона человек. Переворот 18 брюмера VII года (9 ноября 1799 года) установил во Франции власть Наполеона как раз в то время, когда старая Европа находилась в полной дезорганизации: правительства были совершенно неспособны к совместным действиям и готовы были ради частных выгод изменять общему делу; повсюду царили старые порядки, и в администрации, и в финансах, и в армии — порядки, неэффективность которых обнаружилась при первом же серьёзном столкновении с более современной Наполеоновской Францией. Всё это сделало Бонапарта владыкой материковой Европы. Ещё до 18 брюмера, будучи главнокомандующим Итальянской армией Наполеон начал передел политической карты Европы, а в эпоху своей экспедиции в Османский Египет и Сирию строил грандиозные планы относительно Востока. Став Первым консулом, он мечтал о том, чтобы в союзе с российским императором Павлом I выбить Великобританию с позиции, которую она занимала в Индии. Но в 1801 году Павел I был убит в результате заговора, а Австрия, наиболее потерпевшая от ударов Франции вообще и от Бонапарта в частности, заключила в 1805 году союз с Великобританией; британский флот разгромил при Трафальгаре морские силы Франции; Наполеон вынужден был двинуть свою армию против Австрии. Этим определилось начало нового 10-летнего периода беспрерывных войн в Европе. До 1812 года Наполеон вёл наступательные войны, одерживал решительные победы и последовательно нанёс сокрущающие удары Австрии и Пруссии, многочисленных правителей малых германских государств обратил в подвластных себе и создал несколько монархий, тесно связанных с Францией династическими интересами. В то же время французские войска вели упорную борьбу на Пиренейском полуострове, где Великобритания создала себе основание действий против Франции. Эта борьба поддерживалась без видимых успехов для обеих сторон, французские войска не в состоянии были справиться с народными ополчениями, поддержанными деньгами Великобритании и её небольшой армией. В 1812 году Наполеон двинул против России более чем полумиллионное полчище из контингентов почти всех европейских государств, но потерпел поражение. После этого под главенством России народы Европы постепенно ополчились против Наполеона. Они осознали и усвоили новые начала военного искусства, вызванные к жизни Великой французской революцией, и прибегнули к тем же средствам, при помощи которых до сих пор торжествовал Наполеон. Наполеон долго и искусно сопротивлялся надвигавшейся со всех сторон грозной силе Шестой коалиции, но в итоге потерпел поражение. (ru) Наполео́нівські ві́йни (1799—1815) — серія з кількох воєн, проведених антифранцузькими коаліціями у період Консульства (1799—1804) й імперії Наполеона (1804—1814, 1815). Найпершою метою війн було прагнення Наполеона завдати повної поразки Великій Британії та усунути її як політичного та економічного суперника Франції. Виступивши проти коаліції європейських країн (Австрійської імперії, Великої Британії, Російської імперії, королівства Швеція і королівства Пруссія), Наполеон одержав перемоги біля Аустерліца (1805), Єни (1806), Ейлау і Фрідланда (1807), але не зміг ефективно воювати проти Великої Британії після поразки в морському бою біля Трафальгара. Його війська воювали в Іспанії з 1808, коли Наполеон втрутився у династичні чвари іспанських Бурбонів. Поразка в Російській імперії і в битві під Лейпцигом, призвела до його полону і заслання на острів Ельбу. 1815 Наполеон повернувся до Французької імперії, почав новий виступ проти сил коаліції, що завершилося повною поразкою Франції біля Ватерлоо. (uk) 拿破崙戰爭（法語：Guerres napoléoniennes）指的是1803年至1815年一系列龐大的全球性衝突，由拿破崙一世領導的法蘭西帝國和其從屬國與反法同盟爆發了數場對抗。使得某一時期歐洲大陸大部分地區被法國統治，而這些戰事可說是自法國大革命戰爭的延續。拿破崙戰爭通常被描述為五場衝突，分為：第三次反法同盟（1803-1806年）、第四次反法同盟（1806-07年） 、第五次反法同盟（1809）、第六次反法同盟（1813-14）、第七次反法同盟（1815）以及半島戰爭（1807-1814）和俄法戰爭（1812）。 拿破崙在1799年經過雾月政变成為法國第一執政後，經過大量改革成功建立了一支異常強大的軍隊，以及一個財政和政治穩定的國家。隨後於1803年，爆發了第三次反法同盟戰爭，拿破崙先在烏爾姆戰役以出人意料的戰術迂迴行動，俘虜大批奧軍，隨後又於奧斯特利茨戰役決定性的擊敗俄奧聯軍，促使神聖羅馬帝國的崩潰。1806年10月，因擔心法國對歐洲的控制持續增強，普魯士王國與俄羅斯帝國、薩克森和瑞典組成第四次反法同盟對法國開戰，拿破崙的軍隊迅速在耶拿-奧爾施泰特會戰擊敗普魯士軍隊，使得普魯士在短短的19天就被迫退出戰爭，接著再經過數次交戰，最終於弗里德蘭戰役後瓦解第四次反法同盟。1809年，受到法軍在半島戰爭中挫折的鼓舞，奧地利發動第五次反法同盟以奪回在前幾次同盟損失的大量領土，但卻遭到巨大的失敗，除了阿斯珀恩-埃斯靈之戰之外，幾乎再無對法軍的勝利，最終於瓦格拉姆之战再次被拿破崙擊敗。 為了建立大陸封鎖以在經濟上削弱英國，拿破崙決定摧毀英國在大陸上的最後一位盟友葡萄牙。在1807年11月佔領里斯本後，大部分的法軍都駐紮在西班牙，拿破崙抓住機會廢黜在位的西班牙王室，並於1808年宣布他的兄弟约瑟夫·波拿巴為西班牙國王。經過六年的游擊戰，西班牙在英國的支持下，在1814年將法軍驅逐出伊比利亞半島。 與此同時，俄羅斯不願承擔貿易減少後的損失，經常違反大陸體系，使拿破崙於1812年對俄羅斯發動入侵，最終因俄羅斯的焦土戰術和後勤不足而失敗。 在法軍失敗的鼓舞下，俄羅斯、奧地利、普魯士、瑞典組成了第六次反法同盟，拿破仑在德勒斯登戰役等戰擊敗聯軍，但最終於1813年10月，在莱比锡战役因聯軍的龐大兵力而敗北。盟軍隨後開始入侵法國，而半島戰爭也蔓延至法國西南部，拿破崙雖打出其一生的傑作六日戰役，但最終聯軍於1814年3月末佔領巴黎，並在4月迫使拿破崙退位。他被流放到厄爾巴島，法國重回波旁王朝的統治。然而，拿破崙成功從厄爾巴島上逃脫，並重登皇位，但最終在滑铁卢战役不敵聯軍的龐大軍力。 在維也納會議後重新劃定了歐洲各國的國界，帶來了一段和平的時期，直到1853年的克里米亚战争。這場戰爭對世界歷史產生了深遠的影響，包括民族主義和自由主義的傳播，英國也在這場戰爭後正式超過法國成為世界霸主，拉丁美洲也爆發了大量的獨立運動，促使了西班牙帝國和葡萄牙帝國的衰弱。 (zh) |
| dbo:causalties | Italians: 120,000 total dead or missing including civilians Russians: 289,000 killed in action (600,000 total dead including civilians) Very heavy damage to industry and infrastructure (Spain, Russia, Prussia, Austria and Portugal) worth est.€2,000,000 Ottomans: 50,000 total dead or missing Thousands more permanently injured. Unknown number of ships captured or destroyed. Portuguese: up to 250,000 total dead or missing including civilians Austrians: 350,220 killed in action (500,000 total dead) Spanish: more than 300,000 killed in action and more than 586,000 dead in total including civilians Total: 4,000,000 total military and civilian dead or missing €700,000 total war reparations by Prussia and Austria to France (1805–12) Thousands of horses dead, captured or missing, unknown number of cannons, forts, wagons and buildings captured and destroyed. Prussians: 134,000 killed in action (300,000 total dead including civilians) British: 125,000 killed in action (300,000 total dead) Est. €500,000 reparations by others belligerents and loot worth about €1,000,000 taken from Spain and Russia |
| dbo:combatant | ---- French Republic Holland Italy Ottoman Empire Papal States Sicily Russia Spain Brunswick Denmark–Norway French Empire Naples Netherlands Portugal Prussia Tuscany Coalition forces: Austria Duchy of Warsaw Baden Bavaria French Royalists Hanover Qajar Iran Sardinia Württemberg Montenegro Nassau Westphalia Switzerland 20pxPolish Legions Bonapartist Spain Confederation of the Rhine Etruria France and its client states: Lucca-Piombino |
| dbo:commander | dbr:Joseph_Bonaparte dbr:Rutger_Jan_Schimmelpenninck dbr:Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony dbr:Frederick_I_of_Württemberg dbr:Frederick_VI_of_Denmark dbr:George_III dbr:Louis_Bonaparte dbr:Louis_XVIII dbr:William_I_of_the_Netherlands dbr:Alexander_I_of_Russia dbr:Eugène_de_Beauharnais dbr:Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain dbr:Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor dbr:Gustav_IV_Adolf dbr:Joachim_Murat dbr:Jérôme_Bonaparte dbr:Józef_Poniatowski dbr:Maria_I_of_Portugal dbr:Maximilian_I_Joseph dbr:Napoleon dbr:Charles_XIV_John_of_Sweden dbr:Frederick_William_III |
| dbo:place | dbr:Mediterranean_Sea dbr:Río_de_la_Plata dbr:French_Guiana dbr:Caucasus dbr:West_Indies dbr:East_Indies dbr:Europe dbr:North_America dbr:North_Sea dbr:Pacific_Ocean dbr:Atlantic_Ocean dbr:South_America dbr:Indian_Ocean dbr:Middle_East dbr:Southern_Africa |
| dbo:result | Coalition victory Rise of theBritish Empireas thedominant world superpower Coalition occupation of France Congress of Vienna Decline of thePortuguese,SpanishandDutchEmpires. Exile ofNapoleon ItoSt. Helena Fall of theFirst French Empire Major population loss Restoration of the Bourbon monarchy Rise ofPrussiaas a great power Second Treaty of Paris Widespread rise ofnationalismandliberalisminEurope Dissolution of theHoly Roman EmpireandDenmark–Norway. Establishment of theUnited Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway,and theUnited Kingdom of the Netherlands Beginning of theRisorgimentoand theUnification of Germany |
| dbo:strength | Spaniards: 100,000 regulars, guerrillas and militia at peak strength (1812) Other coalition members: 100,000 regulars and militia at peak strength (1813) British: 250,000 regulars, sailors, marines and militia at peak strength (1813) French clients and allies: 500,000 regulars and militia at peak strength (1813) ottoman empire 350,000 ottoman empire: 35,1000 Russians: 900,000 regulars, Cossacks and militia at peak strength (1812) Austrians: 300,000 regulars and militia at peak strength (1809) Prussians: 320,000 regulars and militia at peak strength (1806) Total: 2,000,000 regulars and militia at peak strength (1813) French: 1,200,000 regulars, sailors, marines and militia at peak strength (1813) Swedish: 50,000 regulars and militia at peak strength (1813) Portuguese: 50,000 regulars, guerrillas and militia at peak strength (1809) Total: 3,000,000 regulars and militia at peak strength (1813) |
| dbo:thumbnail | wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Napoleonic_Wars.jpg?width=300 |
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| dbp:caption | Left to right, top to bottom: (en) Battles of Austerlitz, Berlin, Friedland, Lisbon, Madrid, Vienna, Moscow, Leipzig, Paris, Waterloo (en) Click an image to load the campaign. (en) |
| dbp:casualties | Italians: 120,000 total dead or missing including civilians (en) Austrians: 350,220 killed in action (en) British: 125,000 killed in action (en) Thousands more permanently injured. Thousands of horses dead, captured or missing, unknown number of cannons, forts, wagons and buildings captured and destroyed. Very heavy damage to industry and infrastructure worth est.€2,000,000 Unknown number of ships captured or destroyed. €700,000 total war reparations by Prussia and Austria to France Est. €500,000 reparations by others belligerents and loot worth about €1,000,000 taken from Spain and Russia (en) Prussians: 134,000 killed in action (en) Russians: 289,000 killed in action (en) Portuguese: up to 250,000 total dead or missing including civilians (en) Ottomans: 50,000 total dead or missing Total: 4,000,000 total military and civilian dead or missing (en) *306,000 French killed in action *65,000 French allies killed in action *800,000 French and allies killed by wounds, accidents or disease *600,000 civilians killed Total: 2,000,000 dead Thousands more permanently injured. Thousands of horses dead, captured or missing, unknown number of cannons, forts, wagons and buildings captured and destroyed. Very heavy damage to industry and infrastructure worth est. €1,200,000 Dozens of ships captured or destroyed. Heavy war reparations to allies (en) Spanish: more than 300,000 killed in action and more than 586,000 dead in total including civilians (en) |
| dbp:combatant | 20 (xsd:integer) Austria (en) Baden (en) Bavaria (en) Brunswick (en) Confederation of the Rhine (en) Denmark–Norway (en) Duchy of Warsaw (en) Etruria (en) Hanover (en) Holland (en) Italy (en) Montenegro (en) Naples (en) Netherlands (en) Ottoman Empire (en) Papal States (en) Portugal (en) Prussia (en) Qajar Iran (en) Russia (en) Sardinia (en) Sicily (en) Spain (en) Switzerland (en) Tuscany (en) Westphalia (en) Württemberg (en) (en) French Republic (en) French Royalists (en) ---- (en) Nassau (en) French Empire (en) Bonapartist Spain (en) Coalition forces: (en) France and its client states: (en) Lucca-Piombino (en) |
| dbp:commander | (en) Alexander I (en) Frederick I (en) William I (en) Ferdinand VII (en) George III (en) Francis I (en) Louis XVIII (en) Józef Poniatowski (en) Gustav IV Adolf (en) Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck (en) Eugène de Beauharnais (en) Frederick Augustus I (en) Frederick William III (en) Joachim Murat (en) Napoleon I (en) Joseph I (en) Charles John (en) Frederick VI (en) Louis Bonaparte (en) Maria I (en) Maximilian I Joseph (en) Jerôme I (en) |
| dbp:conflict | Napoleonic Wars (en) |
| dbp:date | (en) February 2013 (en) |
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| dbp:label | Austria (en) France (en) Germany (en) Portugal (en) Prussia (en) Russia (en) Spain (en) Waterloo (en) |
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| dbp:markTitle | Fifth Coalition: Austria 1809:...Wagram... (en) Fourth Coalition: Prussia 1806:...Jena... (en) French invasion of Russia 1812:...Moscow... (en) Hundred Days 1815:...Waterloo... (en) Peninsular War: Portugal 1807...Torres Vedras... (en) Peninsular War: Spain 1808...Vitoria... (en) Third Coalition: Germany 1803:...Austerlitz... (en) Sixth Coalition: France 1814:...Paris... (en) Sixth Coalition: Germany 1813:...Leipzig... (en) |
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| dbp:place | dbr:Mediterranean_Sea dbr:Río_de_la_Plata dbr:French_Guiana dbr:Caucasus dbr:West_Indies dbr:East_Indies dbr:Europe dbr:North_America dbr:North_Sea dbr:Pacific_Ocean dbr:Atlantic_Ocean dbr:South_America dbr:Indian_Ocean dbr:Middle_East dbr:Southern_Africa |
| dbp:result | dbr:Congress_of_Vienna (en) Coalition victory (en) Second Treaty of Paris (en) Coalition occupation of France (en) Exile of Napoleon I to St. Helena (en) Fall of the First French Empire (en) Major population loss (en) Restoration of the Bourbon monarchy (en) Rise of Prussia as a great power (en) Rise of the British Empire as the dominant world superpower (en) Beginning of the Risorgimento and the Unification of Germany (en) Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and Denmark–Norway. (en) Establishment of the United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway, and the United Kingdom of the Netherlands (en) Widespread rise of nationalism and liberalism in Europe (en) Decline of the Portuguese, Spanish and Dutch Empires. (en) |
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| dbp:strength | (en) Swedish: 50,000 regulars and militia at peak strength Other coalition members: 100,000 regulars and militia at peak strength Total: 3,000,000 regulars and militia at peak strength (en) Total: 2,000,000 regulars and militia at peak strength ottoman empire: 35,1000 (en) French: 1,200,000 regulars, sailors, marines and militia at peak strength (en) Spaniards: 100,000 regulars, guerrillas and militia at peak strength (en) ottoman empire 350,000 (en) Prussians: 320,000 regulars and militia at peak strength (en) British: 250,000 regulars, sailors, marines and militia at peak strength (en) French clients and allies: 500,000 regulars and militia at peak strength (en) Russians: 900,000 regulars, Cossacks and militia at peak strength (en) Portuguese: 50,000 regulars, guerrillas and militia at peak strength (en) Austrians: 300,000 regulars and militia at peak strength (en) |
| dbp:title | Napoleonic Wars (en) |
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| rdfs:comment | Napoleonské války byly sérií válečných konfliktů mezi lety 1803 až 1815, následující po revolučních válkách, které skončily roku 1802. Napoleonská Francie byla nakonec poražena, což vedlo k restauraci Bourbonů. Napoleonské války skončily porážkou Napoleona I. v bitvě u Waterloo 18. června 1815 a druhou pařížskou mírovou smlouvou. (cs) Tharla Cogaí Napoléon timpeall an domhain sna blianta 1803–1815, (ga) ナポレオン戦争（ナポレオンせんそう、フランス語: Guerres napoléoniennes、英語: Napoleonic Wars、ドイツ語: Napoleonische Kriege）は、フランスの第一執政期および第一帝政期の一連の戦争 (1799～1815) の総称。ナポレオン・ボナパルトが第一執政に就任した1799年11月9日を境に「フランス革命戦争」と「ナポレオン戦争」の二つの局面に分けられる。総裁政府下でナポレオン・ボナパルトが指揮した第一次イタリア遠征、エジプト遠征を含めることもある。 (ja) الحروب النابليونية هو مصطلح يستخدم في تعريف سلسلة الحروب التي وقعت في أوروبا خلال فترة حكم نابليون بونابرت لفرنسا. كانت هذه الحروب امتداداً جزئياً للحروب الثورية التي اشعلتها الثورة الفرنسية، والتي استمرت خلال فترة الإمبراطورية الفرنسية الأولى.لا يوجد إجماع حول تحديد متى انتهت الحروب الفرنسية ومتى بدأت حروب نابليون بونابرت. إن التاريخ المحتمل لبداية هذة الأخيرة هو 9 نوفمبر عام 1799، هذا اليوم الذي يوافق تولي بونابرت مقاليد الحكم في فرنسا من خلال انقلاب 18 برومير (فرنسا) .و لكن التاريخ الأكثر شيوعاً هو 18 مايو عام 1803 مع تجدد إعلان الحرب بين بريطانيا وفرنسا، بعد الاتهامات المتبادلة لانتهاك الإتفاقيات المنصوص عليها في معاهدة أميان، الحدث الذي انهى الفترة الوحيدة للسلام العام في أوروبا بين عام 1792 و1784.كما يعد يوم 12 ديسمبر عام 1804 آخر تاريخ محتمل لبداية الحرب، حيث توَج نابليون نفسه إمبرا (ar) Les Guerres Napoleòniques són el conjunt de conflictes bèl·lics que es van produir durant el període que Napoleó Bonaparte va governar el Primer Imperi Francès. En part van ser una extensió dels conflictes que varen esclatar amb motiu de la Revolució Francesa, i que es varen perllongar al llarg de tot el Primer Imperi Francès. No hi ha un consens sobre el moment exacte en què aquestes varen començar. Hi ha un sector dels historiadors que considera que varen començar quan Napoleó va arribar al poder a França el novembre de 1799, mentre que d'altres defensen que han de situar-se al període bèl·lic entre 1799 i 1802 en el context de les Guerres de la Revolució Francesa, i més concretament en la declaració de guerra entre el Regne Unit de la Gran Bretanya i Irlanda i la Primera República Franc (ca) Οι Ναπολεόντειοι Πόλεμοι (1803-1815) ήταν μια σειρά μεγάλων συγκρούσεων που έφεραν αντιμέτωπους τη Γαλλική Αυτοκρατορία και τους συμμάχους της, υπό την ηγεσία του Ναπολέοντα Α΄, με μια μεταβαλλόμενη ομάδα ευρωπαϊκών δυνάμεων που συγκροτούσαν διάφορους συνασπισμούς, χρηματοδοτούμενους και συνήθως από την ηγεσία του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου. Οι πόλεμοι προήλθαν από τις ανεπίλυτες διαφορές σχετικές με τη Γαλλική Επανάσταση και τις συγκρούσεις που προκάλεσε. Οι πόλεμοι συχνά ταξινομούνται σε πέντε συγκρούσεις, καθεμία από τις οποίες πήρε το όνομά της μετά από τον συνασπισμό που πολεμούσε τον Ναπολέοντα: τον Τρίτο Συνασπισμό (1805), τον Τέταρτο (1806-07), τον Πέμπτο (1809), τον Έκτο (1813) και τον Έβδομο (1815). (el) La Napoleonaj Militoj estis serio de konfliktoj deklaritaj kontraŭ la Franca Imperio de Napoleon kaj pluraj aroj de eŭropaj aliancanoj per kontraŭbataladaj koalicioj kiuj daŭris de 1803 ĝis 1815 jaro. Kiel daŭrigo de la militoj ekigitaj en la Franca Revolucio de 1789 ili revoluciigis eŭropajn armeojn kaj intrigis eksteren je senprecedenca skalo, plejparte pro la aplikado de la modernaj amas-ribeloj. Franca potenco pliiĝis rapide, konkeris la plej grandan parton de Eŭropo, sed kolapsis rapide post la katastrofa franca invado al Rusio en 1812. La imperio de Napoleon finfine suferis kompletan armean malvenkon gvidanta al la restarigo de la Burbonoj en Francio. La militoj kondukis al la disiĝo de la Sankta Romia Imperio kaj post tio naskiĝis naciismo en Italio kaj Germanio kiu vidis la naskiĝo (eo) Las guerras napoleónicas, también llamadas guerras de la Coalición, fueron una serie de conflictos bélicos que tuvieron lugar durante el tiempo en que el emperador Napoleón I Bonaparte gobernó en Francia. Fueron en parte una extensión de los conflictos que estallaron a causa de la Revolución francesa y continuaron, a instigación y gracias al financiamiento del Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda, durante todo el Primer Imperio francés. No existe consenso sobre el momento exacto en que comenzaron estas guerras. Hay quienes consideran que empezaron cuando Napoleón alcanzó el poder en Francia, en noviembre de 1799. Sin embargo, otras versiones sitúan el periodo bélico entre 1799 y 1802 en el contexto de las guerras revolucionarias francesas y consideran la ruptura de la paz y declaración d (es) Napoleondar Gerrak Napoleon Bonaparteren aginte inperialaren garaian (1804-1815) borroka egindako zenbait gatazka armatu izan ziren, 1789ko Frantziako Iraultzak eragindako gerrei jarraipena eman zietenak. Hein handi batean Erresuma Batuaren finantziazioari esker jarraitu zuten gerrak izan ziren, Frantziako Lehen Inperioan zehar. Ez dago kontsentsurik gerra hauen hasiera zehatzaren inguruan. Batzuen ustez gerrak hasi ziren Napoleonek Frantzian agintea lortu zuenean, 1799ko azaroan, baina beste batzuek uste dute 1799 eta 1802 artean emandako gatazkak Frantziako Iraultzako Gerrak direla, eta Erresuma Batuak 1803an Frantziari gerra deklaratu izana jartzen dute hasieratzat. Kasu honetan haustura izango litzateke hasiera. (eu) Les guerres napoléoniennes sont en partie le prolongement des guerres engendrées par la Révolution française de 1789, et durèrent tout au long du Premier Empire de Napoléon Ier. Il n’existe pas de consensus sur leur point de départ. Certains considèrent qu’elles commencent lors du coup d'état du 18 Brumaire an VIII (9 novembre 1799) par le général Bonaparte. D’autres prolongent les guerres de la Révolution française jusqu’en 1802, et estiment que la déclaration de guerre du Royaume-Uni à la France en 1803, après la courte période de paix qui suit le traité d'Amiens (1802), est le point de départ des guerres napoléoniennes. (fr) The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of major global conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European states formed into various coalitions. It produced a period of French domination over most of continental Europe. The wars stemmed from the unresolved disputes associated with the French Revolution and the French Revolutionary Wars consisting of the War of the First Coalition (1792–1797) and the War of the Second Coalition (1798–1802). The Napoleonic Wars are often described as five conflicts, each termed after the coalition that fought Napoleon: the Third Coalition (1803–1806), the Fourth (1806–1807), the Fifth (1809), the Sixth (1813–1814), and the Seventh (1815) plus the Peninsular War (1807–1814) and the French inva (en) Perang Napoleon (1803–1815) adalah serangkaian konflik besar yang mengadu Kekaisaran Prancis dan sekutunya, yang dipimpin oleh Napoleon I, melawan kekuatan yang berfluktuasi susunan Kekuatan Eropa dibentuk menjadi berbagai koalisi. Ini menghasilkan periode dominasi Prancis atas sebagian besar benua Eropa. Perang berasal dari perselisihan yang belum terselesaikan terkait dengan Revolusi Prancis dan konflik yang dihasilkan. Perang sering dikategorikan ke dalam lima konflik, masing-masing disebut setelah koalisi yang melawan Napoleon: Koalisi Ketiga (1805), Keempat (1806– 07), Kelima (1809), Keenam (1813–14), dan Ketujuh (1815). (in) Guerre napoleoniche è il termine usato per definire l'insieme delle guerre combattute in Europa nel periodo in cui Napoleone Bonaparte governò la Francia, in parte estensione delle guerre rivoluzionarie innescate dalla Rivoluzione francese e perduranti poi durante tutto il Primo Impero francese. (it) 나폴레옹 전쟁(Napoleonic Wars, 1803년 ~ 1815년)은 프랑스 제1제국 및 그 동맹국과 영국이 재정 및 군사적으로 주도하는 사이에서 벌어진 일련의 전쟁이다. 전쟁은 프랑스 혁명과 그 여파로 일어난 프랑스 혁명 전쟁 당시 해결되지 못한 문제들이 원인이 되어 발발했다. 전쟁은 크게 5개 항목으로 분류되는데, 1805년의 제3차 대프랑스 동맹, 1806년부터 1807년까지의 제4차 대프랑스 동맹, 1809년의 제5차 대프랑스 동맹, 1813년의 제6차 대프랑스 동맹, 그리고 1815년의 제7차 대프랑스 동맹으로 구성되어 있다. 나폴레옹 전쟁 이후 비엔나 회의가 개최되어 유럽의 국경은 새로 그려졌다. 이 전쟁을 통해 대영제국은 팍스 브리타니카를 통해 세계 최강대국으로 발돋움하게 되었다. 라틴 아메리카에서는 스페인 제국에 맞서 라틴 아메리카 독립 전쟁이 발발했다. 또한 민족주의와 자유주의가 전세계로 확장되었고, 이는 추후 독일과 이탈리아의 통일, 그리고 그리스의 독립에 영향을 주게 되었다. 군사학적인 측면에서도 전쟁을 수행할 당시 급진적으로 새로운 전술과 전투방식이 도입되게 되었다. (ko) Wojny napoleońskie – seria konfliktów zbrojnych pomiędzy Francją i państwami z nią sprzymierzonymi a zmieniającą się koalicją innych państw Europy, w czasach supremacji Napoleona Bonaparte. Były one kontynuacją wojen między I Republiką Francuską a państwami I i II koalicji, które wybuchły z powodu rewolucji francuskiej i trwały – z inicjatywy i dzięki finansowaniu przez Wielką Brytanię – przez cały okres Konsulatu i I Cesarstwa. (pl) As Guerras Napoleônicas (português brasileiro) ou Guerras Napoleónicas (português europeu) foram uma série de conflitos colocando o Império Francês, liderado por Napoleão Bonaparte, contra uma série de alianças de nações europeias. Essas guerras revolucionaram os exércitos e táticas dos países da Europa, com grandes tropas sendo deslocadas para o combate de forma nunca antes vista no continente, acontecendo devido a algumas das primeiras conscrições em massa modernas. Este conflito foi uma continuação direta das chamadas Guerras Revolucionárias, que começaram em 1792 durante a Revolução Francesa. Inicialmente, o poderio da França cresceu exponencialmente, com os exércitos de Napoleão conquistando boa parte da Europa. No total, o imperador francês lutou em mais de sessenta batalhas e perdeu (pt) Napoleonkrigen var en serie krig i Europa som löpte från 1803 till 1815 mellan Napoleons franska kejsardöme och olika koalitioner. De var fortsättning på de krig som utlöstes av franska revolutionen 1789. Napoleons arméer erövrade stora delar av Europa, men hans makt kollapsade efter Frankrikes katastrofala invasion av Ryssland 1812 och slaget vid Leipzig 1813. Kejsardömet led slutligen ett fullständigt militärt nederlag vid Waterloo vilket resulterade i restaurationen av bourbonska monarkin i Frankrike. (sv) Наполеоновские войны — под этим названием известны главным образом войны, которые велись против Наполеона Бонапарта разными государствами Европы, когда тот был Первым консулом и императором Франции (ноябрь 1799 — июнь 1815). В более широком смысле сюда относится и итальянская кампания Наполеона (1796—1797), и его египетская экспедиция (1798—1799), хотя их (особенно итальянскую кампанию) обычно причисляют к так называемым революционным войнам. Жертвами наполеоновских войн стали по меньшей мере 3 миллиона человек. (ru) Наполео́нівські ві́йни (1799—1815) — серія з кількох воєн, проведених антифранцузькими коаліціями у період Консульства (1799—1804) й імперії Наполеона (1804—1814, 1815). Найпершою метою війн було прагнення Наполеона завдати повної поразки Великій Британії та усунути її як політичного та економічного суперника Франції. Виступивши проти коаліції європейських країн (Австрійської імперії, Великої Британії, Російської імперії, королівства Швеція і королівства Пруссія), Наполеон одержав перемоги біля Аустерліца (1805), Єни (1806), Ейлау і Фрідланда (1807), але не зміг ефективно воювати проти Великої Британії після поразки в морському бою біля Трафальгара. Його війська воювали в Іспанії з 1808, коли Наполеон втрутився у династичні чвари іспанських Бурбонів. Поразка в Російській імперії і в битві (uk) 拿破崙戰爭（法語：Guerres napoléoniennes）指的是1803年至1815年一系列龐大的全球性衝突，由拿破崙一世領導的法蘭西帝國和其從屬國與反法同盟爆發了數場對抗。使得某一時期歐洲大陸大部分地區被法國統治，而這些戰事可說是自法國大革命戰爭的延續。拿破崙戰爭通常被描述為五場衝突，分為：第三次反法同盟（1803-1806年）、第四次反法同盟（1806-07年） 、第五次反法同盟（1809）、第六次反法同盟（1813-14）、第七次反法同盟（1815）以及半島戰爭（1807-1814）和俄法戰爭（1812）。 為了建立大陸封鎖以在經濟上削弱英國，拿破崙決定摧毀英國在大陸上的最後一位盟友葡萄牙。在1807年11月佔領里斯本後，大部分的法軍都駐紮在西班牙，拿破崙抓住機會廢黜在位的西班牙王室，並於1808年宣布他的兄弟约瑟夫·波拿巴為西班牙國王。經過六年的游擊戰，西班牙在英國的支持下，在1814年將法軍驅逐出伊比利亞半島。 與此同時，俄羅斯不願承擔貿易減少後的損失，經常違反大陸體系，使拿破崙於1812年對俄羅斯發動入侵，最終因俄羅斯的焦土戰術和後勤不足而失敗。 (zh) |
| rdfs:label | Napoleonic Wars (en) الحروب النابليونية (ar) Guerres Napoleòniques (ca) Napoleonské války (cs) Napoleonische Kriege (de) Ναπολεόντειοι Πόλεμοι (el) Napoleonaj Militoj (eo) Guerras napoleónicas (es) Napoleondar Gerrak (eu) Cogaí Napoléon (ga) Peperangan era Napoleon (in) Guerres napoléoniennes (fr) Guerre napoleoniche (it) ナポレオン戦争 (ja) 나폴레옹 전쟁 (ko) Napoleontische oorlogen (nl) Wojny napoleońskie (pl) Guerras Napoleônicas (pt) Наполеоновские войны (ru) Napoleonkrigen (sv) 拿破崙戰爭 (zh) Наполеонівські війни (uk) |
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| is dbp:allegiance of | dbr:James_Rooke_(British_Legion_officer) |
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| is dbp:campaign of | dbr:Saint_Helena_Medal |
| is dbp:context of | dbr:Treaty_of_Paris_(1814) |
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| is dbp:events of | dbr:Castle_Cornet dbr:Sandgate_Castle dbr:St_Catherine's_Castle |
| is dbp:notableWorks of | dbr:Nick_Lipscombe |
| is dbp:partof of | dbr:Battle_of_Kock_(1809) dbr:Finnish_War |
| is dbp:period of | dbr:Stephen_Hunt_(author) |
| is dbp:reason of | dbr:Frederick_VI_of_Denmark dbr:George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen dbr:Charles_Whitworth,_1st_Earl_Whitworth |
| is dbp:title of | dbr:Hundred_Days dbr:Peninsular_War dbr:War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition dbr:War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition dbr:War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition dbr:War_of_the_Third_Coalition dbr:Attrition_warfare_against_Napoleon |
| is dbp:wars of | dbr:Canon_de_12_Gribeauval dbr:Canon_de_4_Gribeauval dbr:Canon_de_8_Gribeauval dbr:Potzdam_Musket dbr:Musket_Model_1777 dbr:M1752_Musket dbr:Brown_Bess dbr:Nock_gun dbr:Gribeauval_system dbr:Henry_William_Carr dbr:Charleville_musket dbr:Pistoleer dbr:Obusier_de_6_pouces_Gribeauval dbr:Canon_de_16_Gribeauval dbr:Canon_de_24_Gribeauval dbr:Canon_de_6_système_An_XI dbr:Canon_lourd_de_12_Gribeauval dbr:Canon_lourd_de_8_Gribeauval dbr:Sabre dbr:Mortier_de_12_Gribeauval |
| is dc:subject of | dbr:Philip_Haythornthwaite |
| is rdfs:seeAlso of | dbr:Saxe-Lauenburg dbr:Josef_Philipp_Vukassovich dbr:Economic_history_of_the_United_Kingdom |
| is foaf:primaryTopic of | wikipedia-en:Napoleonic_Wars |
