1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre (original) (raw)
- Masakr na náměstí Nebeského klidu (název náměstí čínsky 天安门广场, český přepis Tchien-an-men Kuang-čchang) bylo násilné potlačení demonstrací konaných v čínském hlavním městě Pekingu mezi 15. dubnem a 4. červnem 1989. K hlavnímu zásahu armády proti lidovému povstání došlo v noci ze 3. na 4. června 1989. Počet obětí povstání masakru na náměstí se různí, pohybuje se od několika stovek až do 10 000 mrtvých. (cs)
- Les protestes de la plaça de Tian'anmen de 1989, també conegudes com la massacre de Tian'anmen, la revolta de Tian'anmen, els fets de la plaça de Tian'anmen o l'incident del 4 de juny, van consistir en una sèrie de manifestacions liderades per estudiants a la República Popular de la Xina que van tenir lloc entre el 15 d'abril i el 4 de juny de 1989. La protesta rep el nom del lloc on l'Exèrcit Popular d'Alliberament va ofegar la mobilització: la plaça de Tian'anmen de Pequín. L'esdeveniment que va iniciar les protestes va ser la defunció de Hu Yaobang. Els manifestants provenien de diferents grups, des d'intel·lectuals que creien que el govern del Partit Comunista era massa repressiu i corrupte, a treballadors de la ciutat que creien que les reformes econòmiques a la Xina havien anat massa lluny i que la inflació i l'atur estaven amenaçant les seues formes de vida. Amb l'excepció de les capes agrícoles, representants de tots els sectors de la societat xinesa hi participaren, incloent-hi oficials del Partit Comunista. Després de les protestes i les crides del Govern demanant la seua dissolució, es va produir dins el govern una divisió de criteri sobre com respondre als manifestants. La decisió presa va ser la de suprimir les protestes per la força, en lloc d'accedir a les seues reivindicacions. El 20 de maig, el Govern va declarar la llei marcial i en la nit del 3 de juny, va enviar els tancs i la infanteria de l'exèrcit a la plaça de Tian'anmen per a dissoldre la protesta. Les estimacions de les morts civils varien: 400-800 (CIA), 2600 (segons fonts no identificades de la Creu Roja Xinesa). El nombre de ferits s'estima entre 7.000 i 10.000. Després de la violència, el Govern va emprendre un gran nombre d'arrests per a suprimir als instigadors del moviment, va expulsar la premsa estrangera i va controlar estrictament la cobertura dels esdeveniments en la premsa xinesa. La cruel repressió de la protesta de la plaça de Tian'anmen va causar la condemna internacional de l'actuació del govern de la República Popular de la Xina. En un dels últims dies d'aquestes protestes es va prendre la foto guanyadora del World Press Photo de 1989, en la qual es veu un jove opositor («l'home del tanc de Tiananmen») parat enmig d'una avinguda detenint una columna de tancs que circulava per la via. (ca)
- كانت احتجاجات ميدان تيانانمن، والمعروفة باسم حادثة الرابع من يونيو في الصين، مظاهرات بقيادة طلابية شَغَلت ساحة تيان آن من في بكين خلال عام 1989. بالنسبة لما يُعرف بمذبحة ميدان تيان آن من، فقد أطلقت قواتٌ مسلحة ببنادق هجومية ترافقها الدبابات، النار على المتظاهرين وعلى أولئك الذين يحاولون عرقلة تقدم الجيش إلى ميدان تيان آن من. بدأت الاحتجاجات في 15 أبريل وقُمعت بالقوة في 4 يونيو عندما أعلنت الحكومة الأحكام العرفية وأرسلت جيش التحرير الشعبي لاحتلال أجزاء من وسط بكين. تتراوح تقديرات عدد القتلى من عدة مئات إلى عدة آلاف، مع إصابة آلافٍ آخرين. في بعض الأحيان، تدعى الحركة الوطنية الشعبية المستلهمة من احتجاجات بكين بحركة '89 الديمقراطية أو حادثة ميدان تيان آن من. عصفت الاحتجاجات بعد وفاة راعي الإصلاح الأمين العام للحزب الشيوعي الصيني (سي سي بّي) هو ياوبانغ في أبريل 1989 في ظل التنمية الاقتصادية السريعة والتغيير الاجتماعي في الصين ما بعد ماو، مما عكس القلق المنتشر بين الشعب والنخبة السياسية حول مستقبل البلاد. أدت إصلاحات ثمانينيات القرن العشرين إلى اقتصادِ سوقٍ ناشئ عاد بالفائدة على بعض الأشخاص لكنه سبب أضرارًا بالغة على آخرين، واجه النظام السياسي للحزب الواحد تحديًا لشرعيته أيضًا. تضمنت الشكاوي العامة في ذلك الوقت التضخم والفساد واستعداد الخريجين المحدود للاقتصاد الحديث، والقيود المفروضة على المشاركة السياسية. رغم تنظيمهم المتواضع وأهدافهم المتباينة، طالب الطلاب بمزيد من المساءلة وبضمان دستوري للحقوق، وبالديمقراطية وحرية الصحافة وحرية التعبير. في ذروة الاحتجاجات، تجمع نحو مليون شخص في الميدان. مع تصاعد الاحتجاجات، استجابت السلطات بأساليب توفيقية ومتشددة، مما أظهر الانقسامات العميقة داخل قيادة الحزب. بحلول مايو، أدى إضرابٌ عن الطعام بقيادة طلابية إلى حشد الدعم من أجل المتظاهرين في جميع أنحاء البلاد، وامتدت الاحتجاجات إلى نحو 400 مدينة. من بين القادة الرفيعين في الحزب الشيوعي الصيني دعا رئيس مجلس الوزراء لي بنغ وشيوخ الحزب لي شيان نيان ووانغ تشين إلى اتخاذ إجراءات حاسمة من خلال القمع العنيف للمتظاهرين، وتمكنوا في نهاية المطاف من استمالة القائد الأعلى دنغ سياوبينغ والرئيس يان شانكون إلى جانبهم. في 20 مايو، أعلن مجلس الدولة الأحكام العرفية. حُشد ما يصل إلى 300,000 جندي تقريبًا في بكين. تقدمت القوات إلى الأجزاء الوسطى من بكين على الطرق الرئيسية للمدينة في ساعات الصباح الباكرة من يوم 4 يونيو، مما أسفر عن مقتل المتظاهرين والمارة على حد سواء في هذه العملية. كانت العمليات العسكرية تحت القيادة العامة للجنرال يان باي بين، الأخ غير الشقيق للرئيس يان شانكون. أدان المجتمع الدولي ومنظمات حقوق الإنسان والمحللون السياسيون الحكومة الصينية لارتكابها المذبحة. فرضت الدول الغربية حظرًا على توريد الأسلحة إلى الصين. بدأت الحكومة الصينية بحملة اعتقالات واسعة النطاق للمتظاهرين وأنصارهم، وقمعت احتجاجاتٍ أخرى في جميع أنحاء الصين، وطردت الصحفيين الأجانب، وفرضت رقابة صارمة على تغطية الأحداث في الصحافة المحلية، ومدت الشرطة وقوات الأمن الداخلي بالتعزيزات اللازمة، وخفّضت رتبة المسؤولين أو سرحتهم، ممن اعتُبر متعاطفًا مع الاحتجاجات. عمومًا، أنهى القمع الإصلاحات السياسية التي بدأت في عام 1986 وأوقف سياسات التحرير المتبعة في ثمانينيات القرن العشرين، والتي لم تُستأنف إلا جزئيًا بعد جولة دنغ سياوبينغ الجنوبية في عام 1992. باعتبارها نقطة تحول، وضع رد الفعل على الاحتجاجات قيودًا على التعبير السياسي في الصين، وهي قيود استمر وجودها حتى يومنا هذا. يقترن ذكر هذه الاحتجاجات عمومًا بالتشكيك في شرعية حكم الحزب الشيوعي الصيني وتظل من الموضوعات بالغة الحساسية والأكثر عرضة للرقابة في الصين. (ar)
- The Tiananmen Square protests, known in Chinese as the June Fourth Incident (Chinese: 六四事件; pinyin: liùsì shìjiàn), were student-led demonstrations held in Tiananmen Square, Beijing during 1989. In what is known as the Tiananmen Square Massacre, or in Chinese the June Fourth Clearing (Chinese: 六四清场; pinyin: Liùsì qīngchǎng) or June Fourth Massacre (Chinese: 六四屠杀; pinyin: liùsì túshā), troops armed with assault rifles and accompanied by tanks fired at the demonstrators and those trying to block the military's advance into Tiananmen Square. The protests started on 15 April and were forcibly suppressed on 4 June when the government declared martial law and sent the People's Liberation Army to occupy parts of central Beijing. Estimates of the death toll vary from several hundred to several thousand, with thousands more wounded. The popular national movement inspired by the Beijing protests is sometimes called the '89 Democracy Movement (Chinese: 八九民运; pinyin: Bājiǔ mínyùn) or the Tiananmen Square Incident (Chinese: 天安门事件; pinyin: Tiān'ānmén shìjiàn). The protests were precipitated by the death of pro-reform Chinese Communist Party (CCP) general secretary Hu Yaobang in April 1989 amid the backdrop of rapid economic development and social change in post-Mao China, reflecting anxieties among the people and political elite about the country's future. The reforms of the 1980s had led to a nascent market economy that benefited some people but seriously disadvantaged others, and the one-party political system also faced a challenge to its legitimacy. Common grievances at the time included inflation, corruption, limited preparedness of graduates for the new economy, and restrictions on political participation. Although they were highly disorganized and their goals varied, the students called for greater accountability, constitutional due process, democracy, freedom of the press, and freedom of speech. Workers' protests were generally focused on inflation and the erosion of welfare. These groups united around anti-corruption demands, adjusting economic policies, and protecting social security. At the height of the protests, about one million people assembled in the Square. As the protests developed, the authorities responded with both conciliatory and hardline tactics, exposing deep divisions within the party leadership. By May, a student-led hunger strike galvanized support around the country for the demonstrators, and the protests spread to some 400 cities. Among the CCP's top leadership, Premier Li Peng and Party Elders Li Xiannian and Wang Zhen called for decisive action through violent suppression of the protesters, and ultimately managed to win over Paramount Leader Deng Xiaoping and President Yang Shangkun to their side. On 20 May, the State Council declared martial law. It mobilized as many as ~300,000 troops to Beijing. The troops advanced into central parts of Beijing on the city's major thoroughfares in the early morning hours of 4 June, killing both demonstrators and bystanders in the process. The military operations were under the overall command of General Yang Baibing, half-brother of President Yang Shangkun. The international community, human rights organizations, and political analysts condemned the Chinese government for the massacre. Western countries imposed arms embargoes on China. The Chinese government made widespread arrests of protesters and their supporters, suppressed other protests around China, expelled foreign journalists, strictly controlled coverage of the events in the domestic press, strengthened the police and internal security forces, and demoted or purged officials it deemed sympathetic to the protests. More broadly, the suppression ended the political reforms begun in 1986 and halted the policies of liberalization of the 1980s, which were only partly resumed after Deng Xiaoping's Southern Tour in 1992. Considered a watershed event, reaction to the protests set limits on political expression in China that have lasted up to the present day. Remembering the protests is widely associated with questioning the legitimacy of the CCP and remains one of the most sensitive and most widely censored topics in China. (en)
- Tian’anmen-Massaker ist die verbreitete Bezeichnung der gewaltsamen Niederschlagung einer Protestbewegung, bei der der Tian’anmen-Platz (chinesisch 天安門廣場 / 天安门广场, Pinyin Tiān’ānmén Guǎngchǎng; deutsch „Platz am Tor des Himmlischen Friedens“) in Peking durch eine ursprünglich studentische Demokratiebewegung besetzt wurde. Im chinesischen Sprachraum wird die Bezeichnung „Zwischenfall vom 4. Juni“ (chinesisch 六四事件, Pinyin liùsì shìjiàn), kurz „4. Juni“ (chinesisch 六四, Pinyin liùsì), verwendet. Am 3. und 4. Juni 1989 schlug das chinesische Militär im Zentrum Pekings gewaltsam die Proteste der Bevölkerung nieder. Auf dem Platz selbst starben dabei keine Menschen, vielmehr wurde er nach Verhandlungen zwischen Militär und den Studenten vor der Drohkulisse aufgefahrener Panzer friedlich geräumt. In anderen Teilen der Stadt verloren nach Angaben von Amnesty International zwischen mehreren hundert und mehreren tausend Menschen ihr Leben. Presseberichte, die sich auf Quellen im chinesischen Roten Kreuz beriefen, nannten 2600 Tote auf Seiten der Aufständischen und des Militärs und rund 7000 Verletzte im Laufe der Woche in ganz Peking. Die chinesische Bewegung war von den Reformbestrebungen in der Sowjetunion sowie in Polen und in Ungarn inspiriert. Aufgrund der Besetzung des Platzes hatte die Regierung zuvor den sowjetischen Präsidenten Gorbatschow nicht auf dem Platz empfangen können, die Studenten sahen in Gorbatschow einen Hoffnungsträger. Die wegen des Staatsbesuchs Gorbatschows zahlreich anwesende internationale Presse machte die chinesische Demokratiebewegung und ihre Forderungen weltweit bekannt. Während in der Sowjetunion und in Osteuropa eine weitgehend friedliche Reform gelang, scheiterte dieser Versuch in China. Durch die arabischen Proteste inspiriert, wurde unter dem Namen „Jasminrevolution“ (chinesisch 茉莉花革命, Pinyin mòlihuā gémìng) erst im Februar 2011 wieder zu öffentlichen Protesten aufgerufen. Das Tian’anmen-Massaker war ein Wendepunkt in der Geschichte der Volksrepublik China. Nach dem Massaker wurde das Programm „Reformen und Öffnung“ eingestellt und die politischen Reformen seit 1986, die von Deng Xiaoping (angeführt von Zhao Ziyang) eingeleitet wurden, wurden aufgegeben. China wurde von den westlichen Ländern mit erheblicher Kritik und Sanktionen konfrontiert. 1992 nahm Dengs Südtour die wirtschaftliche „Reform und Öffnung“ wieder auf. (de)
- Οι διαδηλώσεις στην πλατεία Τιενανμέν του 1989, ήταν μία σειρά από φοιτητικές κυρίως διαδηλώσεις υπέρ της δημοκρατίας στην κεντρική πλατεία Τιενανμέν του Πεκίνου, στην Κίνα. Ξεκίνησαν στις 15 Απριλίου του 1989 και κατεστάλησαν βίαια την 4η Ιουνίου του ίδιου έτους. Η καταστολή αυτή είναι γνωστή και ως η Σφαγή της πλατείας Τιενανμέν, και κατά την διάρκειά της ο Λαϊκός Απελευθερωτικός Στρατός εισέβαλε στην πλατεία και άνοιξε πυρ εναντίον των διαδηλωτών. Οι εκτιμήσεις για τον αριθμό των νεκρών ποικίλλουν από αρκετές εκατοντάδες έως αρκετές χιλιάδες, με χιλιάδες άλλους τραυματίες. Κύρια αιτήματα των διαδηλωτών ήταν οι δημοκρατικές μεταρρυθμίσεις, η ελευθερία του λόγου και ελευθερία του Τύπου. Επίσης ζητούσαν διαφάνεια και πάταξη της διαφθοράς στον κρατικό μηχανισμό. Αφορμή για τις διαδηλώσεις αποτέλεσε ο θάνατος του Χου Γιαομπάνγκ στις 15 Απριλίου του 1989. Ο Χου Γιαομπάνγκ ήταν ένας λαοφιλής πολιτικός, πρώην Γενικός Γραμματέας του ΚΚΚ την περίοδο 1982-1987 που υποστήριζε τις δημοκρατικές μεταρρυθμίσεις. Στην κηδεία του, λίγες ημέρες αργότερα, 100 χιλιάδες φοιτητές, εργάτες, καλλιτέχνες, διανοούμενοι και απλοί πολίτες, διαδήλωσαν στην πλατεία. Το κίνημα εκμεταλλεύτηκε τον σχετικά χαλαρό έλεγχο των μέσων ενημέρωσης από την κυβέρνηση εκείνη την περίοδο για να γίνει γρήγορα γνωστό και να εδραιωθεί σε όλη την Κίνα. Τον Μάιο κάποιοι φοιτητές κήρυξαν απεργία πείνας με σκοπό να πιέσουν την κυβέρνηση για διαπραγματεύσεις. Με την απεργία πείνας, η διεθνής κοινότητα ευαισθητοποιήθηκε για τις διαδηλώσεις. Από την άλλη μεριά, το ΚΚΚ ήταν διχασμένο ως προς το ποια θα έπρεπε να ήταν η απάντηση στις διαδηλώσεις. Κάποιοι, όπως ο Γενικός Γραμματέας Ζάο Ζιγιάνγκ πρέσβευαν μία μετριοπαθή στάση, υποστηρίζοντας τον διάλογο. Άλλοι, όπως ο πρωθυπουργός Λι Πενγκ, θεωρούσαν ότι το κόμμα έπρεπε να τηρήσει μία σκληρή στάση και να καταστείλει βίαια τις διαδηλώσεις. Έπειτα από εβδομάδες αντιπαράθεσης των δύο πλευρών, οι σκληροπυρηνικοί κέρδισαν την υποστήριξη του Προέδρου Τενγκ Σιαοπίνγκ, και έτσι δόθηκε το πράσινο φως για να κηρυχθεί στρατιωτικός νόμος στο Πεκίνο στις 20 Μαΐου του 1989. Ο στρατός κινητοποιήθηκε και κατέστειλε με αιματηρό τρόπο τις διαδηλώσεις στις 3 με 4 Ιουνίου 1989. Σύσσωμος ο Δυτικός κόσμος καταδίκασε τα γεγονότα της 4ης Ιουνίου. Η Νορβηγία και η Ολλανδία έκοψαν κάθε διπλωματική σχέση με το Πεκίνο, ενώ η Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση επέβαλε εμπάργκο όπλων. Διαδηλώσεις κατά του Κομμουνιστικού Κόμματος της Κίνας ξέσπασαν σε χώρες σε όλο τον κόσμο, αλλά σε περιοχές με κινεζικό πληθυσμό, όπως την Ταϊβάν, το Μακάου και το Χονγκ Κονγκ. Στο τελευταίο, πάνω από 1 εκατομμύριο πολίτες συμμετείχαν σε συλλαλητήριο αλληλεγγύης προς τους διαδηλωτές του Πεκίνου. Από το 1989 και μετά, το κομμουνιστικό καθεστώς της Κίνας απαγορεύει οποιαδήποτε αναφορά στις διαδηλώσεις, και όποια γίνεται, λογοκρίνεται άμεσα. Λόγω αυτής της απαγόρευσης, η νέα γενιά Κινέζων, που δεν έζησαν εκείνη την περίοδο, πιθανότατα δεν γνωρίζει καν για την ύπαρξη των γεγονότων αυτών. Το Χονγκ Κονγκ είναι η μόνη περιοχή της Κίνας που κάθε χρόνο στις 4 Ιουνίου τιμά την μνήμη των θυμάτων της σφαγής, πραγματοποιώντας αγρυπνία. Παρόλο που οι διαδηλώσεις και η επακόλουθη καταστολή τους συνέβη σε πόλεις σε όλη τη χώρα, τα γεγονότα στην πλατεία Τιενανμέν στο Πεκίνο, αποτελούν το σύμβολο ολόκληρου του κινήματος. (el)
- De la 15-a de aprilo ĝis la 4-an de junio 1989 okazis manifestaciado de studentoj, laboristoj kaj intelektuloj en la placo Tian An Men de Pekino, Ĉinio. En la fino la ĉinaj ŝtataj aŭtoritatoj ordonis perfortan punon; la Popola Liberiga Armeo invadis la Placon Tian An Men helpe de tankoj, terurante kaj mortigante: oni kalkulas ĝis 2 600 mortintojn kaj 10 000 vunditojn en nura semajnfino. (La ĉina registaro oficiale diras, ke nur kelkcent pereis.) Bildoj de tiu tragedio estis montritaj tutmonde kaj simbolas la maldemokratecon de la ĉina reĝimo, ekzemple la bildoj pri la fama tankviro. Dum kaj post la manifestacioj, la ĉina registaro arestis kaj fojfoje mortpunis multajn organizantojn. (eo)
- Tiananmen plazako protestak, Tiananmen plazako sarraskia edo Tiananmen plazako matxinada Txinako Herri Errepublikan 1989ko apirilaren 15 eta ekainaren 4aren artean gertaturiko manifestaldiak izan ziren. Protestek Askapenerako Herri Armadak mobilizazioa bertan behera utzi zuen lekuaren izena daramate, Beijingeko Tiananmen plaza hain zuzen ere. Manifestariak hainbat taldetako kideak izan ziren: Txinako Alderdi Komunista zapaltzaile eta usteltzat zuten intelektualak, inflazioa eta langabeziaren aurka aritzen ziren langileak, demokrazia eskatzen zuten ikasleak, eta abar. Hu Yaobangen heriotzak protestak piztu zituen. Txinako Alderdi Komunistaren baitan desadostasunak zeuden protestak amaitzeko moduari buruz. Azkenean protestak itoaraztea erabaki eta maiatzaren 20an gerra-legea ezarri zuen. Ekainaren 3ko gauean tankeak eta infanteria bidali zituen plazara. Hildakoen kopurua ezezaguna da: 400-800 (CIA), 2.600 (Txinako Gurutze Gorriaren iturri ezezagunak). 7.000 eta 10.000 zaurituen artean ere izan ziren. Gero, protesten bultzatzaileak atxilotzeari ekin eta nazioarteko hedabideak egotzi zituen. Nazioartean, Txinako Gobernuaren jarrera gaitzetsi zuten. 1989an tankearen aurrean zutik iraun zuen manifestari gaztearen argazkiak saria irabazi zuen. (eu)
- Las protestas y masacre de la plaza de Tiananmén de 1989, denominadas por el gobierno de China como incidente del 4 de junio (en chino: 六四事件), consistieron en una serie de manifestaciones lideradas por estudiantes chinos, que ocurrieron entre el 15 de abril y el 4 de junio de 1989, además de su posterior represión, ordenada por las autoridades de la República Popular China. La protesta recibe el nombre del lugar en que el ejército chino disolvió la movilización: la plaza de Tiananmén, en Pekín, capital de China. Los manifestantes provenían de diferentes grupos, desde intelectuales que creían que el Gobierno era demasiado represivo y corrupto, a trabajadores de la ciudad que creían que las reformas económicas en China habían ido demasiado lejos y que la inflación y el desempleo estaban amenazando sus formas de vida. El acontecimiento que inició las protestas fue el fallecimiento de Hu Yaobang. Tras las protestas y las llamadas del Gobierno pidiendo su disolución, se produjo en el seno del Partido Comunista, que ocupaba el Gobierno por aquel entonces, una división de criterio acerca de cómo responder a los manifestantes. La decisión tomada fue suprimir las protestas por la fuerza, en lugar de acceder a sus reivindicaciones. El 20 de mayo, el Gobierno declaró la ley marcial y en la noche del 3 de junio, envió los tanques y la infantería del ejército a la plaza de Tiananmén para disolver la protesta. Las estimaciones de las muertes civiles varían entre 200 y 2000 según gente que estuvo presente, las víctimas mortales fueron tanto civiles como soldados, y fueron fuera de la plaza. Tras la violencia, el Gobierno emprendió un gran número de arrestos para suprimir a los investigadores del movimiento, expulsó a la prensa extranjera del país y controló estrictamente la cobertura de los acontecimientos en la prensa china. La represión de la protesta de la plaza de Tiananmén causó la condena internacional de la actuación del Gobierno de China. En uno de los últimos días de estas protestas fue tomada la foto ganadora del World Press Photo de 1990, tomada entre otros, por el reportero gráfico estadounidense Charlie Cole, en la cual se muestra a un joven opositor enfrentándose a una columna de tanques, apodado el hombre del tanque. Las reformas políticas de China desde 1986 terminaron en las protestas de Tiananmen, mientras que el programa de Reforma y Apertura se detuvo hasta la "inspección del sur de Deng Xiaoping" en 1992. (es)
- Tharla sléacht i gCearnóg Tiananmen ar an 4 Meitheamh 1989 i mBéising. Faoi thionchar na n-imeachtaí in Oirthear na hEorpa san am chéanna, chuaigh na mic léinn amach sna sráideanna ag agóidíocht agus ag éileamh daonlathais. Sa deireadh, cuireadh tancanna agus saighdiúirí ag ceansú na n-agóideoirí. Dealraíonn sé go bhfuair na mílte bás de thoradh na cniogbheartaíochta seo. (ga)
- Protes Lapangan Tiananmen 1989 (atau Insiden 6/4 atau Pembantaian Lapangan Tiananmen) adalah sebuah rangkaian demonstrasi yang dipimpin mahasiswa diadakan di Lapangan Tiananmen di Beijing, Republik Rakyat Tiongkok, antara 15 April dan 4 Juni 1989. Protes ini ditujukan terhadap ketidakstabilan ekonomi dan korupsi politik yang kemudian merembet menjadi demonstrasi pro-demokrasi yang memang merupakan suatu yang belum lazim di Tiongkok yang otoriter. Lebih dari 3.000 orang meninggal sebagai akibat tindakan dari pasukan bersenjata. Mahasiswa memulai protes pada pertengahan April 1989, dipicu oleh kematian Hu Yaobang, sekretaris jenderal partai yang mengundurkan diri. Hu dipandang sebagai seorang yang berpikiran liberal dan dipaksa mengundurkan diri dari posisinya oleh Deng Xiaoping. Banyak orang, terutama kaum intelektual, menganggap ini sebagai sebuah perlakuan yang tidak adil. Protes bermula dalam skala kecil, dalam bentuk peringatan terhadap Hu Yaobang dan meminta partai memperbaharui pandangan resmi mereka terhadap Hu. Protes ini berkembang setelah berita tentang konfrontasi antara mahasiswa dan polisi menyebar. Pada pemakaman Hu, sekelompok besar mahasiswa berkumpul di lapangan Tiananmen dan meminta permohonan di atas, namun gagal, untuk bertemu Perdana Menteri Li Peng, yang dipandang luas sebagai saingan politik Hu. Oleh karena itu para pelajar mengadakan sebuah mogok di universitas di Beijing. Pada 26 April, seorang editor People's Daily menuduh mahasiswa merencanakan kekacauan. Pernyataan ini membuat kemarahan para mahasiswa, dan pada 27 April sekitar 50.000 mahasiswa turun ke jalan-jalan Beijing, tidak menghiraukan perintah bubar yang diumumkan oleh penguasa dan tetap menuntut pemerintah mencabut pernyataan. Pada 4 Mei, sekitar 100.000 pelajar dan pekerja berparade di Beijing meminta pemerintah untuk reformasi media bebas dan sebuah dialog formal antara penguasa dan wakil pilihan mahasiswa. Pemerintah menolak dialog tersebut, hanya setuju untuk berbicara dengan anggota dari organisasi pelajar yang ditunjuk. Pada 13 Mei, banyak kelompok mahasiswa menempati lapangan Tiananmen dan memulai aksi mogok makan, meminta pemerintah menarik tuduhan yang ditulis di People's Daily dan memulai pembicaraan dengan wakil mahasiswa. Ratusan mahasiswa turut serta dalam protes lapar dan didukung oleh ratusan ribu mahasiswa yang memprotes dan juga penduduk Beijing yang berakhir selama seminggu. Meskipun pemerintah mengumumkan pada 20 Mei, demonstrasi terus berlanjut. Setelah para pemimpin Komunis berunding keluarlah perintah untuk menggunakan kekuatan militer untuk memecahkan krisis itu, dan Zhao Ziyang ditendang dari kedudukannya sebagai pemimpin politik karena dianggap gagal dalam mencegah aksi militer. Lalu Partai Komunis memutuskan untuk menghentikan situasi itu sebelum berkembang lebih jauh. Tentara dan tank-tank dari Brigade 27 dan 28 dari Tentara Pembebasan Rakyat (人民解放軍) dikirim untuk mengendalikan kota. Pasukan-pasukan ini diserang oleh para buruh dan mahasiswa Tiongkok di jalan-jalan kota Beijing dan kekerasan yang muncul sesudah itu mengakibatkan kematian di antara penduduk sipil dan militer. Pemerintah Tiongkok mengakui bahwa beberapa ratus orang mati dalam insiden ini. Angka-angka perkiraan korban sipil berbeda-beda: 400-800 (CIA), dan 2.600 (Palang Merah Tiongkok). Para mahasiswa pengunjuk rasa mengklaim bahwa lebih dari 7.000 orang yang terbunuh. Setelah kekerasan ini, pemerintah melakukan penangkapan di mana-mana untuk menekan sisa-sisa pendukung gerakan itu. Pemerintah membatasi akses pers asing dan mengendalikan liputan atas kejadian-kejadian di pers daratan Tiongkok. Penindasan terhadap protes Lapangan Tiananmen mengundang kecaman yang luas oleh Amerika Serikat dan pemerintah negara-negara Barat lainnya terhadap pemerintahan RRT. (in)
- Les manifestations de Tian'anmen se déroulent entre le 15 avril 1989 et le 4 juin 1989 sur la place Tian'anmen à Pékin, la capitale de la république populaire de Chine. Elles se concluent par une vague de répression, parfois englobée sous l'expression de massacre de la place Tian'anmen. Cet événement politique, le plus important de l'après-révolution culturelle, prit la forme d’un mouvement d'étudiants, d'intellectuels et d'ouvriers chinois, qui dénoncent la corruption et demandent des réformes politiques et démocratiques. La contestation s'étend à la plupart des grandes villes, comme Shanghai, et aboutit à Pékin à une série de grandes manifestations et de grèves de la faim organisées sur la place Tian'anmen. Après plusieurs tentatives de négociation, le gouvernement chinois instaure la loi martiale le 20 mai 1989 et fait intervenir l'armée le 4 juin 1989. La répression du mouvement provoque un grand nombre de victimes civiles (de quelques centaines à dix mille selon les sources), et de nombreuses arrestations dans les mois suivants. Plusieurs dirigeants politiques favorables au mouvement sont limogés et placés en résidence surveillée, notamment le secrétaire général du Parti communiste chinois, Zhao Ziyang. Le gouvernement expulse les journalistes étrangers et contrôle strictement la couverture de l’événement par la presse chinoise. À l'étranger, la répression provoque une condamnation générale du gouvernement chinois. Les manifestations de Tian'anmen ont été un moment critique dans l'histoire moderne de la Chine. Les réformes politiques de la Chine depuis 1986 lancées par Deng Xiaoping et Zhao Ziyang ont échoué et se sont terminées de façon spectaculaire, avec des réformistes comme Zhao démis de leurs fonctions. Le programme « Réforme et ouverture » s'est arrêté après les manifestations et n'a repris qu'après la tournée d'inspection de Deng Xiaoping dans le Sud en 1992. (fr)
- La protesta di piazza Tienanmen (in cinese: 天安门事件 - Tiānānmén shìjiànP) fu una serie di manifestazioni popolari di massa, che ebbero luogo principalmente in piazza Tienanmen a Pechino dal 15 aprile al 4 giugno 1989 e culminato nel cosiddetto massacro di piazza Tienanmen (in cinese: 天安门大屠杀 - Tiān'ānmén dà túshāP), quando l'esercito cinese aprì il fuoco contro i dimostranti con fucili d'assalto e carri armati. La stima dei morti varia da parecchie centinaia a parecchie migliaia, con migliaia di feriti. Le proteste videro la partecipazione di studenti, intellettuali e operai. Il simbolo forse più noto della rivolta è il Rivoltoso Sconosciuto, uno studente che solo e disarmato si parò davanti a una colonna di carri armati per fermarli. Le fotografie che lo ritraggono sono diventate celebri in tutto il mondo. Nonostante l'esito drammatico e un numero complessivo di vittime (morti, feriti e arrestati) ancora oggi incerto, la protesta diede modo all'estero di conoscere la repressione del governo cinese in tema di diritti umani e libertà di espressione solo dopo anni. Inoltre, gli eventi in Cina infervorarono ancor di più gli animi dei manifestanti europei, dando nuovo slancio alle rivolte contro i regimi dell'URSS e degli altri Stati del Blocco orientale (stati-satelliti) che avrebbero portato alla caduta del muro di Berlino (quindi anche del Blocco orientale) e alla dissoluzione dell'Unione Sovietica, evento che segna ufficialmente la fine della guerra fredda, avvenuta nel 1991. Le proteste di Tienanmen del 1989 furono un momento critico nella storia moderna della Cina. Il programma "Riforma e apertura" dopo la Rivoluzione Culturale si è interrotto, ed è stato ripreso solo dopo il Tour del Sud di Deng Xiaoping nel 1992. Le riforme politiche della Cina alla fine degli anni '80, tuttavia, si interruppero e fallirono. Ad oggi nel mondo occidentale la protesta viene considerata un evento fondamentale e importantissimo del XX secolo, ma in Cina il solo parlarne è considerato un tabù. Sebbene su internet, giornali e documentari si possano trovare varie testimonianze, filmati e immagini riguardanti la protesta, molti documenti di questi e altri generi sono stati occultati dal Partito Comunista Cinese tramite l'utilizzo di censura e disinformazione, permesse dal controllo pressoché totale dei mass media. Ciò diviene particolarmente evidente durante le commemorazioni organizzate per l'anniversario del massacro: ogni anno, in occasione del 4 giugno, si tengono marce o fiaccolate nel silenzio dei mezzi di comunicazione e sotto lo stretto controllo delle autorità, che tengono sotto osservazione anche i contenuti pubblicati su internet (motori di ricerca, chat e social network compresi) e i dissidenti relegati agli arresti domiciliari. Per aggirare la censura di Internet in Cina, si adotta lo stratagemma di riferirsi alla data del 4 giugno come 35 maggio, espressione coniata dallo scrittore Yu Hua. (it)
- 톈안먼 사건(중국어 간체자: 天安门事件, 정체자: 天安門事件, 병음: Tiān'ānmén shìjiàn) 또는 제3차 천안문 사태(第三次天安門事態), 또는 6·4 사건은 1989년 6월 4일, 후야오방의 사망 이후 발생한 천안문 광장 등지에서 시위대와 인민이 전개한 반정부 시위를 중화인민공화국의 개혁개방 정권이 유혈 진압한 사건이다. 중화인민공화국 정부는 일반적으로 이 사건을 1989년 춘하계 정치풍파라 지칭하는 반면, 비판적인 반체제 세력 및 서방세계에서는 천안문 광장 저항시위 또는 천안문 광장 도살, 89년 민주운동이라고 칭한다. 중국의 검색엔진에서 천안문 사건을 검색하면 접속이 불가능하게 되기 때문에, 5월 35일(5월 31일+4일), VIIV(로마숫자 64), 82(64=6월 4일) 등을 은어로써 사용하기도 한다. 애초 공식 발표로는 민간인 사망자 300여 명, 부상자 7천여 명이 발생한 사건이다. 국제적십자협회는 2,600 여명으로 사망자를 발표했다. 비공식 집계로는 1만여 명 사망, 그 후 중화인민공화국 공안부가 1990년 7월 10일 제5차 국무원 보고에서 정식 발표한 것을 따르면, 민간인 사망자는 875명, 민간인 부상자는 약 14,550명이었으며, 군인과 전경은 56명이 사망, 7,528명이 부상당했다. (ko)
- Protesty na placu Niebiańskiego Spokoju, w chińskiej literaturze oficjalnej i rządowej określane jako zawirowania polityczne między wiosną a latem 1989 roku (ang. Political turmoil between the Spring and Summer of 1989, chiń. 1989年春夏之交的政治风波; pinyin 1989-nián chūn xià zhījiāo de zhèngzhì fēngbō) – seria protestów, trwających od 15 kwietnia do 4 czerwca 1989 roku na placu Niebiańskiego Spokoju w centralnej części Pekinu, których głównymi uczestnikami byli studenci. Zakończone stłumieniem przez wojsko i masakrą ludności cywilnej. Początkowo zgromadzenia studentów na placu Tian’anmen były niewielkie i spontaniczne oraz miały apolityczny charakter – były związane z upamiętnieniem dopiero co zmarłego byłego sekretarza generalnego Komunistycznej Partii Chin Hu Yaobanga, uznawanego za zwolennika reform. W krótkim czasie przerodziły się one w zbiorowe manifestacje, do których dołączali kolejni studenci, a także robotnicy i mieszkańcy Pekinu, zaczęto na nich coraz głośniej poruszać tematy polityczne, ekonomiczne i związane z bieżącymi problemami kraju oraz formułować postulaty do władz. W maju protesty przybrały formę strajku głodowego oraz okupacji placu, dodatkowo zbiegły się one z wizytą Michaiła Gorbaczowa w Pekinie, a demonstracje zaczęły obejmować kolejne miasta na terenie Chin. Po kilku tygodniach władze partyjno-państwowe zadecydowały o siłowym stłumieniu protestów. Na plac Tian’anmen zostało skierowane wojsko, które w nocy z 3 na 4 czerwca otworzyło ogień do protestujących i za pomocą czołgów rozpędziło demonstrantów; masakra ta przeszła na świecie do historii jako masakra na placu Tian’anmen (chiń. 天安門大屠殺; pinyin tiān’ānmén dà túshā). W Chinach kontynentalnych wydarzenie to jest eufemistycznie określane jako incydent z 4 czerwca (chiń. 六四事件; pinyin liùsì shìjiàn), a same protesty, jak i ich pacyfikacja, są do dnia dzisiejszego jednym z najbardziej drażliwych oraz cenzurowanych tematów w Chińskiej Republice Ludowej. (pl)
- 六四天安門事件(ろくしてんあんもんじけん)は、1989年6月4日(日曜日)に中華人民共和国・北京市にある天安門広場に民主化を求めて集結していたデモ隊に対し、軍隊が武力行使し、多数の死傷者を出した事件である。第二次天安門事件。血の日曜日事件。 通常「天安門事件」と呼称する場合はこの事件を指す。 (ja)
- Het Tiananmenprotest was een studentenprotest op het Tiananmenplein (Plein van de Hemelse Vrede) in Peking (China), dat was begonnen op 15 april 1989. Er namen naar schatting een miljoen studenten en andere burgers aan deel, op filmbeelden is te zien dat er zelfs leden van de Chinese marine in uniform meeliepen in de demonstratie. Het protest werd bloedig neergeslagen op de avond van 4 juni 1989, met de dood van honderden mensen tot gevolg. Het was het grootste massale protest tegen de Communistische Partij van China en zijn instellingen sinds de revolutie in 1949. (nl)
- O Massacre da Praça da Paz Celestial (Tian'anmen ou Tiananmen) em 1989, também chamado Massacre de 4 de Junho, consistiu na repressão do governo da República Popular da China às manifestações populares pacíficas ocorridas em Pequim, por meio do emprego da força militar chinesa. Acarretou o assassinato de um grande número de civis. Os protestos foram liderados por estudantes entre os dias 15 de abril e 4 de junho de 1989, sendo que este último dia assistiu ao ápice da repressão violenta do Estado. O massacre recebeu o nome do lugar em que o Exército Popular de Libertação reprimiu a mobilização: a praça Tian'anmen da capital do país. Os manifestantes que avolumavam em torno de cinco mil eram oriundos de diferentes grupos da sociedade chinesa, desde intelectuais que acreditavam que o governo do Partido Comunista era demasiado repressivo e corrupto até trabalhadores urbanos que acreditavam que as reformas econômicas na China haviam sido lentas e que a inflação e o desemprego estavam dificultando suas vidas. O ciclo de protestos iniciou-se após morte de um oficial do alto-escalão do governo Hu Yaobang, que sofreu um infarto. As manifestações consistiam em marchas pacíficas pelas ruas de Pequim. Os protestos e as ordens do governo de interditação destes, produziu no Partido Comunista uma divisão de opiniões sobre como o governo deveria responder aos manifestantes. A decisão tomada foi suprimir os protestos pela força, no lugar de atenderem suas reivindicações. Em 20 de maio, o governo declarou a lei marcial. Na noite de 3 de junho, enviou os tanques e a infantaria do exército à praça de Tian'anmen para dissolver o protesto. Finalmente, no dia 4 de junho, os protestos estudantis se intensificam em larga escala. As estimativas das mortes civis variam entre 400-800, segundo o jornal estadunidense The New York Times, e 10 000, de acordo com informações da Cruz Vermelha chinesa. O número de feridos é estimado em torno de sete e dez mil, de acordo com a Cruz Vermelha. Junto à repressão violenta, o governo empreendeu um grande número de prisões com o objetivo de suprimir os líderes do movimento. Além disso, expulsou a imprensa estrangeira e controlou completamente a cobertura dos acontecimentos na imprensa nacional. A repressão do protesto pelo governo da República Popular da China foi amplamente condenada pela comunidade internacional. No dia seguinte ao massacre, 5 de junho, um jovem desarmado invadiu o perímetro da Praça da Paz Celestial, que estava controlado pelas forças do exército e tentou fazer parar a fileira de tanques de guerra que se movimentava. O fotógrafo Jeff Widener, da Associated Press, registrou o momento e a imagem, além de ganhar os principais jornais do mundo, tornou-se símbolo do Massacre de 4 de Junho. O rapaz, que ficou conhecido como "o rebelde desconhecido" ou "o homem dos tanques", foi eleito pela revista Time como uma das pessoas mais influentes do século XX. Sua identidade e seu paradeiro são desconhecidos até hoje. O governo chinês afirma até a atualidade que sua atitude contra os manifestantes foi uma política correta e nega que tenha havido um massacre, reconhecendo que no máximo 300 pessoas morreram durante os protestos e também alegando que muitos eram soldados do exército chinês assassinados pelos manifestantes durante batalhas de rua. (pt)
- Protesterna på Himmelska fridens torg var en protestdemonstration och studentrörelse våren 1989 i Peking i Kina. Demonstrationerna slogs slutligen ner av Folkets befrielsearmé natten till 4 juni med ett stort antal dödsoffer varefter händelsen är känd som Massakern på Himmelska fridens torg. Demonstrationerna inleddes i april 1989 efter att Hu Yaobang plötsligt avlidit. Stora mängder studenter samlades på Himmelska fridens torg för att inledningsvis hedra Hu Yaobang, men även för att demonstrera för yttrandefrihet och demokrati. Händelserna trappades upp i maj då en hungerstrejk inleddes på torget. 19 maj ställdes Peking under krigslagar och politikerna beslutade att använda krafttag mot protesterna. I början av juni var Folkets befrielsearmé mobiliserad i Pekings ytterområde. På kvällen 3 juni började militären förflytta sig mot Himmelska fridens torg, men hindras av civilbefolkningen som barrikaderat vägarna. Stridigheter utbröt mellan militären och civilbefolkningen med ett stort antal dödsoffer som följd efter att militären öppnat eld mot civilbefolkningen. Både militärer och civila dödas, och antal offer är okänt men vanliga uppskattningar är från flera hundra upp till 3 000. Efter midnatt omringade militären Himmelska fridens torg som utrymdes under vapenhot. Incidenten har tystats ner av de kinesiska myndigheterna, och ämnet är tabu i Kina. Ord och texter med kopplingar till incidenten är censurerade på internet i Kina. (sv)
- Події на площі Тяньаньмень 1989 року — серія демонстрацій в Китайській Народній Республіці, що тривали з 15 квітня по 4 червня 1989, головними учасниками яких були студенти. На Заході події також відомі як «Події 4 червня у Китаї» (六四 事件) і «Різанина на площі Тяньаньмень» (англ. Tiananmen Massacre). Ці назви дещо не відповідають дійсності, адже окрім «різанини» під час цього довготривалого протесту в Пекіні та в інших місцях відбувалося багато інших подій (демонстрацій, мітингів, страйків). Найбільший резонанс викликав силовий розгін демонстрантів 4 червня із застосуванням армійських підрозділів, в результаті чого загинули сотні протестувальників, що й відобразилося в назві цієї історичної події. (uk)
- Собы́тия на пло́щади Тяньаньмэ́нь 1989 года, также известные как «события 4 июня» (кит. 六四事件) в Китае и «бойня на площади Тяньаньмэнь» (англ. Tiananmen Massacre) на Западе, — серия акций протеста на площади Тяньаньмэнь в Пекине, продолжавшихся с 15 апреля по 4 июня 1989 года, главными участниками которых были студенты. Ранним утром 4 июня по решению политического руководства страны выступления были подавлены Народно-освободительной армией Китая с применением огнестрельного оружия и бронетехники. Оценки числа погибших варьируются от нескольких сотен до нескольких тысяч и тысяч раненых. (ru)
- 六四事件,又稱八九民运、八九学运,广义上指1989年4月中旬开始的以悼念胡耀邦活动为导火索、由中国大陆高校学生在北京市天安门广场发起、持续近两个月的全境示威运动。狹義上指六四清場,即1989年6月3日晚間至6月4日凌晨,中国人民解放军、武装警察部队和人民警察在北京天安門廣場对示威集会进行的武力清场行动。 六四事件是中华人民共和国历史上的一个转折点,它的爆发标志着改革開放以來邓小平等人在中国大陆推动的后期政治体制改革失败,赵紫阳、鲍彤等中共溫和派高层事後被撤职,而胡耀邦已在八六学潮中辞去中共总书记一职,於是1980年代被不同程度推動的自由化改革也就此停止,此後官方只批准了很少数量的遊行活動。六四事件引发了国际社会高度关注,欧美等西方国家对该事件的处理表示谴责甚至進行制裁,苏东国家看法不一但未做过多反应,而亚非拉等地发展中国家对此表示同情或者支持。 六四事件的後果除了造成政治环境大幅度收緊,經濟方面的影響也直接导致了中華人民共和國改革开放放缓,直至1992年邓小平南巡后才重新提速。不過,由于六四事件发生后不久,邓小平做出退休的决定,故其任内推行的废除干部领导职务终身制被延续下来,此后完成了三任政权的和平更替,直至習近平2018年修宪后被废除。 (zh)
- http://89concert.alliance.org.hk/
- http://after64.sbs.com.au/
- http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/places-20-years-apart/470938/0%7Ctitle=Places
- http://blog.boxun.com/hero/201006/wurenhua/2_1.shtml
- http://china.usc.edu/talking-points-june-3-18-2014
- http://culture.dwnews.com/history/news/2013-06-02/59207710-4.html
- http://ffbeb4845c323b8ced32-3f1b7070c0761ad2dcac8b7012ff4945.r73.cf2.rackcdn.com/890520%20UKE%20Peking%20to%20FCO%20PROTESTS%20PREM19-2597%20f148.pdf
- http://multimedia.scmp.com/tiananmen/
- http://tsquare.tv/film/transcript.html
- http://www.beijing1989.com/wordpress/
- http://www.fin24.com/articles/default/display_article.aspx%3FArticleId=1518-1783_1906730
- http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20010101faessay4257-p0/andrew-j-nathan/the-tiananmen-papers.html
- http://www.lavanguardia.es/premium/publica/publica%3FCOMPID=51357369255&ID_PAGINA=3746&ID_FORMATO=9&turbourl=false
- http://www.resetdoc.org/story/00000001371
- http://www.standoffattiananmen.com/2012/06/document-of-1989-21-most-wanted-student.html
- http://www.tsquare.tv/links/Walder.html
- http://www1.rfi.fr/actuen/articles/113/article_3781.asp
- https://blog.boxun.com/hero/64/27_1.shtml
- https://duihua.org/less-than-a-dozen-june-fourth-protesters-still-in-prison/%7Ctitle=Less
- https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/11/25/why-china-refuses-to-arrest-its-most-wanted-dissidents/
- https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/1811/54988/4/Mershon_SarotteM_WebEvent_2012-12-06.pdf
- https://rsf.org/en/news/all-references-tiananmen-square-massacre-closely-censored-20-years
- https://sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/06/03/tiananmens-most-wanted/%3Fmtrref=web.archive.org&mtrref=web.archive.org
- https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/why-chinas-political-reforms-failed/
- https://u.osu.edu/mclc/2017/12/27/chinese-official-said-10000-died-in-1989/
- https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/89BEIJING18828_a.html
- https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2001-12-16/listening-to-chinas-dissidents%7Cpublisher=Bloomberg
- https://www.cbsnews.com/news/there-was-no-tiananmen-square-massacre/%7Ctitle=There
- https://www.cjr.org/behind_the_news/the_myth_of_tiananmen.php
- https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21602980-twenty-five-years-after-bloodshed-beijing-new-details-keep-emerging-ageing-rebels
- https://www.hrichina.org/en/testimony-zhou-shuzhuang-mother-duan-changlong
- https://www.pri.org/stories/2016-06-03/how-china-has-censored-words-relating-tiananmen-square-anniversary%7Clast1=Kuang%7Cfirst1=Keng
- https://www.rts.ch/archives/dossiers/3478295-tiananmen-1989-la-fin-des-illusions-democratiques-en-chine.html
- https://www.smh.com.au/world/china-faces-dark-memory-of-tiananmen-20090531-brh8.html%7Caccess-date=31
- https://www.voachinese.com/a/voa-china-internal-silence-june-4-anniversary/4423612.html
- http://blog.boxun.com/hero/201005/wurenhua/5_1.shtml
- http://www.nbcnews.com/id/31086212/ns/world_news-asia_pacific/t/security-tight-tiananmen-anniversary/%7Ctitle=Security
- http://www.tsquare.tv/chronology/April26ed.html%7Cseries=The
- https://blog.boxun.com/hero/201004/wurenhua/10_1.shtml
- https://blog.boxun.com/hero/201005/wurenhua/1_1.shtml
- https://blog.boxun.com/hero/201006/wurenhua/5_1.shtml
- https://blog.boxun.com/hero/201106/wurenhua/3_1.shtml
- https://blog.boxun.com/hero/201106/wurenhua/4_1.shtml
- https://blog.boxun.com/hero/64/27_2.shtml
- https://blog.boxun.com/hero/64/27_3.shtml
- https://blog.boxun.com/hero/64/27_4.shtml
- https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa17/020/2004/en/
- https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/document/%3FindexNumber=asa17%2f009%2f1990&language=en
- https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2014/05/29/ageing-rebels-bitter-victims
- https://www.hrichina.org/en/content/3747
- https://www.theage.com.au/opinion/the-day-china-trampled-on-freedom-20090530-ge7wej.html
- https://www.voachinese.com/a/yangbaibing-20130117/1585554.html
- https://www.wired.com/2009/06/china-censors-internet-before-tiananmen-square-anniversary/%7Ctitle=China
- http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,970278,00.html%7Cmagazine=Time%7Cdate=4
- http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,988169-1,00.html
- http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/42467/1/Calhoun_Revolution_repression_Tianmen_1989.pdf
- http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4960762.stm
- http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8057762.stm
- http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3775907.stm
- http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4313282.stm
- http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8057762.stm
- http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8082407.stm
- http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2005-02/23/content_2608913.htm
- http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2009280577_apchinabornonthefourth.html
- http://www.cnn.com/2014/06/04/world/asia/china-tiananmen-activists/index.html
- http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/11/asia/hong-kong-china-tiananmen-museum-closes/index.html
- http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/asiapcf/9906/02/tiananmen/MacKinnon/zhu.muzhi.html%7Cpublisher=CNN%7Caccess-date=5
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/13c6fcb2-7285-11e1-9be9-00144feab49a.html
- http://www.theage.com.au/world/china-tightens-information-controls-for-tiananmen-anniversary-20090604-bvxf.html
- https://archive.org/details/heartforfreedomr00ling
- https://archive.org/details/prisonerofstates00zhao
- https://archive.org/details/prisonerofstates00zhao/page/
- https://archive.org/details/redchinablues00janw
- https://archive.org/details/rightsbeyondbord00rose
- https://archive.today/20080827013407/http:/news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2005-02/23/content_2608913.htm
- https://archive.today/20090625051206/http:/www.lavanguardia.es/premium/publica/publica%3FCOMPID=51357369255&ID_PAGINA=3746&ID_FORMATO=9&turbourl=false
- https://articles.latimes.com/1989-06-18/news/mn-3714_1_people-s-heroes-men-square-soldiers%7Ctitle=8
- https://articles.latimes.com/1991-06-30/news/mn-2555_1_united-states
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=3glYpzuWrr4C
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=9eq4HT-0rwsC%7Cyear=2007%7Cpublisher=Random
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=Ac897TVPPBIC%7Cyear=2008%7Cpublisher=Simon
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=Ay8Gqjob20oC%7Cyear=2011%7Cpublisher=Cambridge
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=AyXLygAACAAJ%7Cdate=15
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=BZv6AQAAQBAJ%7Cyear=2007%7Cpublisher=MIT
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=DE7syixcxpcC%7Cyear=1997%7Cpublisher=University
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=DPEUcmwIEbwC%7Cyear=2001%7Cpublisher=Cambridge
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=GZNiAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA300%7Cyear=2011%7Cpublisher=Macmillan
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=J2SbAuVzHBMC%7Cyear=1997%7Cpublisher=Tata
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=MXVYAwAAQBAJ%7Cyear=2014%7Cpublisher=Oxford
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=OY4FAQAAIAAJ%7Cyear=1994%7Cpublisher=Harvard
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=Or0s-iMCqjcC%7Cyear=1994%7Cpublisher=Psychology
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=TFYtGQAACAAJ%7Cyear=2006%7Cpublisher=Harvard
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=aeM9DwAAQBAJ%7Cyear=1996%7Cpublisher=Princeton
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=atopB4fC9cAC
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=cWm8UXhexVIC%7Cyear=1990%7Cpublisher=M.E.
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=dHIFd83YkWEC
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=gVRqnv6_p7EC&pg=PA58%7Cyear=2004%7Cpublisher=Brookings
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=iiInRWruEJkC&pg=PA303%7Cyear=2008%7Cpublisher=Columbia
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=jilcH_Zaqk4C&q=yuan+mu+%22June+6%22
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=oK66AAAAIAAJ%7Cyear=1990%7Cpublisher=Westview
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=tgXGBQAAQBAJ
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=zURKuF3nuwQC%7Cyear=1994%7Cpublisher=M.E.
- https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html%3Fres=950DE0DC143EF932A15755C0A96F948260
- https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20210605214206/https:/hongkongfp.com/2017/12/21/declassified-chinese-official-said-least-10000-civilians-died-1989-tiananmen-massacre-documents-show/
- https://web.archive.org/web/20040706113745/http:/www.foreignaffairs.org/20010101faessay4257-p0/andrew-j-nathan/the-tiananmen-papers.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20060515173043/http:/news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4960762.stm
- https://web.archive.org/web/20060625162441/http:/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3775907.stm
- https://web.archive.org/web/20060912070748/http:/www.tsquare.tv/chronology/April26ed.html%7Curl-status=live
- https://web.archive.org/web/20070329051022/http:/www.cnn.com/WORLD/asiapcf/9906/02/tiananmen/MacKinnon/zhu.muzhi.html%7Curl-status=live
- https://web.archive.org/web/20071017040654/http:/www.beijing1989.com/wordpress/
- https://web.archive.org/web/20071128105735/http:/www.forbes.com/markets/feeds/afx/2007/11/27/afx4376482.html%7Carchive-date=28
- https://web.archive.org/web/20080305221654/http:/www.fin24.com/articles/default/display_article.aspx%3FArticleId=1518-1783_1906730
- https://web.archive.org/web/20080516131309/http:/www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSHKG14616220070606
- https://web.archive.org/web/20090608063034/http:/www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tankman/interviews/wong.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20090921095951/http:/www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tankman/interviews/pomfret.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20100204044321/http:/www.nytimes.com/2010/01/15/world/asia/15china.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20101201041323/http:/tsquare.tv/links/Walder.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20110201202924/http:/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8082407.stm
- https://web.archive.org/web/20110204132032/http:/query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html%3Fres=950DE0DC143EF932A15755C0A96F948260
- https://web.archive.org/web/20110512101400/http:/www.theage.com.au/world/china-tightens-information-controls-for-tiananmen-anniversary-20090604-bvxf.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20110512173914/http:/seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2009280577_apchinabornonthefourth.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20110604134425/http:/www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tankman/interviews/brook.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20110628204604/http:/www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/01_51/b3762058.htm
- https://web.archive.org/web/20110628223107/http:/www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tankman/cron/
- https://web.archive.org/web/20110801033416/http:/www.youtube.com/watch%3Fv=r7ou2-Kv4UA&gl=US&hl=en&has_verified=1
- https://web.archive.org/web/20120112022914/http:/tsquare.tv/film/transcript.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20120705064147/http:/www.ft.com/cms/s/0/13c6fcb2-7285-11e1-9be9-00144feab49a.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20121023100729/http:/www.cbsnews.com/2100-202_162-49542.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20130518032024/http:/blog.boxun.com/hero/201005/wurenhua/5_1.shtml
- https://web.archive.org/web/20131113053419/http:/www.nytimes.com/1989/06/30/world/deng-s-june-9-speech-we-faced-a-rebellious-clique-and-dregs-of-society.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20131211154421/http:/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4313282.stm
- https://web.archive.org/web/20140421082204/http:/89concert.alliance.org.hk/
- https://web.archive.org/web/20140603112530/http:/www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21602980-twenty-five-years-after-bloodshed-beijing-new-details-keep-emerging-ageing-rebels
- https://web.archive.org/web/20140714224309/http:/www.nytimes.com/2013/06/06/world/asia/chen-xitong-mayor-during-tiananmen-protests-dies.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20150516182853/http:/multimedia.scmp.com/tiananmen/
- https://web.archive.org/web/20150709013223/http:/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8057762.stm
- https://web.archive.org/web/20150904043256/https:/books.google.com/books%3Fid=dHIFd83YkWEC
- https://web.archive.org/web/20151027140054/http:/china.usc.edu/talking-points-june-3-18-2014
- https://web.archive.org/web/20160304233116/http:/blog.boxun.com/hero/201006/wurenhua/2_1.shtml
- https://web.archive.org/web/20160307033409/https:/wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/89BEIJING18828_a.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20160703220033/http:/after64.sbs.com.au/
- https://web.archive.org/web/20161223020700/http:/www.cjr.org/behind_the_news/the_myth_of_tiananmen.php
- https://web.archive.org/web/20170105153411/http:/ffbeb4845c323b8ced32-3f1b7070c0761ad2dcac8b7012ff4945.r73.cf2.rackcdn.com/890520%20UKE%20Peking%20to%20FCO%20PROTESTS%20PREM19-2597%20f148.pdf
- https://web.archive.org/web/20170111005706/http:/edition.cnn.com/2016/07/11/asia/hong-kong-china-tiananmen-museum-closes/
- https://web.archive.org/web/20170305032222/https:/www.theguardian.com/world/2006/sep/05/film.china
- https://web.archive.org/web/20170513192558/http:/www.cnn.com/2014/06/04/world/asia/china-tiananmen-activists/index.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20170629215429/http:/www.resetdoc.org/story/00000001371
- https://web.archive.org/web/20170701093713/http:/www.nytimes.com/2010/06/05/world/asia/05china.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20170701123851/http:/www.independent.co.uk/sport/olympics/olympic-hopeful-who-lost-his-legs-in-tiananmen-square-886088.html%7Curl-status=live
- https://web.archive.org/web/20170825004416/http:/nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB16/
- https://web.archive.org/web/20170825004418/http:/nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB16/docs/doc13.pdf
- https://web.archive.org/web/20170825004423/http:/nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB16/docs/doc09.pdf
- https://web.archive.org/web/20171010150759/https:/www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tankman/etc/transcript.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20171222053543/https:/www.nytimes.com/2014/10/26/world/asia/chen-ziming-dissident-in-china-is-dead-at-62.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20171223161031/https:/www.yahoo.com/news/10-000-killed-chinas-1989-tiananmen-crackdown-british-063526012.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20180413065416/http:/www.standoffattiananmen.com/2012/06/document-of-1989-21-most-wanted-student.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20180413071105/https:/www.hrichina.org/en/content/3747
- https://web.archive.org/web/20180413071609/http:/foreignpolicy.com/2013/11/25/why-china-refuses-to-arrest-its-most-wanted-dissidents/
- https://web.archive.org/web/20180413072522/https:/www.nytimes.com/1989/06/14/world/turmoil-in-china-moderates-appear-on-beijing-tv-easing-fears-of-wholesale-purge.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20180415080207/https:/sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/06/03/tiananmens-most-wanted/%3Fmtrref=web.archive.org&mtrref=web.archive.org
- https://web.archive.org/web/20180517014016/http:/eprints.lse.ac.uk/42467/1/Calhoun_Revolution_repression_Tianmen_1989.pdf
- https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142702/https:/www.voachinese.com/a/voa-china-internal-silence-june-4-anniversary/4423612.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20180617115454/http:/blog.boxun.com/hero/64/27_3.shtml
- https://web.archive.org/web/20180620231335/https:/www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/11372052/Fresh-details-of-savage-Tiananmen-massacre-emerge-in-embassy-cables.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20180701094607/http:/blog.boxun.com/hero/64/27_1.shtml
- https://web.archive.org/web/20180827142258/https:/www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2014/05/29/ageing-rebels-bitter-victims
- https://web.archive.org/web/20180927175353/https:/www.npr.org/2014/04/15/301433547/after-25-years-of-amnesia-remembering-a-forgotten-tiananmen
- https://web.archive.org/web/20180928231137/http:/www1.rfi.fr/actuen/articles/113/article_3781.asp
- https://web.archive.org/web/20181018122326/http:/u.osu.edu/mclc/2017/12/27/chinese-official-said-10000-died-in-1989/
- https://web.archive.org/web/20181104130233/https:/www.nytimes.com/1989/06/04/world/in-taiwan-sympathies-lean-toward-home.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20181211081537/http:/culture.dwnews.com/history/news/2013-06-02/59207710-4.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190116100247/https:/www.amnesty.org/en/documents/document/%3FindexNumber=asa17%2f009%2f1990&language=en
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190131093456/https:/www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa17/020/2004/en/
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190227230149/http:/articles.latimes.com/1991-06-30/news/mn-2555_1_united-states
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190227230205/http:/articles.latimes.com/1989-06-18/news/mn-3714_1_people-s-heroes-men-square-soldiers%7Curl-status=live
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190227230440/http:/archive.indianexpress.com/news/places-20-years-apart/470938/0%7Curl-status=live
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190327002831/http:/www.nbcnews.com/id/31086212/ns/world_news-asia_pacific/t/security-tight-tiananmen-anniversary/%7Curl-status=live
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190327012758/https:/www.cbsnews.com/news/there-was-no-tiananmen-square-massacre/%7Curl-status=live
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190330013154/http:/content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,970278,00.html%7Curl-status=live
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190330045413/https:/www.vox.com/2014/6/3/5775918/25-years-after-tiananmen-most-chinese-univeristy-students-have-never%7Curl-status=live
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190330072757/https:/duihua.org/less-than-a-dozen-june-fourth-protesters-still-in-prison/%7Curl-status=live
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190330092136/https:/www.hrichina.org/en/testimony-zhou-shuzhuang-mother-duan-changlong
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190330105157/https:/www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2014/jun/03/press-freedom-tiananmen-square-protests-1989%7Curl-status=live
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190330111753/https:/china.usc.edu/tiananmen-square-document-35-state-department-bureau-intelligence-and-research-china-aftermath%7Curl-status=live
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190331021709/https:/www.pri.org/stories/2016-06-03/how-china-has-censored-words-relating-tiananmen-square-anniversary%7Curl-status=live
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190331022517/https:/www.nytimes.com/2006/04/11/arts/television/the-tank-man-a-frontline-documentary-examines-one-mans-act.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190331022519/https:/blog.boxun.com/hero/201006/wurenhua/5_1.shtml
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190331022520/https:/blog.boxun.com/hero/201106/wurenhua/4_1.shtml
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190331031410/https:/rsf.org/en/news/all-references-tiananmen-square-massacre-closely-censored-20-years
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190331031452/http:/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8057762.stm
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190331031628/http:/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8082407.stm
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190331032010/https:/www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00l17sy
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190331042644/https:/www.wired.com/2009/06/china-censors-internet-before-tiananmen-square-anniversary/%7Curl-status=live
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190331042650/https:/www.smh.com.au/world/china-faces-dark-memory-of-tiananmen-20090531-brh8.html%7Curl-status=live
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190331042655/https:/www.voachinese.com/a/yangbaibing-20130117/1585554.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190331042720/https:/www.nytimes.com/1989/06/29/world/beijing-orders-its-ambassadors-home-for-a-meeting.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190331042728/https:/www.theage.com.au/opinion/the-day-china-trampled-on-freedom-20090530-ge7wej.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190331042735/https:/www.nytimes.com/1989/06/22/world/china-s-newspapers-after-crackdown-by-beijing-revert-to-a-single-voice.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190331042735/https:/www.rts.ch/archives/dossiers/3478295-tiananmen-1989-la-fin-des-illusions-democratiques-en-chine.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190331042737/https:/www.theguardian.com/world/2009/mar/20/tiananmen-square-china-zhang-shijun
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190331042756/https:/blog.boxun.com/hero/201004/wurenhua/10_1.shtml
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190331042758/https:/blog.boxun.com/hero/201005/wurenhua/1_1.shtml
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190331042806/https:/blog.boxun.com/hero/201106/wurenhua/3_1.shtml
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190331042834/https:/china.usc.edu/talking-points-june-3-18-2014
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190403163051/http:/content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,988169-1,00.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190416234942/https:/www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-27659475
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190503004325/https:/blog.boxun.com/hero/64/27_2.shtml
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190503053658/https:/blog.boxun.com/hero/64/27_4.shtml
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190604075338/https:/www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/tiananmen-square-massacre-death-toll-secret-cable-british-ambassador-1989-alan-donald-a8126461.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190608034214/http:/edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/06/03/china.post.tiananmen.generation/index.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190624052534/https:/books.google.com/books%3Fid=OY4FAQAAIAAJ%7Curl-status=live
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190624155436/https:/books.google.com/books%3Fid=AyXLygAACAAJ%7Curl-status=live
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190626175811/https:/books.google.com/books%3Fid=gVRqnv6_p7EC&pg=PA58%7Curl-status=live
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190628051130/https:/books.google.com/books%3Fid=Ac897TVPPBIC%7Curl-status=live
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190628051208/https:/books.google.com/books%3Fid=oK66AAAAIAAJ%7Curl-status=live
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190628064849/https:/books.google.com/books%3Fid=J2SbAuVzHBMC%7Curl-status=live
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190628170401/https:/books.google.com/books%3Fid=Ay8Gqjob20oC%7Curl-status=live
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190628170407/https:/books.google.com/books%3Fid=GZNiAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA300%7Curl-status=live
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190628214416/https:/books.google.com/books%3Fid=atopB4fC9cAC
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190629000435/https:/books.google.com/books%3Fid=DPEUcmwIEbwC%7Curl-status=live
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190629011131/https:/books.google.com/books%3Fid=BZv6AQAAQBAJ%7Curl-status=live
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190710153352/https:/thediplomat.com/2015/06/why-chinas-political-reforms-failed/
- https://web.archive.org/web/20200702203737/https:/books.google.com/books%3Fid=iiInRWruEJkC&pg=PA303%7Curl-status=live
- https://web.archive.org/web/20200709153551/https:/books.google.com/books%3Fid=DE7syixcxpcC%7Curl-status=live
- https://web.archive.org/web/20200710025806/https:/books.google.com/books%3Fid=aeM9DwAAQBAJ%7Curl-status=live
- https://web.archive.org/web/20200713135421/https:/books.google.com/books%3Fid=Or0s-iMCqjcC%7Curl-status=live
- https://web.archive.org/web/20200715024225/https:/books.google.com/books%3Fid=3glYpzuWrr4C
- https://web.archive.org/web/20200715052303/https:/books.google.com/books%3Fid=tgXGBQAAQBAJ
- https://web.archive.org/web/20200718180208/https:/books.google.com/books%3Fid=zURKuF3nuwQC%7Curl-status=live
- https://web.archive.org/web/20200718180211/https:/books.google.com/books%3Fid=9eq4HT-0rwsC%7Curl-status=live
- https://web.archive.org/web/20200719075927/https:/books.google.com/books%3Fid=MXVYAwAAQBAJ%7Curl-status=live
- https://web.archive.org/web/20200720142315/https:/books.google.com/books%3Fid=TFYtGQAACAAJ%7Curl-status=live
- https://web.archive.org/web/20200819025941/https:/books.google.com/books%3Fid=cWm8UXhexVIC%7Curl-status=live
- https://web.archive.org/web/20201001094819/https:/www.questia.com/read/1G1-18141489/still-on-the-wing-inside-operation-yellowbird-the
- https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00l17sy
- https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-27659475
- https://www.forbes.com/markets/feeds/afx/2007/11/27/afx4376482.html%7Ctitle=Japan
- https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/tiananmen-square-massacre-death-toll-secret-cable-british-ambassador-1989-alan-donald-a8126461.html
- https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/olympics/olympic-hopeful-who-lost-his-legs-in-tiananmen-square-886088.html%7Ctitle=Olympic
- https://www.npr.org/2014/04/15/301433547/after-25-years-of-amnesia-remembering-a-forgotten-tiananmen
- https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/04/world/in-taiwan-sympathies-lean-toward-home.html
- https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/14/world/turmoil-in-china-moderates-appear-on-beijing-tv-easing-fears-of-wholesale-purge.html
- https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/22/world/china-s-newspapers-after-crackdown-by-beijing-revert-to-a-single-voice.html
- https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/29/world/beijing-orders-its-ambassadors-home-for-a-meeting.html
- https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/30/world/deng-s-june-9-speech-we-faced-a-rebellious-clique-and-dregs-of-society.html
- https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/11/arts/television/the-tank-man-a-frontline-documentary-examines-one-mans-act.html
- https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/15/world/asia/15china.html
- https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/05/world/asia/05china.html
- https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/06/world/asia/chen-xitong-mayor-during-tiananmen-protests-dies.html
- https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/26/world/asia/chen-ziming-dissident-in-china-is-dead-at-62.html
- https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tankman/cron/
- https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tankman/etc/transcript.html
- https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tankman/interviews/brook.html
- https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tankman/interviews/pomfret.html
- https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tankman/interviews/wong.html
- https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tankman/view/
- https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-18141489
- https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSHKG14616220070606
- https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/11372052/Fresh-details-of-savage-Tiananmen-massacre-emerge-in-embassy-cables.html
- https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2014/jun/03/press-freedom-tiananmen-square-protests-1989%7Ctitle=Foreign
- https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/sep/05/film.china
- https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/mar/20/tiananmen-square-china-zhang-shijun
- https://www.yahoo.com/news/10-000-killed-chinas-1989-tiananmen-crackdown-british-063526012.html
- https://www.youtube.com/watch%3Fv=r7ou2-Kv4UA
- http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/06/03/china.post.tiananmen.generation/index.html
- http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-202_162-49542.html
- https://china.usc.edu/assignment-china-tiananmen-square
- https://china.usc.edu/talking-points-june-3-18-2014
- https://china.usc.edu/tiananmen-square-document-35-state-department-bureau-intelligence-and-research-china-aftermath%7Ctitle=Tiananmen
- https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB16/
- https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB16/docs/doc09.pdf
- https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB16/docs/doc13.pdf
- https://www.hongkongfp.com/2017/12/21/declassified-chinese-official-said-least-10000-civilians-died-1989-tiananmen-massacre-documents-show/
- https://www.vox.com/2014/6/3/5775918/25-years-after-tiananmen-most-chinese-univeristy-students-have-never%7Ctitle=Most
- dbr:40th_Army_(People's_Republic_of_China)
- dbr:54th_Army_(People's_Republic_of_China)
- dbr:65th_Army_(People's_Republic_of_China)
- dbr:Premier_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China
- dbr:President_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China
- dbr:Princeton_University
- dbr:Pu_Zhiqiang
- dbr:Pyongyang
- dbr:Qiao_Shi
- dbr:Roman_numerals
- dbr:Electroshock_weapon
- dbr:Lü_Jinghua
- dbr:One-party_state
- dbr:The_Tiananmen_Papers
- dbc:Labour_movement_in_China
- dbr:20th_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre
- dbr:Baton_(law_enforcement)
- dbr:Beijing
- dbr:Beijing_Capital_International_Airport
- dbr:Beijing_Normal_University
- dbr:Beijing_Students'_Autonomous_Federation
- dbr:Beijing_Workers'_Autonomous_Federation
- dbr:Belknap_Press
- dbr:Bier
- dbr:Bo_Yibo
- dbr:Bob_Hawke
- dbr:Bourgeois_liberalism
- dbr:Bourgeois_liberalization
- dbr:Democracy
- dbr:Deng_Xiaoping
- dbr:Deng_Xiaoping's_Southern_Tour
- dbr:All-China_Youth_Federation
- dbr:April_26_Editorial
- dbr:Arbitrage
- dbr:Hong_Kong_Alliance_in_Support_of_Patriotic_Democratic_Movements_in_China
- dbr:Hong_Kong_Alliance_in_Support_of_Patriotic_Democratic_Movements_of_China
- dbr:Hong_Kong_Island
- dbr:Hu_Jintao
- dbr:Hu_Qili
- dbr:Hu_Yaobang
- dbr:Human_rights_in_China
- dbr:Hunger_strike
- dbr:Arrest_and_Trial_of_Chen_Ziming_and_Wang_Juntao
- dbr:Peking_University
- dbr:People's_Armed_Police
- dbr:People's_Daily
- dbr:People's_Liberation_Army
- dbr:People's_Liberation_Army_at_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests
- dbr:People_Power_Revolution
- dbr:Revolutions_of_1989
- dbr:Richard_Baum
- dbr:Richard_Roth_(journalist)
- dbr:United_Front_(China)
- dbr:United_Front_Work_Department
- dbr:United_States_bombing_of_the_Chinese_embassy_in_Belgrade
- dbr:Vice_Chairperson_of_the_National_People's_Congress
- dbr:Vice_Premier_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China
- dbr:Vice_President_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China
- dbr:Voice_of_America
- dbr:December_9th_Movement
- dbr:Dui_Hua_Foundation
- dbr:Eastern_Bloc
- dbr:Inflation
- dbr:Internet_censorship_in_China
- dbr:Li_Ximing
- dbr:List_of_massacres_in_China
- dbr:List_of_premiers_of_China
- dbr:Primary_stage_of_socialism
- dbr:Wreath
- dbr:Protest_and_dissent_in_China
- dbr:Beijing_Broadcasting_Institute
- dbr:13th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party
- dbc:1980s_in_Beijing
- dbc:1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre
- dbc:Protest-related_deaths
- dbc:Protests_in_China
- dbr:1976_Tiananmen_Incident
- dbr:1994_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform
- dbr:Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)
- dbr:Communist_Youth_League_of_China
- dbr:Comprehensive_Nuclear-Test-Ban_Treaty
- dbr:Concert_for_Democracy_in_China
- dbr:Constitution_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China
- dbr:Consumer_Price_Index
- dbr:Crimes_against_humanity_under_communist_regimes
- dbr:Mass_incidents_in_China
- dbr:Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes
- dbr:May_Fourth_Movement
- dbr:Chen_Mingyuan
- dbr:General_Office_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party
- dbr:Nepotism
- dbr:Occupation_(protest)
- dbr:Politics_of_Qinghai
- dbr:Yan_Mingfu
- dbr:Qin_Benli
- dbr:1989_Chinese_protests_by_region
- dbc:1989_in_China
- dbc:April_1989_events_in_Asia
- dbc:Censorship_in_China
- dbc:Cold_War_history_of_China
- dbc:Conflicts_in_1989
- dbc:Deng_Xiaoping
- dbc:Filmed_killings
- dbc:Human_rights_abuses_in_China
- dbc:June_1989_events_in_China
- dbc:Mass_murder_in_1989
- dbc:Massacres_committed_by_the_People's_Republic_of_China
- dbc:Massacres_in_1989
- dbc:May_1989_events_in_Asia
- dbc:Socialism_in_China
- dbr:Chris_Patten
- dbr:Cold_War
- dbr:Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Beijing
- dbr:Freedom_of_speech
- dbr:Freedom_of_the_press
- dbr:Fudan_University
- dbr:General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party
- dbr:George_H._W._Bush
- dbr:Gerhard_Schröder
- dbr:Goddess_of_Democracy
- dbr:Government_of_China
- dbr:Great_Hall_of_the_People
- dbr:Molotov_cocktails
- dbr:Monument_to_the_People's_Heroes
- dbr:Moving_the_Mountain_(1994_film)
- dbr:Myanmar
- dbr:Constitutionalism
- dbr:Corruption_in_China
- dbr:The_New_York_Times
- dbr:The_Search_for_Modern_China
- dbr:The_Wall_Street_Journal
- dbr:The_Washington_Post
- dbr:Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century
- dbr:Xidan
- dbr:1981_Inner_Mongolia_student_protest
- dbr:1986_Chinese_student_demonstrations
- dbr:1987–1989_Tibetan_unrest
- dbc:1989_protests
- dbc:Chinese_democracy_movements
- dbc:Massacres_in_China
- dbc:Political_controversies_in_China
- dbc:Political_repression_in_China
- dbc:Riots_and_civil_disorder_in_China
- dbc:Student_protests_in_China
- dbc:Tiananmen_Square
- dbr:Angela_Merkel
- dbr:Anti-Secession_Law_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China
- dbr:Anti-Spiritual_Pollution_Campaign
- dbr:Li_Keqiang
- dbr:Li_Lu
- dbr:Li_Peng
- dbr:Li_Xiannian
- dbr:Li_Zhanshu
- dbr:Liu_Gang
- dbr:Liu_Huaqing
- dbr:Liu_Xiaobo
- dbr:Lucian_Pye
- dbr:Luo_Gan
- dbr:MI6
- dbr:Sichuan
- dbr:Sino-Soviet_split
- dbr:State_Council_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China
- dbr:Democratic_centralism
- dbr:Deng_Xiaoping's_southern_tour
- dbr:Deng_Xiaoping_and_the_Transformation_of_China
- dbr:Zhang_Boli
- dbr:Zhao_Leji
- dbr:Zhao_Ziyang
- dbr:Zhejiang
- dbr:Zhongnanhai
- dbr:Zhou_Fengsuo
- dbr:Zhu_Rongji
- dbr:Funding_of_student_organizations_durin...iananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre
- dbr:Hou_Dejian
- dbr:Pariah_state
- dbr:White_paper
- dbr:Squatting_position
- dbr:Swan_song
- dbr:Tank_Man
- dbr:Marketization
- dbr:Mass_surveillance_in_China
- dbr:15th_Airborne_Corps
- dbc:Civil_rights_protests
- dbr:Bao_Tong
- dbr:British_Hong_Kong
- dbr:CBS
- dbr:CIA
- dbr:Censorship_by_Google
- dbr:Central_Academy_of_Drama
- dbr:Central_Advisory_Commission
- dbr:Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection
- dbr:Central_Military_Commission
- dbr:Central_Military_Commission_(China)
- dbr:Tian_Jiyun
- dbr:Tiananmen_Square
- dbr:Tianqiao_Subdistrict,_Beijing
- dbr:Tongling
- dbr:Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons
- dbr:Trolleybuses
- dbr:Tsinghua_University
- dbr:Wan_Li
- dbr:Wang_Dan_(dissident)
- dbr:Wang_Huning
- dbr:Wang_Yang_(politician)
- dbr:Wang_Zhen_(general)
- dbr:Wave_of_democracy
- dbr:Waves_of_mass_migrations_from_Hong_Kong
- dbr:Wei_Fenghe
- dbr:Wen_Jiabao
- dbr:Fuxingmen
- dbr:Gang_of_Four
- dbr:Iron_rice_bowl
- dbr:Guangming_Daily_(China)
- dbr:Gwangju_uprising
- dbr:Peng_Chong
- dbr:5th_National_People's_Congress
- dbr:82nd_Group_Army
- dbr:8888_Uprising
- dbr:Ai_Weiwei
- dbr:Alan_Donald
- dbr:Amnesty_International
- dbr:1st_Armored_Division_(People's_Republic_of_China)
- dbr:3rd_Ring_Road_(Beijing)
- dbr:Cui_Jian
- dbr:Cultural_Revolution
- dbr:Dai_Qing
- dbr:Du_Xian_(news_anchor)
- dbr:Economic_inequality
- dbr:European_Parliament
- dbr:Face_(sociological_concept)
- dbr:Falun_Gong
- dbr:Fang_Lizhi
- dbr:Feng_Congde
- dbr:Figurehead
- dbr:Four_Modernizations
- dbr:Bank_run
- dbr:Ningde
- dbr:North_Korea
- dbr:Overseas_censorship_of_Chinese_issues
- dbr:PBS
- dbr:Paramount_leader
- dbr:Censorship_in_China
- dbr:Forbidden_City_(novel)
- dbr:Demonstration_(people)
- dbr:History_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China
- dbr:Killed_in_action
- dbr:People's_Liberation_Army_General_Staff_Department
- dbr:Red_herring
- dbr:Rule_of_law
- dbr:Grenades
- dbr:Han_Dongfang
- dbr:Han_Zheng
- dbr:Happy_Valley_Racecourse
- dbr:Hebei
- dbr:Hefei
- dbr:Jacques_Chirac
- dbr:Jay_Mathews
- dbr:Tank
- dbr:Tank_man
- dbr:Televisión_Española
- dbr:Counter-revolutionary
- dbr:The_Gate_of_Heavenly_Peace_(film)
- dbr:The_Guardian
- dbr:The_Independent
- dbr:The_Internationale
- dbr:Jianguomen_(Beijing)
- dbr:Wang_Youcai
- dbr:History_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China_(1976–89)
- dbr:The_Critical_Moment
- dbr:Yuan_Mu
- dbr:Asian_Development_Bank
- dbr:Chai_Ling
- dbr:Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)
- dbr:Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People's_Congress
- dbr:Changsha
- dbr:Chemical_Weapons_Convention
- dbr:Chen_Xitong
- dbr:Chen_Yun
- dbr:Chengdu
- dbr:Chi_Haotian
- dbr:China_Central_Television
- dbr:China_University_of_Political_Science_and_Law
- dbr:Chinese_Communist_Party
- dbr:Chinese_Student_Protection_Act_of_1992
- dbr:Chinese_democracy_movement
- dbr:Chinese_economic_reform
- dbr:Jens_Galschiøt
- dbr:Jiang_Yanyong
- dbr:Jiang_Zemin
- dbr:June_4th_Museum
- dbr:June_Struggle
- dbr:La_Vanguardia
- dbr:Summer_Palace_(2006_film)
- dbr:Szeto_Wah
- dbr:Collection_of_June_Fourth_Poems
- dbr:Collective_leadership
- dbr:Eight_Elders
- dbr:Tiananmen_Square_protests_(disambiguation)
- dbr:Trencher_(machine)
- dbr:Chen_Ziming
- Li Peng (en)
- Zhao Ziyang (en)
- 党和国家领导制度改革 (en)
- 六四事件 (en)
- 1989-04-15 (xsd:date)
- (en)
- November 2020 (en)
- General Secretary Zhao Ziyang who pushed for dialogue with students and Premier Li Peng who declared martial law and backed military action (en)
- Lipeng.jpg (en)
- Zhao Ziyang .jpg (en)
- Eighty-Nine Democracy Movement (en)
- June Fourth Incident (en)
- Political turmoil between the Spring and Summer of 1989 (en)
- Deng Xiaoping (en)
- (en)
- Student leaders: * Wang Dan * Wu'erkaixi * Chai Ling * Shen Tong * Liu Gang * Feng Congde * Li Lu * Wang Youcai Workers: * Han Dongfang * Lü Jinghua Intellectuals: * Liu Xiaobo * Wang Juntao * Dai Qing * Hou Dejian * Cui Jian * Zhang Boli * Chen Mingyuan (en)
- * Bao Tong (en)
- * Chen Xitong (en)
- * Chen Yun (en)
- * Chi Haotian (en)
- * Hu Qili (en)
- * Li Xiannian (en)
- * Li Ximing (en)
- * Liu Huaqing (en)
- * Qiao Shi (en)
- * Wan Li (en)
- * Xi Zhongxun (en)
- * Xu Qinxian (en)
- * Yan Mingfu (en)
- * Yang Shangkun (en)
- * Yao Yilin (en)
- Hardliners: * Li Peng (en)
- Moderates: * Zhao Ziyang (en)
- Bā-Jyǒu Mínyùn (en)
- Lyòu-Sz̀ Shr̀jyàn (en)
- 1989 (xsd:integer)
- Bā-Jiǔ Mínyùn (en)
- Bājiǔ mínyùn (en)
- Cǎodì Shālóng (en)
- Liù-Sì Shìjiàn (en)
- Liùsì qīngchǎng (en)
- Mínzhǔ Shālóng (en)
- Tiān'ānmén shìjiàn (en)
- bā-jiǔ mínyùn (en)
- liù-sì túshā (en)
- liù-sì yùndòng (en)
- liù-sì zhènyā (en)
- liùsì shìjiàn (en)
- liùsì túshā (en)
- Beijing, China and 400 cities nationwide (en)
- Students, we came too late. We are sorry. You talk about us, criticize us, it is all necessary. The reason that I came here is not to ask you to forgive us. All I want to say is that students are getting very weak. It is the 7th day since you went on a hunger strike. You can't continue like this. [...] You are still young, there are still many days yet to come, you must live healthily, and see the day when China accomplishes the Four Modernizations. You are not like us. We are already old. It doesn't matter to us anymore. (en)
- erected shrines before joining gathering in Tiananmen Square? (en)
- 1989 (xsd:integer)
- Liu-Szu Shihchien (en)
- Pa-Chiu Minyün (en)
- dbt:Chinese_democracy_movement
- dbt:'
- dbt:'_"
- dbt:1989_Tiananmen_protests
- dbt:Anchor
- dbt:As_of
- dbt:Authority_control
- dbt:Blockquote
- dbt:Citation_needed
- dbt:Cite_AV_media
- dbt:Cite_book
- dbt:Cite_interview
- dbt:Cite_journal
- dbt:Cite_magazine
- dbt:Cite_news
- dbt:Cite_web
- dbt:Clarify
- dbt:Clear
- dbt:Cold_War
- dbt:Coord
- dbt:Efn
- dbt:End_date
- dbt:Flagicon_image
- dbt:Further
- dbt:ISBN
- dbt:In_lang
- dbt:Infobox_Chinese
- dbt:Infobox_civil_conflict
- dbt:Linktext
- dbt:Main
- dbt:More_citations_needed_section
- dbt:Multiple_image
- dbt:Nbsp
- dbt:Notelist
- dbt:Portal
- dbt:Pp-semi-indef
- dbt:Quote_box
- dbt:Redirect
- dbt:Refbegin
- dbt:Refend
- dbt:Reflist
- dbt:See
- dbt:See_also
- dbt:Sfn
- dbt:Short_description
- dbt:Sister_project_links
- dbt:Start_date
- dbt:TOC_limit
- dbt:Use_British_English
- dbt:Use_dmy_dates
- dbt:Wikicite
- dbt:Zh
- dbt:Age_in_years,_months,_weeks_and_days
- dbt:Flagdeco
- dbt:IPAc-cmn
- dbt:Photomontage
- dbt:ProQuest
- dbt:SfnRef
- dbt:Sfnref
- dbt:IPA-yue
- dbt:UN_doc
- dbt:Library_resources_box
- dbt:PRC_conflicts
- dbt:China_national_security
- dbt:Fall_of_Communism
- dbt:Redirect-distinguish-text
- dbt:History_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China
- 1989 (xsd:integer)
- Lùhk-sei Sih gihn (en)
- baatgáu màhnwahn (en)
- Masakr na náměstí Nebeského klidu (název náměstí čínsky 天安门广场, český přepis Tchien-an-men Kuang-čchang) bylo násilné potlačení demonstrací konaných v čínském hlavním městě Pekingu mezi 15. dubnem a 4. červnem 1989. K hlavnímu zásahu armády proti lidovému povstání došlo v noci ze 3. na 4. června 1989. Počet obětí povstání masakru na náměstí se různí, pohybuje se od několika stovek až do 10 000 mrtvých. (cs)
- Tharla sléacht i gCearnóg Tiananmen ar an 4 Meitheamh 1989 i mBéising. Faoi thionchar na n-imeachtaí in Oirthear na hEorpa san am chéanna, chuaigh na mic léinn amach sna sráideanna ag agóidíocht agus ag éileamh daonlathais. Sa deireadh, cuireadh tancanna agus saighdiúirí ag ceansú na n-agóideoirí. Dealraíonn sé go bhfuair na mílte bás de thoradh na cniogbheartaíochta seo. (ga)
- 六四天安門事件(ろくしてんあんもんじけん)は、1989年6月4日(日曜日)に中華人民共和国・北京市にある天安門広場に民主化を求めて集結していたデモ隊に対し、軍隊が武力行使し、多数の死傷者を出した事件である。第二次天安門事件。血の日曜日事件。 通常「天安門事件」と呼称する場合はこの事件を指す。 (ja)
- Het Tiananmenprotest was een studentenprotest op het Tiananmenplein (Plein van de Hemelse Vrede) in Peking (China), dat was begonnen op 15 april 1989. Er namen naar schatting een miljoen studenten en andere burgers aan deel, op filmbeelden is te zien dat er zelfs leden van de Chinese marine in uniform meeliepen in de demonstratie. Het protest werd bloedig neergeslagen op de avond van 4 juni 1989, met de dood van honderden mensen tot gevolg. Het was het grootste massale protest tegen de Communistische Partij van China en zijn instellingen sinds de revolutie in 1949. (nl)
- Події на площі Тяньаньмень 1989 року — серія демонстрацій в Китайській Народній Республіці, що тривали з 15 квітня по 4 червня 1989, головними учасниками яких були студенти. На Заході події також відомі як «Події 4 червня у Китаї» (六四 事件) і «Різанина на площі Тяньаньмень» (англ. Tiananmen Massacre). Ці назви дещо не відповідають дійсності, адже окрім «різанини» під час цього довготривалого протесту в Пекіні та в інших місцях відбувалося багато інших подій (демонстрацій, мітингів, страйків). Найбільший резонанс викликав силовий розгін демонстрантів 4 червня із застосуванням армійських підрозділів, в результаті чого загинули сотні протестувальників, що й відобразилося в назві цієї історичної події. (uk)
- Собы́тия на пло́щади Тяньаньмэ́нь 1989 года, также известные как «события 4 июня» (кит. 六四事件) в Китае и «бойня на площади Тяньаньмэнь» (англ. Tiananmen Massacre) на Западе, — серия акций протеста на площади Тяньаньмэнь в Пекине, продолжавшихся с 15 апреля по 4 июня 1989 года, главными участниками которых были студенты. Ранним утром 4 июня по решению политического руководства страны выступления были подавлены Народно-освободительной армией Китая с применением огнестрельного оружия и бронетехники. Оценки числа погибших варьируются от нескольких сотен до нескольких тысяч и тысяч раненых. (ru)
- 六四事件,又稱八九民运、八九学运,广义上指1989年4月中旬开始的以悼念胡耀邦活动为导火索、由中国大陆高校学生在北京市天安门广场发起、持续近两个月的全境示威运动。狹義上指六四清場,即1989年6月3日晚間至6月4日凌晨,中国人民解放军、武装警察部队和人民警察在北京天安門廣場对示威集会进行的武力清场行动。 六四事件是中华人民共和国历史上的一个转折点,它的爆发标志着改革開放以來邓小平等人在中国大陆推动的后期政治体制改革失败,赵紫阳、鲍彤等中共溫和派高层事後被撤职,而胡耀邦已在八六学潮中辞去中共总书记一职,於是1980年代被不同程度推動的自由化改革也就此停止,此後官方只批准了很少数量的遊行活動。六四事件引发了国际社会高度关注,欧美等西方国家对该事件的处理表示谴责甚至進行制裁,苏东国家看法不一但未做过多反应,而亚非拉等地发展中国家对此表示同情或者支持。 六四事件的後果除了造成政治环境大幅度收緊,經濟方面的影響也直接导致了中華人民共和國改革开放放缓,直至1992年邓小平南巡后才重新提速。不過,由于六四事件发生后不久,邓小平做出退休的决定,故其任内推行的废除干部领导职务终身制被延续下来,此后完成了三任政权的和平更替,直至習近平2018年修宪后被废除。 (zh)
- كانت احتجاجات ميدان تيانانمن، والمعروفة باسم حادثة الرابع من يونيو في الصين، مظاهرات بقيادة طلابية شَغَلت ساحة تيان آن من في بكين خلال عام 1989. بالنسبة لما يُعرف بمذبحة ميدان تيان آن من، فقد أطلقت قواتٌ مسلحة ببنادق هجومية ترافقها الدبابات، النار على المتظاهرين وعلى أولئك الذين يحاولون عرقلة تقدم الجيش إلى ميدان تيان آن من. بدأت الاحتجاجات في 15 أبريل وقُمعت بالقوة في 4 يونيو عندما أعلنت الحكومة الأحكام العرفية وأرسلت جيش التحرير الشعبي لاحتلال أجزاء من وسط بكين. تتراوح تقديرات عدد القتلى من عدة مئات إلى عدة آلاف، مع إصابة آلافٍ آخرين. في بعض الأحيان، تدعى الحركة الوطنية الشعبية المستلهمة من احتجاجات بكين بحركة '89 الديمقراطية أو حادثة ميدان تيان آن من. (ar)
- Les protestes de la plaça de Tian'anmen de 1989, també conegudes com la massacre de Tian'anmen, la revolta de Tian'anmen, els fets de la plaça de Tian'anmen o l'incident del 4 de juny, van consistir en una sèrie de manifestacions liderades per estudiants a la República Popular de la Xina que van tenir lloc entre el 15 d'abril i el 4 de juny de 1989. La protesta rep el nom del lloc on l'Exèrcit Popular d'Alliberament va ofegar la mobilització: la plaça de Tian'anmen de Pequín. L'esdeveniment que va iniciar les protestes va ser la defunció de Hu Yaobang. (ca)
- The Tiananmen Square protests, known in Chinese as the June Fourth Incident (Chinese: 六四事件; pinyin: liùsì shìjiàn), were student-led demonstrations held in Tiananmen Square, Beijing during 1989. In what is known as the Tiananmen Square Massacre, or in Chinese the June Fourth Clearing (Chinese: 六四清场; pinyin: Liùsì qīngchǎng) or June Fourth Massacre (Chinese: 六四屠杀; pinyin: liùsì túshā), troops armed with assault rifles and accompanied by tanks fired at the demonstrators and those trying to block the military's advance into Tiananmen Square. The protests started on 15 April and were forcibly suppressed on 4 June when the government declared martial law and sent the People's Liberation Army to occupy parts of central Beijing. Estimates of the death toll vary from several hundred to several tho (en)
- Οι διαδηλώσεις στην πλατεία Τιενανμέν του 1989, ήταν μία σειρά από φοιτητικές κυρίως διαδηλώσεις υπέρ της δημοκρατίας στην κεντρική πλατεία Τιενανμέν του Πεκίνου, στην Κίνα. Ξεκίνησαν στις 15 Απριλίου του 1989 και κατεστάλησαν βίαια την 4η Ιουνίου του ίδιου έτους. Η καταστολή αυτή είναι γνωστή και ως η Σφαγή της πλατείας Τιενανμέν, και κατά την διάρκειά της ο Λαϊκός Απελευθερωτικός Στρατός εισέβαλε στην πλατεία και άνοιξε πυρ εναντίον των διαδηλωτών. Οι εκτιμήσεις για τον αριθμό των νεκρών ποικίλλουν από αρκετές εκατοντάδες έως αρκετές χιλιάδες, με χιλιάδες άλλους τραυματίες. Κύρια αιτήματα των διαδηλωτών ήταν οι δημοκρατικές μεταρρυθμίσεις, η ελευθερία του λόγου και ελευθερία του Τύπου. Επίσης ζητούσαν διαφάνεια και πάταξη της διαφθοράς στον κρατικό μηχανισμό. (el)
- De la 15-a de aprilo ĝis la 4-an de junio 1989 okazis manifestaciado de studentoj, laboristoj kaj intelektuloj en la placo Tian An Men de Pekino, Ĉinio. En la fino la ĉinaj ŝtataj aŭtoritatoj ordonis perfortan punon; la Popola Liberiga Armeo invadis la Placon Tian An Men helpe de tankoj, terurante kaj mortigante: oni kalkulas ĝis 2 600 mortintojn kaj 10 000 vunditojn en nura semajnfino. (La ĉina registaro oficiale diras, ke nur kelkcent pereis.) (eo)
- Tian’anmen-Massaker ist die verbreitete Bezeichnung der gewaltsamen Niederschlagung einer Protestbewegung, bei der der Tian’anmen-Platz (chinesisch 天安門廣場 / 天安门广场, Pinyin Tiān’ānmén Guǎngchǎng; deutsch „Platz am Tor des Himmlischen Friedens“) in Peking durch eine ursprünglich studentische Demokratiebewegung besetzt wurde. Im chinesischen Sprachraum wird die Bezeichnung „Zwischenfall vom 4. Juni“ (chinesisch 六四事件, Pinyin liùsì shìjiàn), kurz „4. Juni“ (chinesisch 六四, Pinyin liùsì), verwendet. (de)
- Las protestas y masacre de la plaza de Tiananmén de 1989, denominadas por el gobierno de China como incidente del 4 de junio (en chino: 六四事件), consistieron en una serie de manifestaciones lideradas por estudiantes chinos, que ocurrieron entre el 15 de abril y el 4 de junio de 1989, además de su posterior represión, ordenada por las autoridades de la República Popular China. La protesta recibe el nombre del lugar en que el ejército chino disolvió la movilización: la plaza de Tiananmén, en Pekín, capital de China. Los manifestantes provenían de diferentes grupos, desde intelectuales que creían que el Gobierno era demasiado represivo y corrupto, a trabajadores de la ciudad que creían que las reformas económicas en China habían ido demasiado lejos y que la inflación y el desempleo estaban amen (es)
- Tiananmen plazako protestak, Tiananmen plazako sarraskia edo Tiananmen plazako matxinada Txinako Herri Errepublikan 1989ko apirilaren 15 eta ekainaren 4aren artean gertaturiko manifestaldiak izan ziren. Protestek Askapenerako Herri Armadak mobilizazioa bertan behera utzi zuen lekuaren izena daramate, Beijingeko Tiananmen plaza hain zuzen ere. Manifestariak hainbat taldetako kideak izan ziren: Txinako Alderdi Komunista zapaltzaile eta usteltzat zuten intelektualak, inflazioa eta langabeziaren aurka aritzen ziren langileak, demokrazia eskatzen zuten ikasleak, eta abar. Hu Yaobangen heriotzak protestak piztu zituen. (eu)
- Protes Lapangan Tiananmen 1989 (atau Insiden 6/4 atau Pembantaian Lapangan Tiananmen) adalah sebuah rangkaian demonstrasi yang dipimpin mahasiswa diadakan di Lapangan Tiananmen di Beijing, Republik Rakyat Tiongkok, antara 15 April dan 4 Juni 1989. Protes ini ditujukan terhadap ketidakstabilan ekonomi dan korupsi politik yang kemudian merembet menjadi demonstrasi pro-demokrasi yang memang merupakan suatu yang belum lazim di Tiongkok yang otoriter. Lebih dari 3.000 orang meninggal sebagai akibat tindakan dari pasukan bersenjata. (in)
- Les manifestations de Tian'anmen se déroulent entre le 15 avril 1989 et le 4 juin 1989 sur la place Tian'anmen à Pékin, la capitale de la république populaire de Chine. Elles se concluent par une vague de répression, parfois englobée sous l'expression de massacre de la place Tian'anmen. (fr)
- La protesta di piazza Tienanmen (in cinese: 天安门事件 - Tiānānmén shìjiànP) fu una serie di manifestazioni popolari di massa, che ebbero luogo principalmente in piazza Tienanmen a Pechino dal 15 aprile al 4 giugno 1989 e culminato nel cosiddetto massacro di piazza Tienanmen (in cinese: 天安门大屠杀 - Tiān'ānmén dà túshāP), quando l'esercito cinese aprì il fuoco contro i dimostranti con fucili d'assalto e carri armati. La stima dei morti varia da parecchie centinaia a parecchie migliaia, con migliaia di feriti. (it)
- 톈안먼 사건(중국어 간체자: 天安门事件, 정체자: 天安門事件, 병음: Tiān'ānmén shìjiàn) 또는 제3차 천안문 사태(第三次天安門事態), 또는 6·4 사건은 1989년 6월 4일, 후야오방의 사망 이후 발생한 천안문 광장 등지에서 시위대와 인민이 전개한 반정부 시위를 중화인민공화국의 개혁개방 정권이 유혈 진압한 사건이다. 중화인민공화국 정부는 일반적으로 이 사건을 1989년 춘하계 정치풍파라 지칭하는 반면, 비판적인 반체제 세력 및 서방세계에서는 천안문 광장 저항시위 또는 천안문 광장 도살, 89년 민주운동이라고 칭한다. 중국의 검색엔진에서 천안문 사건을 검색하면 접속이 불가능하게 되기 때문에, 5월 35일(5월 31일+4일), VIIV(로마숫자 64), 82(64=6월 4일) 등을 은어로써 사용하기도 한다. (ko)
- Protesty na placu Niebiańskiego Spokoju, w chińskiej literaturze oficjalnej i rządowej określane jako zawirowania polityczne między wiosną a latem 1989 roku (ang. Political turmoil between the Spring and Summer of 1989, chiń. 1989年春夏之交的政治风波; pinyin 1989-nián chūn xià zhījiāo de zhèngzhì fēngbō) – seria protestów, trwających od 15 kwietnia do 4 czerwca 1989 roku na placu Niebiańskiego Spokoju w centralnej części Pekinu, których głównymi uczestnikami byli studenci. Zakończone stłumieniem przez wojsko i masakrą ludności cywilnej. (pl)
- O Massacre da Praça da Paz Celestial (Tian'anmen ou Tiananmen) em 1989, também chamado Massacre de 4 de Junho, consistiu na repressão do governo da República Popular da China às manifestações populares pacíficas ocorridas em Pequim, por meio do emprego da força militar chinesa. Acarretou o assassinato de um grande número de civis. Em 20 de maio, o governo declarou a lei marcial. Na noite de 3 de junho, enviou os tanques e a infantaria do exército à praça de Tian'anmen para dissolver o protesto. Finalmente, no dia 4 de junho, os protestos estudantis se intensificam em larga escala. (pt)
- Protesterna på Himmelska fridens torg var en protestdemonstration och studentrörelse våren 1989 i Peking i Kina. Demonstrationerna slogs slutligen ner av Folkets befrielsearmé natten till 4 juni med ett stort antal dödsoffer varefter händelsen är känd som Massakern på Himmelska fridens torg. Incidenten har tystats ner av de kinesiska myndigheterna, och ämnet är tabu i Kina. Ord och texter med kopplingar till incidenten är censurerade på internet i Kina. (sv)
- dbr:People's_Liberation_Army_at_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests
- dbr:Internet_censorship
- dbr:Massacre
- dbr:Deng_Xiaoping's_southern_tour
- dbr:June_9_Deng_speech
- dbr:China
- dbr:Women's_roles_during_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests
- dbr:People's_Daily_during_the_1989_Student_Movement
- wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(Pre-1996).svg
- wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Události_na_náměstí_Tian_an_men,_Čína_1989,_foto_Jiří_Tondl.jpg
- wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/2009candlevigil1.jpg
- wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/AK-47_and_Type_56_DD-ST-85-01269.jpg
- wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Beijing_june_1989_Zhongguancun_street.jpg
- wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Chinese_tanks_in_Beijing,_July_1989.png
- wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Deng_Xiaoping_(cropped).jpg
- wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Goddess_of_Democracy_at_UBC.jpg
- wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/HKU_20200604_DSC01848_(49969869487).jpg
- wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Han_Dongfang.jpg
- wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Jiang_Zemin1.png
- wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Lipeng.jpg
- wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Mong_Kok_20200604-SDIM2297_(49970228988).jpg
- wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Porch_of_the_south_ga..._1989_June_4th_incident_in_Bejing.jpg
- wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Type_59_tank_-_front_right.jpg
- wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Type_63_APC_at_the_Beijing_Military_Museum_-_1.jpg
- wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Wen_Jiabao_(Cropped).jpg
- wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Wroclaw-pomnik_Tien-An-Men.jpg
- wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Zhao_Ziyang_(1985).jpg
- wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/声援六四学生运动的横幅.jpg
- wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/蒲志強19890510.jpg
is dbo:wikiPageWikiLink of
- dbr:6/4
- dbr:64
- dbr:Prisoner_of_the_State
- dbr:Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)
- dbr:Qiu_Xiaolong
- dbr:Rose_Pak
- dbr:San_Uk_Ling_Holding_Centre
- dbr:List_of_films_banned_in_China
- dbr:National_Radio_and_Television_Administration
- dbr:Memorials_for_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre
- dbr:Open_App_Markets_Act
- dbr:The_Tiananmen_Papers
- dbr:2012_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature
- dbr:2021_in_China
- dbr:20th_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre
- dbr:Beijing_Students'_Autonomous_Federation
- dbr:Beijing_Workers'_Autonomous_Federation
- dbr:Bernard_Shaw_(journalist)
- dbr:Blake_Ward
- dbr:Bob_Hawke
- dbr:Democracy_movements_of_China
- dbr:Deng_Liqun
- dbr:Almost_a_Revolution
- dbr:April_26_Editorial
- dbr:April_27_demonstrations
- dbr:History_of_Wikipedia
- dbr:History_of_communism
- dbr:History_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China_(1989–2002)
- dbr:Holden_Chow
- dbr:Homer_the_Father
- dbr:Hong_Kong
- dbr:Hong_Kong_Alliance_in_Support_of_Patriotic_Democratic_Movements_of_China
- dbr:Hong_Kong_Bill_of_Rights_Ordinance
- dbr:House_arrest
- dbr:Hu_Xijin
- dbr:Hu_Yaobang
- dbr:Huang_Ju
- dbr:Human_Rights_in_China_(organization)
- dbr:Human_rights_in_China
- dbr:Jonathan_Spence
- dbr:Peng_Zhen
- dbr:People's_Daily
- dbr:People's_Liberation_Army
- dbr:People's_Liberation_Army_at_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre
- dbr:Percy_Cradock
- dbr:Peter_Ackerman
- dbr:Revolutions_of_1989
- dbr:United_Front_Work_Department
- dbr:University_of_Hong_Kong
- dbr:Vette!
- dbr:Victoria_Park_(Hong_Kong)
- dbr:Vincent_Lo
- dbr:Descendants_of_the_Dragon
- dbr:Independents'_Consolidation
- dbr:Insubordination_in_the_PLA_during_the_...iananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre
- dbr:Inter-Parliamentary_Alliance_on_China
- dbr:Internal_media_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party
- dbr:Internet_censorship_in_China
- dbr:Internet_censorship_in_Hong_Kong
- dbr:Liang_Wern_Fook
- dbr:Liberalism_in_Hong_Kong
- dbr:List_of_massacres_in_China
- dbr:SinoVision
- dbr:Propaganda_in_China
- dbr:Protest_and_dissent_in_China
- dbr:Nothing_to_My_Name
- dbr:Suicide_attack
- dbr:Tiananmen_hunger_strikes
- dbr:Timeline_of_Hong_Kong_history
- dbr:10th_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre
- dbr:13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party
- dbr:14th_Dalai_Lama
- dbr:198964
- dbr:1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests
- dbr:1990s
- dbr:1994_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform
- dbr:Criticism_of_Google
- dbr:Mayer_Brown
- dbr:Meeting_Point
- dbr:Chen_Mingyuan
- dbr:Chen_Ping_(Sun_TV)
- dbr:Yan_Mingfu
- dbr:Quelling_the_People
- dbr:Racism_in_China
- dbr:Timeline_of_reactions_to_the_Hong_Kong_national_security_law_(December_2020)
- dbr:Timeline_of_reactions_to_the_Hong_Kong_national_security_law_(June_2021)
- dbr:1989
- dbr:1989_in_China
- dbr:1990s_in_Hong_Kong
- dbr:Chow_Hang-tung
- dbr:Chris_Patten
- dbr:Cinema_of_China
- dbr:Cold_War
- dbr:Embassy_of_China,_London
- dbr:Goddess_of_Democracy
- dbr:Goddess_of_Democracy_(Hong_Kong)
- dbr:Goo_Goo_Gai_Pan
- dbr:Ministry_of_Public_Security_(China)
- dbr:Monument_in_Memory_of_Chinese_from_Tiananmen
- dbr:Monument_to_the_People's_Heroes
- dbr:Morgan_Chua
- dbr:Nanchang_Q-5
- dbr:Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong
- dbr:Consulate-General_of_China,_Auckland
- dbr:Contemporary_history
- dbr:Corruption_in_China
- dbr:Cortis_&_Sonderegger
- dbr:Criticism_of_communist_party_rule
- dbr:Eric_Hotung
- dbr:Martyrdom_in_Chinese_culture
- dbr:Milton_Wai-yiu_Wan
- dbr:1967_Hong_Kong_riots
- dbr:2019–2020_Hong_Kong_protests
- dbr:Anita_(2021_film)
- dbr:Anita_Mui
- dbr:Ann_Hui
- dbr:Leung_Kwok-hung
- dbr:Li_Jiaqi_(beauty_influencer)
- dbr:Li_Zehou
- dbr:Lingnan_University
- dbr:Liu_Gang
- dbr:Liu_Xianbin
- dbr:Localist_groups_(Hong_Kong)
- dbr:Malcolm_Byrne
- dbr:Mama_(1990_film)
- dbr:China's_peaceful_rise
- dbr:China_Books
- dbr:China_Support_Network
- dbr:China_Writers_Association
- dbr:China–European_Union_relations
- dbr:Chinese_New_Left
- dbr:Chinese_Students_and_Scholars_Association
- dbr:Chinese_censorship_abroad
- dbr:Chinese_immigration_to_Sydney
- dbr:State_Council_Information_Office
- dbr:Stephen_Jolly
- dbr:Yuan_Hongbing
- dbr:Zhang_Meiyuan
- dbr:Zhang_Sizhi
- dbr:Zhejiang_University
- dbr:Zhongnanhai
- dbr:Zhou_Fengsuo
- dbr:Zoom_(software)
- dbr:Zoom_Video_Communications
- dbr:Emigration_from_Hong_Kong
- dbr:Fei_hua_qing_han
- dbr:Feminism_in_Chinese_communism
- dbr:Chinese_massacre
- dbr:Chinese_protests
- dbr:Hope_Barrett
- dbr:Magic_minute
- dbr:Tank_Man
- dbr:Mass_media_in_China
- dbr:Mass_surveillance_in_China
- dbr:May_Fung
- dbr:Political_Order_in_Changing_Societies
- dbr:2005_anti-Japanese_demonstrations
- dbr:Bao_Tong
- dbr:Bao_Zunxin
- dbr:82nd_Motorized_Infantry_Brigade_(People's_Republic_of_China)
- dbr:Censorship_by_Google
- dbr:Censorship_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_Massacre
- dbr:Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party
- dbr:Central_Political_and_Legal_Affairs_Commission
- dbr:Tiananmen
- dbr:Tiananmen:_The_People_Versus_the_Party
- dbr:Tiananmen_Protests_of_1989
- dbr:Tiananmen_Square
- dbr:Tiananmen_Square_Massacre
- dbr:Tiananmen_Square_Protests
- dbr:Tiananmen_Square_Protests_of_1989
- dbr:Tiananmen_Square_massacre_of_1989
- dbr:Tiananmen_Square_protest_of_1989
- dbr:Tiananmen_protests_of_1989
- dbr:Tiananmen_square_protests_of_1989
- dbr:Tin_Omen_(song)
- dbr:Tinanmen_Protests_of_1989
- dbr:Toshiki_Kaifu
- dbr:Type_052_destroyer
- dbr:Type_59_tank
- dbr:Wang_Gongquan
- dbr:Wang_Xuezhen
- dbr:Wang_Zhimin
- dbr:Wen_Jiabao
- dbr:Dissidents_in_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre
- dbr:Jiang_Ping
- dbr:June_1989
- dbr:June_24
- dbr:June_9_Deng_speech
- dbr:Streisand_effect
- dbr:2022_COVID-19_protests_in_China
- dbr:64th_Group_Army
- dbr:A_Taxi_Driver
- dbr:A_Tiananmen_Journal
- dbr:Alma_Mater_(New_York_sculpture)
- dbr:Alysa_Liu
- dbr:21st_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre
- dbr:31st_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre
- dbr:32nd_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre
- dbr:Cultural_Revolution
- dbr:Dai_Qing
- dbr:Duowei_News
- dbr:Eastern_Theater_Command
- dbr:Falun_Gong
- dbr:Fang_Lizhi
- dbr:February_28_incident
- dbr:Out_of_Water
- dbr:Overseas_Chinese
- dbr:Overseas_Chinese_Affairs_Office
- dbr:PL-11_(missile)
- dbr:Pan_Yue_(politician)
- dbr:Censorship_by_Apple
- dbr:Censorship_in_China
- dbr:Censorship_in_Hong_Kong
- dbr:Central_Leading_Group_for_Propaganda_and_Ideology
- dbr:Charlie_Cole_(photographer)
- dbr:Dingxin_Zhao
- dbr:Fang_Zheng
- dbr:Foreign_direct_investment_in_China
- dbr:Foreign_media_at_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre
- dbr:Foreign_policy_of_the_Woodrow_Wilson_administration
- dbr:Democratic_songs_dedicated_for_china
- dbr:Historical_nihilism
- dbr:History_of_United_States_foreign_policy
- dbr:History_of_foreign_relations_of_China
- dbr:History_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China
- dbr:History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1982–1991)
- dbr:Judianna_Wai-ling_Barnes
- dbr:Kelu_Chao
- dbr:Legend_(Lu_novel)
- dbr:List_of_Hong_Kong_national_security_cases
- dbr:Xinmin_Evening_News
- dbr:Student_protest
- dbr:Yan'an_Rectification_Movement
- dbr:Ha_Jin
- dbr:Hangzhou_University
- dbr:Harry_E._Soyster
- dbr:Henry_Kissinger
- dbr:International_relations_since_1989
- dbr:Island_of_Fire
- dbr:Tang_Baiqiao
- dbr:The_China_Press
- dbr:The_Commissioner's_Office_of_China's_Foreign_Ministry_in_the_Hong_Kong_S.A.R.
- dbr:Jeff_Farias
- dbr:Jin_Mingri
- dbr:The_Critical_Moment
- dbr:Sociology_in_China
- dbr:State_visit_by_Jiang_Zemin_to_Japan
- dbr:Youth_in_Hong_Kong
- dbr:Yu_Zhijian
- dbr:Yuhua_Wang
- dbr:Arthur_Li
- dbr:Aftermath_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack
- dbr:Chai_Ling
- dbr:Chen_Xitong
- dbr:Chimerica_(TV_series)
- dbr:Chimerica_(play)
- dbr:China_Daily
- dbr:China_News_Service
- dbr:Chinese_Communist_Party
- dbr:Chinese_Student_Protection_Act_of_1992
- dbr:Chinese_Wikipedia
- dbr:Jia_Chunwang
- dbr:Jiang_Jielian
- dbr:Jiang_Zemin
- dbr:Jimmy_Lai
- dbr:Jin_Yong
- dbr:John_Major
- dbr:June_4th_Museum
- dbr:Kent_State_shootings
- dbr:Kevin_McCarthy
- dbr:Labour_Party_(Hong_Kong)
- dbr:Lan_Yu_(film)
- dbr:Big-character_poster
- dbr:Blood_Is_On_the_Square
- dbr:Summer_Palace_(2006_film)
- dbr:Szeto_Wah
- dbr:Collection_of_June_Fourth_Poems
- dbr:Hong_Kong_1_July_marches
- dbr:Tiananmen_(disambiguation)
- dbr:Tiananmen_Square_protests_(disambiguation)
- dbr:Zhang_Xiaogang
- dbr:Reactions_to_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre
- dbr:Ding_Zilin
- dbr:Donald_Yamamoto
- dbr:Arrest_and_trial_of_Chen_Ziming_and_Wang_Juntao
- dbr:Aspide
- dbr:BMP-1_service_history
- dbr:Book_burning
- dbr:Book_censorship_in_China
- dbr:Politics_in_The_Simpsons
- dbr:Politics_of_China
- dbr:Film_censorship_in_China
- dbr:Freedom_Collection
- dbr:Freedom_of_speech_by_country
- dbr:Gregory_Clark_(author)
- dbr:Group_of_89
- dbr:Typhoon_Brenda
- dbr:Tienamen_square_masacre
- dbr:May_35th_Incident