Random versus directionally persistent cell migration (original) (raw)
Lauffenburger, D. A. & Horwitz, A. F. Cell migration: a physically integrated molecular process. Cell84, 359–369 (1996). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Ridley, A. J. et al. Cell migration: integrating signals from front to back. Science302, 1704–1709 (2003). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Stoker, M. & Gherardi, E. Regulation of cell movement: the motogenic cytokines. Biochim. Biophys. Acta1072, 81–102 (1991). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Seppa, H., Grotendorst, G., Seppa, S., Schiffmann, E. & Martin, G. R. Platelet-derived growth factor is chemotactic for fibroblasts. J. Cell Biol.92, 584–588 (1982). Identifies PDGF as a chemotactic factor for fibroblasts. This paper is also an excellent resource for understanding how to distinguish between haptotactic, chemotactic, chemokinetic and mitogenic responses when studying cell motility, as well as understanding why it is important to do so. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Arrieumerlou, C. & Meyer, T. A local coupling model and compass parameter for eukaryotic chemotaxis. Dev. Cell8, 215–227 (2005). Challenges fundamental assumptions that underlie directed cell migration by showing that local signalling in lamellipodia generates small protrusions towards the source of the guidance cue as the basis of chemotaxisin vitro, rather than protrusions being directed by global integration of competing signals. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Carter, S. B. Principles of cell motility: the direction of cell movement and cancer invasion. Nature208, 1183–1187 (1965). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Zhao, M. Electrical fields in wound healing — an overriding signal that directs cell migration. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 25 Dec 2008 (doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2008.12.009).
Lo, C. M., Wang, H. B., Dembo, M. & Wang, Y. L. Cell movement is guided by the rigidity of the substrate. Biophys. J.79, 144–152 (2000). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Gail, M. H. & Boone, C. W. The locomotion of mouse fibroblasts in tissue culture. Biophys. J.10, 980–993 (1970). One of the first studies to examine fibroblast migration in culture by combining time-lapse imaging and quantitative analysis. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Bear, J. E. et al. Antagonism between Ena/VASP proteins and actin filament capping regulates fibroblast motility. Cell109, 509–521 (2002). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Bosgraaf, L. et al. RasGEF-containing proteins GbpC and GbpD have differential effects on cell polarity and chemotaxis in Dictyostelium. J. Cell Sci.118, 1899–1910 (2005). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Pankov, R. et al. A Rac switch regulates random versus directionally persistent cell migration. J. Cell Biol.170, 793–802 (2005). Shows that Rac activity can control the pattern of cell migration during both intrinsic and directed motility by regulating the formation of lateral protrusions. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Andrew, N. & Insall, R. H. Chemotaxis in shallow gradients is mediated independently of PtdIns 3-kinase by biased choices between random protrusions. Nature Cell Biol.9, 193–200 (2007). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Charest, P. G. & Firtel, R. A. Feedback signalling controls leading-edge formation during chemotaxis. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev.16, 339–347 (2006). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Kay, R. R., Langridge, P., Traynor, D. & Hoeller, O. Changing directions in the study of chemotaxis. Nature Rev. Mol. Cell Biol.9, 455–463 (2008). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Petri, B., Phillipson, M. & Kubes, P. The physiology of leukocyte recruitment: an in vivo perspective. J. Immunol.180, 6439–6446 (2008). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Martini, F. J. et al. Biased selection of leading process branches mediates chemotaxis during tangential neuronal migration. Development136, 41–50 (2009). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Fischer, R. S., Gardel, M., Ma, X., Adelstein, R. S. & Waterman, C. M. Local cortical tension by myosin II guides 3D endothelial cell branching. Curr. Biol.19, 260–265 (2009). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Bailly, M., Yan, L., Whitesides, G. M., Condeelis, J. S. & Segall, J. E. Regulation of protrusion shape and adhesion to the substratum during chemotactic responses of mammalian carcinoma cells. Exp. Cell Res.241, 285–299 (1998). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Harms, B. D., Bassi, G. M., Horwitz, A. R. & Lauffenburger, D. A. Directional persistence of EGF-induced cell migration is associated with stabilization of lamellipodial protrusions. Biophys. J.88, 1479–1488 (2005). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Garber, B. Quantitative studies on the dependence of cell morphology and motility upon the fine structure of the medium in tissue culture. Exp. Cell Res.5, 132–146 (1953). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Weiss, P. & Garber, B. Shape and movement of mesenchyme cells as functions of the physical structure of the medium: contributions to a quantitative morphology. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA38, 264–280 (1952). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Dunn, G. A. & Heath, J. P. A new hypothesis of contact guidance in tissue cells. Exp. Cell Res.101, 1–14 (1976). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Nakatsuji, N. & Johnson, K. E. Cell locomotion in vitro by Xenopus laevis gastrula mesodermal cells. Cell. Motil.2, 149–161 (1982). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Nakatsuji, N. & Johnson, K. E. Ectodermal fragments from normal frog gastrulae condition substrata to support normal and hybrid mesodermal cell migration in vitro. J. Cell Sci.68, 49–67 (1984). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Nakatsuji, N. & Johnson, K. E. Experimental manipulation of a contact guidance system in amphibian gastrulation by mechanical tension. Nature307, 453–455 (1984). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Wood, A. Contact guidance on microfabricated substrata: the response of teleost fin mesenchyme cells to repeating topographical patterns. J. Cell Sci.90, 667–681 (1988). PubMed Google Scholar
Webb, A., Clark, P., Skepper, J., Compston, A. & Wood, A. Guidance of oligodendrocytes and their progenitors by substratum topography. J. Cell Sci.108, 2747–2760 (1995). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Gomez, N., Chen, S. & Schmidt, C. E. Polarization of hippocampal neurons with competitive surface stimuli: contact guidance cues are preferred over chemical ligands. J. R. Soc. Interface4, 223–233 (2007). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Teixeira, A. I., Abrams, G. A., Bertics, P. J., Murphy, C. J. & Nealey, P. F. Epithelial contact guidance on well-defined micro- and nanostructured substrates. J. Cell Sci.116, 1881–1892 (2003). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Loesberg, W. A. et al. The threshold at which substrate nanogroove dimensions may influence fibroblast alignment and adhesion. Biomaterials28, 3944–3951 (2007). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Cukierman, E., Pankov, R., Stevens, D. R. & Yamada, K. M. Taking cell-matrix adhesions to the third dimension. Science294, 1708–1712 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Beningo, K. A., Dembo, M. & Wang, Y. L. Responses of fibroblasts to anchorage of dorsal extracellular matrix receptors. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA101, 18024–18029 (2004). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Lammermann, T. et al. Rapid leukocyte migration by integrin-independent flowing and squeezing. Nature453, 51–55 (2008). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Amatangelo, M. D., Bassi, D. E., Klein-Szanto, A. J. & Cukierman, E. Stroma-derived three-dimensional matrices are necessary and sufficient to promote desmoplastic differentiation of normal fibroblasts. Am. J. Pathol.167, 475–488 (2005). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Doyle, A. D., Wang, F. W., Matsumoto, K. & Yamada, K. M. One-dimensional topography underlies three-dimensional fibrillar cell migration. J. Cell Biol.184, 481–490 (2009). Establishes that aligned fibrillar matrices can be functionally mimicked by simple 1D lines, but not 2D surfaces, to promote directional cell migration. Also introduces a novel micropatterning technique for generating matrix patterns. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Schnell, E. et al. Guidance of glial cell migration and axonal growth on electrospun nanofibers of poly-ɛ-caprolactone and a collagen/poly-ɛ-caprolactone blend. Biomaterials28, 3012–3025 (2007). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Tysseling-Mattiace, V. M. et al. Self-assembling nanofibers inhibit glial scar formation and promote axon elongation after spinal cord injury. J. Neurosci.28, 3814–3823 (2008). Demonstrates thein vivouse of self-assembling peptide amphiphile molecules to generate nanofibres that inhibit glial cell differentiation and scar tissue formation while promoting motor and sensory neuron regeneration at the site of a spinal cord injury. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Sidani, M., Wyckoff, J., Xue, C., Segall, J. E. & Condeelis, J. Probing the microenvironment of mammary tumours using multiphoton microscopy. J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia11, 151–163 (2006). ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Provenzano, P. P., Inman, D. R., Eliceiri, K. W., Trier, S. M. & Keely, P. J. Contact guidance mediated three-dimensional cell migration is regulated by Rho/ROCK-dependent matrix reorganization. Biophys. J.95, 5374–5384 (2008). Uses multiple technical methods to show that cancer cells reorganize the ECM perpendicular to tumour explants, a process that depends on Rho kinase and precedes cell migration and invasion. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Etienne-Manneville, S. Polarity proteins in migration and invasion. Oncogene27, 6970–6980 (2008). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Iden, S. & Collard, J. G. Crosstalk between small GTPases and polarity proteins in cell polarization. Nature Rev. Mol. Cell Biol.9, 846–859 (2008). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Etienne-Manneville, S. & Hall, A. Integrin-mediated activation of Cdc42 controls cell polarity in migrating astrocytes through PKCζ. Cell106, 489–498 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Shen, Y. et al. Nudel binds Cdc42GAP to modulate Cdc42 activity at the leading edge of migrating cells. Dev. Cell14, 342–353 (2008). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Gomes, E. R., Jani, S. & Gundersen, G. G. Nuclear movement regulated by Cdc42, MRCK, myosin, and actin flow establishes MTOC polarization in migrating cells. Cell121, 451–463 (2005). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Kupfer, A., Louvard, D. & Singer, S. J. Polarization of the Golgi apparatus and the microtubule-organizing center in cultured fibroblasts at the edge of an experimental wound. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA79, 2603–2607 (1982). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Cau, J. & Hall, A. Cdc42 controls the polarity of the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons through two distinct signal transduction pathways. J. Cell Sci.118, 2579–2587 (2005). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Siegrist, S. E. & Doe, C. Q. Microtubule-induced cortical cell polarity. Genes Dev.21, 483–496 (2007). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Bergmann, J. E., Kupfer, A. & Singer, S. J. Membrane insertion at the leading-edge of motile fibroblasts. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA80, 1367–1371 (1983). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Prigozhina, N. L. & Waterman-Storer, C. M. Protein kinase D-mediated anterograde membrane trafficking is required for fibroblast motility. Curr. Biol.14, 88–98 (2004). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Tan, I., Yong, J., Dong, J. M., Lim, L. & Leung, T. A tripartite complex containing MRCK modulates lamellar actomyosin retrograde flow. Cell135, 123–136 (2008). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Nishita, M. et al. Filopodia formation mediated by receptor tyrosine kinase Ror2 is required for Wnt5a-induced cell migration. J. Cell Biol.175, 555–562 (2006). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Schlessinger, K., McManus, E. J. & Hall, A. Cdc42 and noncanonical Wnt signal transduction pathways cooperate to promote cell polarity. J. Cell Biol.178, 355–361 (2007). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Nomachi, A. et al. Receptor tyrosine kinase Ror2 mediates Wnt5a-induced polarized cell migration by activating c-Jun N-terminal kinase via actin-binding protein filamin A. J. Biol. Chem.283, 27973–27981 (2008). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Pestonjamasp, K. N. et al. Rac1 links leading edge and uropod events through Rho and myosin activation during chemotaxis. Blood108, 2814–2820 (2006). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Sander, E. E., ten Klooster, J. P., van Delft, S., van der Kammen, R. A. & Collard, J. G. Rac downregulates Rho activity: reciprocal balance between both GTPases determines cellular morphology and migratory behaviour. J. Cell Biol.147, 1009–1022 (1999). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Pertz, O., Hodgson, L., Klemke, R. L. & Hahn, K. M. Spatiotemporal dynamics of RhoA activity in migrating cells. Nature440, 1069–1072 (2006). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Nishimura, T. et al. PAR-6–PAR-3 mediates Cdc42-induced Rac activation through the Rac GEFs STEF/Tiam1. Nature Cell Biol.7, 270–277 (2005). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Pegtel, D. M. et al. The Par–Tiam1 complex controls persistent migration by stabilizing microtubule-dependent front–rear polarity. Curr. Biol.17, 1623–1634 (2007). Shows that the Par polarity complex, previously known to establish apical–basal polarity, drives front–rear polarization in migrating keratinocytes; blocking Par complex function increases random migration and inhibits chemotaxis, probably by interfering with microtubule stabilization at the leading edge downstream of Rac signalling. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Nakayama, M. et al. Rho-kinase phosphorylates PAR-3 and disrupts PAR complex formation. Dev. Cell14, 205–215 (2008). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Drabek, K. et al. Role of CLASP2 in microtubule stabilization and the regulation of persistent motility. Curr. Biol.16, 2259–2264 (2006). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Beardsley, A. et al. Loss of caveolin-1 polarity impedes endothelial cell polarization and directional movement. J. Biol. Chem.280, 3541–3547 (2005). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Grande-Garcia, A. et al. Caveolin-1 regulates cell polarization and directional migration through Src kinase and Rho GTPases. J. Cell Biol.177, 683–694 (2007). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
del Pozo, M. A. et al. Phospho-caveolin-1 mediates integrin-regulated membrane domain internalization. Nature Cell Biol.7, 901–908 (2005). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Gomez, T. M., Robles, E., Poo, M. & Spitzer, N. C. Filopodial calcium transients promote substrate-dependent growth cone turning. Science291, 1983–1987 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Gomez, T. M. & Zheng, J. Q. The molecular basis for calcium-dependent axon pathfinding. Nature Rev. Neurosci.7, 115–125 (2006). ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Zheng, J. Q. & Poo, M. M. Calcium signalling in neuronal motility. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol.23, 375–404 (2007). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Kolsch, V., Charest, P. G. & Firtel, R. A. The regulation of cell motility and chemotaxis by phospholipid signalling. J. Cell Sci.121, 551–559 (2008). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
van Haastert, P. J., Keizer-Gunnink, I. & Kortholt, A. Essential role of PI3-kinase and phospholipase A2 in Dictyostelium discoideum chemotaxis. J. Cell Biol.177, 809–816 (2007). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Haugh, J. M., Codazzi, F., Teruel, M. & Meyer, T. Spatial sensing in fibroblasts mediated by 3' phosphoinositides. J. Cell Biol.151, 1269–1280 (2000). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Weiger, M. C. et al. Spontaneous phosphoinositide 3-kinase signalling dynamics drive spreading and random migration of fibroblasts. J. Cell Sci.122, 313–323 (2009). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Nobes, C. D., Hawkins, P., Stephens, L. & Hall, A. Activation of the small GTP-binding proteins rho and rac by growth factor receptors. J. Cell Sci.108, 225–233 (1995). CASPubMed Google Scholar
Oude Weernink, P. A., Han, L., Jakobs, K. H. & Schmidt, M. Dynamic phospholipid signalling by G protein-coupled receptors. Biochim. Biophys. Acta1768, 888–900 (2007). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Chae, Y. C. et al. Phospholipase D activity regulates integrin-mediated cell spreading and migration by inducing GTP-Rac translocation to the plasma membrane. Mol. Biol. Cell19, 3111–3123 (2008). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Kim, J. H., Kim, H. W., Jeon, H., Suh, P. G. & Ryu, S. H. Phospholipase D1 regulates cell migration in a lipase activity-independent manner. J. Biol. Chem.281, 15747–15756 (2006). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Nishikimi, A. et al. Sequential regulation of DOCK2 dynamics by two phospholipids during neutrophil chemotaxis. Science324, 384–387 (2009). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Monypenny, J. et al. Cdc42 and Rac family GTPases regulate mode and speed but not direction of primary fibroblast migration during platelet-derived growth factor-dependent chemotaxis. Mol. Cell Biol.29, 2730–2747 (2009). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Kraynov, V. S. et al. Localized Rac activation dynamics visualized in living cells. Science290, 333–337 (2000). Highlights the importance of considering cell-biological dynamics when studying the signalling mechanisms that drive cell migration; live cell imaging shows that Rac activity is targeted to the leading edge of migrating fibroblasts. ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Vidali, L., Chen, F., Cicchetti, G., Ohta, Y. & Kwiatkowski, D. J. Rac1-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts are motile and respond to platelet-derived growth factor. Mol. Biol. Cell17, 2377–2390 (2006). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Bard, J. B. & Hay, E. D. The behaviour of fibroblasts from the developing avian cornea. Morphology and movement in situ and in vitro. J. Cell Biol.67, 400–418 (1975). Comprehensive study of the comparative morphology and behaviour of the same population of fibroblasts migrating on glass, in 3D collagen gels orin situin the developing avian cornea, providing a clear warning of the dangers of using 2D environments to understand cell migration normally occurring in 3D tissues. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Bass, M. D. et al. Syndecan-4-dependent Rac1 regulation determines directional migration in response to the extracellular matrix. J. Cell Biol.177, 527–538 (2007). Brings together the themes of the extracellular environment, localized intracellular signalling and random versus directionally persistent cell migration by showing that syndecan 4 senses external membrane topography to limit RAC1 activity to the leading edge and promote directionally persistent cell migration. ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Nobes, C. D. & Hall, A. Rho, rac, and cdc42 GTPases regulate the assembly of multimolecular focal complexes associated with actin stress fibers, lamellipodia, and filopodia. Cell81, 53–62 (1995). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Yip, S. C. et al. The distinct roles of Ras and Rac in PI 3-kinase-dependent protrusion during EGF-stimulated cell migration. J. Cell Sci.120, 3138–3146 (2007). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Miki, H., Suetsugu, S. & Takenawa, T. WAVE, a novel WASP-family protein involved in actin reorganization induced by Rac. EMBO J.17, 6932–6941 (1998). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Sells, M. A. et al. Human p21-activated kinase (Pak1) regulates actin organization in mammalian cells. Curr. Biol.7, 202–210 (1997). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Suetsugu, S., Yamazaki, D., Kurisu, S. & Takenawa, T. Differential roles of WAVE1 and WAVE2 in dorsal and peripheral ruffle formation for fibroblast cell migration. Dev. Cell5, 595–609 (2003). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Sells, M. A., Boyd, J. T. & Chernoff, J. p21-activated kinase 1 (Pak1) regulates cell motility in mammalian fibroblasts. J. Cell Biol.145, 837–849 (1999). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Higuchi, M., Onishi, K., Kikuchi, C. & Gotoh, Y. Scaffolding function of PAK in the PDK1-Akt pathway. Nature Cell Biol.10, 1356–1364 (2008). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Carlier, M. F. et al. Actin depolymerizing factor (ADF/cofilin) enhances the rate of filament turnover: implication in actin-based motility. J. Cell Biol.136, 1307–1322 (1997). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Hotulainen, P., Paunola, E., Vartiainen, M. K. & Lappalainen, P. Actin-depolymerizing factor and cofilin-1 play overlapping roles in promoting rapid F-actin depolymerization in mammalian nonmuscle cells. Mol. Biol. Cell16, 649–664 (2005). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
White, D. P., Caswell, P. T. & Norman, J. C. αvβ3 and α5β1 integrin recycling pathways dictate downstream Rho kinase signalling to regulate persistent cell migration. J. Cell Biol.177, 515–525 (2007). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Sidani, M. et al. Cofilin determines the migration behaviour and turning frequency of metastatic cancer cells. J. Cell Biol.179, 777–791 (2007). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Denker, S. P. & Barber, D. L. Cell migration requires both ion translocation and cytoskeletal anchoring by the Na-H exchanger NHE1. J. Cell Biol.159, 1087–1096 (2002). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
van Rheenen, J. et al. EGF-induced PIP2 hydrolysis releases and activates cofilin locally in carcinoma cells. J. Cell Biol.179, 1247–1259 (2007). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Frantz, C. et al. Cofilin is a pH sensor for actin free barbed end formation: role of phosphoinositide binding. J. Cell Biol.183, 865–879 (2008). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Caswell, P. T. & Norman, J. C. Integrin trafficking and the control of cell migration. Traffic7, 14–21 (2006). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Nishimura, T. & Kaibuchi, K. Numb controls integrin endocytosis for directional cell migration with aPKC and PAR-3. Dev. Cell13, 15–28 (2007). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Woods, A. J., White, D. P., Caswell, P. T. & Norman, J. C. PKD1/PKCμ promotes αvβ3 integrin recycling and delivery to nascent focal adhesions. EMBO J.23, 2531–2543 (2004). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Roberts, M., Barry, S., Woods, A., van der Sluijs, P. & Norman, J. PDGF-regulated rab4-dependent recycling of αvβ3 integrin from early endosomes is necessary for cell adhesion and spreading. Curr. Biol.11, 1392–1402 (2001). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Caswell, P. T. et al. Rab-coupling protein coordinates recycling of α5β1 integrin and EGFR1 to promote cell migration in 3D microenvironments. J. Cell Biol.183, 143–155 (2008). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Caswell, P. T. et al. Rab25 associates with α5β1 integrin to promote invasive migration in 3D microenvironments. Dev. Cell13, 496–510 (2007). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Strachan, L. R. & Condic, M. L. Cranial neural crest recycle surface integrins in a substratum-dependent manner to promote rapid motility. J. Cell Biol.167, 545–554 (2004). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Mostafavi-Pour, Z. et al. Integrin-specific signalling pathways controlling focal adhesion formation and cell migration. J. Cell Biol.161, 155–167 (2003). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Saoncella, S. et al. Syndecan-4 signals cooperatively with integrins in a Rho-dependent manner in the assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA96, 2805–2810 (1999). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Nishiya, N., Kiosses, W. B., Han, J. & Ginsberg, M. H. An α4 integrin–paxillin–Arf-GAP complex restricts Rac activation to the leading edge of migrating cells. Nature Cell Biol.7, 343–352 (2005). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
De Calisto, J., Araya, C., Marchant, L., Riaz, C. F. & Mayor, R. Essential role of non-canonical Wnt signalling in neural crest migration. Development132, 2587–2597 (2005). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Matthews, H. K. et al. Directional migration of neural crest cells in vivo is regulated by syndecan-4/Rac1 and non-canonical Wnt signalling/RhoA. Development135, 1771–1780 (2008). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Trainor, P. A. Specification of neural crest cell formation and migration in mouse embryos. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol.16, 683–693 (2005). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Abercrombie, M. & Heaysman, J. E. Observations on the social behaviour of cells in tissue culture: II. “Monolayering” of fibroblasts. Exp. Cell Res.6, 293–306 (1954). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Carmona-Fontaine, C. et al. Contact inhibition of locomotion in vivo controls neural crest directional migration. Nature456, 957–961 (2008). Shows how the basic cell biological processes of contact inhibition of movement, non-canonical Wnt signalling and RHOA-mediated actin–myosin contraction combine to trigger directional migration of neural crest cellsin vivo . ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Totsukawa, G. et al. Distinct roles of ROCK (Rho-kinase) and MLCK in spatial regulation of MLC phosphorylation for assembly of stress fibers and focal adhesions in 3T3 fibroblasts. J. Cell Biol.150, 797–806 (2000). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Chrzanowska-Wodnicka, M. & Burridge, K. Rho-stimulated contractility drives the formation of stress fibers and focal adhesions. J. Cell Biol.133, 1403–1415 (1996). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Van Keymeulen, A. et al. To stabilize neutrophil polarity, PIP3 and Cdc42 augment RhoA activity at the back as well as signals at the front. J. Cell Biol.174, 437–445 (2006). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Wessels, D., Lusche, D. F., Kuhl, S., Heid, P. & Soll, D. R. PTEN plays a role in the suppression of lateral pseudopod formation during Dictyostelium motility and chemotaxis. J. Cell Sci.120, 2517–2531 (2007). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Vicente-Manzanares, M., Zareno, J., Whitmore, L., Choi, C. K. & Horwitz, A. F. Regulation of protrusion, adhesion dynamics, and polarity by myosins IIA and IIB in migrating cells. J. Cell Biol.176, 573–580 (2007). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Even-Ram, S. et al. Myosin IIA regulates cell motility and actomyosin-microtubule crosstalk. Nature Cell Biol.9, 299–309 (2007). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Vicente-Manzanares, M., Koach, M. A., Whitmore, L., Lamers, M. L. & Horwitz, A. F. Segregation and activation of myosin IIB creates a rear in migrating cells. J. Cell Biol.183, 543–554 (2008). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Weeraratna, A. T. et al. Wnt5a signalling directly affects cell motility and invasion of metastatic melanoma. Cancer Cell1, 279–288 (2002). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Witze, E. S., Litman, E. S., Argast, G. M., Moon, R. T. & Ahn, N. G. Wnt5a control of cell polarity and directional movement by polarized redistribution of adhesion receptors. Science320, 365–369 (2008). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Dodd, J. & Jessell, T. M. Axon guidance and the patterning of neuronal projections in vertebrates. Science242, 692–699 (1988). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Heit, B. et al. PTEN functions to 'prioritize' chemotactic cues and prevent 'distraction' in migrating neutrophils. Nature Immunol.9, 743–752 (2008). Combinesin vitroandin vivoapproaches to model the complex environment found during the inflammatory neutrophil response, in which cells are often forced to choose between competing guidance cues. It exemplifies the innovative experimentation needed to decipher the complex mechanisms underlying directional cell migration. ArticleCAS Google Scholar
Gail, M. in Locomotion of Tissue Cells 287–302 (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1973). Google Scholar
Jaffe, A. B. & Hall, A. Rho GTPases: biochemistry and biology. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol.21, 247–269 (2005). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Raftopoulou, M. & Hall, A. Cell migration: Rho GTPases lead the way. Dev. Biol.265, 23–32 (2004). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Bos, J. L., Rehmann, H. & Wittinghofer, A. GEFs and GAPs: critical elements in the control of small G proteins. Cell129, 865–877 (2007). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
Kestler, H. A. & Kuhl, M. From individual Wnt pathways towards a Wnt signalling network. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci.363, 1333–1347 (2008). ArticleCASPubMedPubMed Central Google Scholar
Croce, J. C. & McClay, D. R. The canonical Wnt pathway in embryonic axis polarity. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol.17, 168–174 (2006). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar
van Amerongen, R., Mikels, A. & Nusse, R. Alternative Wnt signalling is initiated by distinct receptors. Sci. Signal1, re9 (2008). ArticleCASPubMed Google Scholar