Algae Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Within the context of global climate changes, it is expected that low-lying coastal freshwater ecosystems will face seawater intrusion with concomitant increase in salinity levels. Increased salinity may provoke disruption of competitive relationships among freshwater species. However, species may be capable of acclimating to salinity, which, in turn, may influence the resilience of ecosystems. Accordingly, this work aimed at assessing the effects of multigenerational exposure to low levels of salinity in the competitive outcome of two species of green microalgae: Raphidocelis subcapitata and Chlorella vulgaris. To attain this, three specific objectives were delineated: (1) compare the toxicity of natural seawater (SW) and NaCl (as a surrogate of SW) to the two microalgae, (2) determine the capacity of the two microalgae species to acclimate to low salinity levels, and (3) assess the influence of exposure to low salinity levels in the competitive outcome of the two microalgae. Results revealed SW to be slightly less toxic than NaCl for the two microalgae. The EC 25,72 h for growth rate was 4.63 and 10.3 mS cm −1 for R. subcapitata and 6.94 and 15.4 mS cm −1 for C. vulgaris, respectively for NaCl and SW. Both algae were capable of acclimating to low levels of salinity, but C. vulgaris seemed to acclimate faster than R. subcapitata. When exposed in competition, under control conditions, the growth rates of C. vulgaris were lower than those of R. subcapitata. However, C. vulgaris was capable of acquiring competitive advantage equaling or surpassing the growth rate of R. subcapitata with the addition of NaCl or SW, respectively. The multigenerational exposure to low levels of salinity influenced the competitive outcome of the two algae both under control and salinity exposure. These results suggest that long-term exposure to low salinity stress can cause shifts in structure of algae communities and, therefore , should not be neglected since algae are at the basis of food web constituting important energetic resources to higher trophic levels.

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- Competition, Algae, Freshwater, Salinization
- by Gercende B Courtois de Viçose
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- Zoology, Biology, Algae, Aquaculture

50-day's free access https://authors.elsevier.com/a/1dnnLB8ccr0ST ........................................................................................................................................... Cyanobacteria are notorious for producing harmful algal blooms that present an ever-increasing serious threat to aquatic ecosystems worldwide, impacting the quality of drinking water and disrupting the recreational use of many water bodies. Remote sensing techniques for the detection and quantification of cyanobacterial blooms are required to monitor their initiation and spatiotemporal variability. In this study, we developed a novel semi-analytical approach to estimate the concentration of cyanobacteria-specific pigment phycocyanin (PC) and common phytoplankton pigment chlorophyll a (Chl a) from hyperspectral remote sensing data. The PC algorithm was derived from absorbance-concentration relationship, and the Chl a algorithm was devised based on a conceptual three-band structure model. The developed algorithms were applied to satellite imageries obtained by the Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO™) sensor and tested in Lake Kinneret (Israel) during strong cyanobacterium Microcystis sp. bloom and out-of-bloom times. The sensitivity of the algorithms to errors was evaluated. The Chl a and PC concentrations were estimated with a mean absolute percentage difference (MAPD) of 16% and 28%, respectively. Sensitivity analysis shows that the influences of backscattering and other water constituents do not affect the estimation accuracy of PC (~2% MAPD). The reliable PC/Chl a ratios can be obtained at PC concentrations above 10 mg m−3. The computed PC/Chl a ratio depicts the contribution of cyanobacteria to the total phytoplankton biomass and permits investigating the role of ambient factors in the formation of a complex planktonic community. The novel algorithms have extensive practical applicability and should be suitable for the quantification of PC and Chl a in aquatic ecosystems using hyperspectral remote sensing data as well as data from future multispectral remote sensing satellites, if the respective bands are featured in the sensor.

- by Ilia Ostrovsky
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- Algorithms, Remote Sensing, Aquatic Ecology, Aquatic Toxicology
- by Charles Yarish
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- Plant Biology, Algae

Polymers are the most important materials we use in many areas of daily life. Without them humanity could not shape today's world. However, major source of polymeric material is fossil fuels which decrease constantly. Therefore, alternative resources are needed to be discovered especially from biological source for sustainable polymer production. Biopolymers are polymers developed from renewable resources such as plant, animal, bacteria, fungi and algae. They can also be useful in material and many other applications. Algae are one of the most promising organisms in many aspects. Since they grow fast, contain variety of unique value added material and do not compete with food resources, and also they have high bioenergy feedstock potential. In this study, algae are considered as feedstock for biopolymer production and biopolymers derived from algae are investigated. Throughout this study algae derived biopolymers were classified as three types. First type of polymer obtained from algae are natural polymers (polysaccharides, lipids, extracellular polymeric substance). Especially polysaccharides from algae such as alginate and agar are well known for their biotechnological applications. Second type is polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) which accumulate in only cyanobacteria. And third type is bio-based polymers polymerized from algae derived monomer, they can have same characteristics with conventional synthetic polymer. This review study will give an idea especially about the algal biopolymers, their resources, properties, structures, application areas, production methods and their future potentials.

- by Avanti Publisher
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- Chemical Engineering, Polysaccharides, Algae, Lipids

This investigation is to focus on the effectiveness of Green Algae in reducing the levels of CO2 in the air. The question guiding this research project is; How effective is Green Algae (C. reinhardtii) in reducing the levels of CO2 in the air? This topic arose from a global issue causing much debate in today’s society, Climate Change. As CO2 is a greenhouse gas that significantly contributes to Climate Change. It is a necessity to reduce CO2 levels to combat Climate Change.
By taking a plant species that is efficient in reducing CO2 levels such as Green Algae, then it may be possible to put a stop to Climate Change. Sudhakar, K., Suresh, S., Premalatha, M., 2011 confirmed that Algae Photosynthesize (gain energy from sunlight) quicker than most plants. As CO2 is a main component of the process of Photosynthesis, the quick pace of the process must require the Algae to effectively absorb CO2.
Results contained in this report are from scientific experiments undertaken using pH Universal Indicator, as a method by which to measure CO2 levels in water after CO2 was expelled into the water, from the Green Algae. The results confirmed that the Green Algae were effective at reducing the levels of CO2 in the air after 30 minutes. This transference of CO2 was indicated by an increase in pH levels from 7.4 to 8.1 after 30 minutes, in the Experimental sample (with Algae), whereas, there was no transference of CO2 in the Control sample, where the pH remained at 7.4 after 30 minutes.
As demonstrated by the findings of this investigation, the levels of CO2 in the air can effectively be reduced by Green Algae after 30 minutes. However, more research needs to be undertaken into cultivation by means of Algal farms and the effectiveness of other species of Algae. Research undertaken with more time and in more natural environments, may also provide further insight into this topic.
I would like to acknowledge those who mentored me throughout the period which this project was undertaken. They are Associate Professor Nichola Porter, RMIT University, Melbourne, for providing me with information regarding methods that could be used to measure CO2 levels, in particular the use of pH Universal Indicator, the final method used in this study. I’d especially like to thank also Professor Aidyn Mouradov, RMIT University, for providing me with the Algae required in this project and allowing me to work in his laboratory to conduct my experiments. Thirdly, I’d like to thank Judith Holcombe, Bendigo Senior Secondary College, for assisting with the scientific components of writing up this project.

- by Freya Fogliani
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- Environmental Science, Climate Change, Carbon Dioxide, Algae

Tamandaré is a municipality on the southern coast of the state of Pernambuco, 110 km from Recife. Macroalgae are photosynthetic organisms that act mainly to control CO2in one of the main functions of algae was as a quality bioindicator to evaluate a beach or coastal area that has some activity anthropogenicsuch as tourism, sewage or organic waste. In this way, the purpose of this article was to evaluate the distribution of the fictional individuals locatedin Carneiros Beach (PE-Brazil) during the period of December 2017, observing the possible biological relationships that can be presented at the siteamong the organizations present there. Using in situ collections and laboratory identifications, 32species were detected, separated in Chlorophyta, Phaeophytaand Rhodophyta, and from them it was possible to report that Carneiros Beach is rich in species biodiversity and has a very considerable water quality. CarneirosBeachoffers a wide variety of organisms in which they can be considered bioindicators of environmental qualities, also showing theinteraction of macroalgae with other marine organisms.

- by Reginaldo Lourenço Pereira Júnior and +1
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- Algae, Bioindicator, Bioindicadores, Carneiros Beach
- by Ramnarayan Singh
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- Microbiology, Algae, Biohydrogen

The current electricity demand of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is around 55 GW, which is projected to reach up to 120 GW by 2032. This energy is mainly produced from fossil fuels, posing a serious risk to human health and environment. Moving towards a sustainable model, KSA government has initiated a plan called the King Abdullah City of Atomic and Renewable Energy (KACARE) to utilize the indigenous renewable energy resources to generate a further 54 GW energy from solar, wind, nuclear, geothermal and waste-to-energy (WTE). The arid nature of the KSA increases the importance of water in daily life and makes the country the third-largest per capita water user worldwide. About 12 thousand industries are working in different sectors, which produce large quantities of wastes and waste sludge on a daily basis. It has been estimated that 2.4 and 0.77 billion m3/ year of municipal and industrial wastewater respectively are produced in KSA, totaling to 3.17 billion m3/ year. Therefore, there is a huge potential of producing bioenergy and bioproducts, if this wastewater is treated in algae biorefinery. Algae as a ‘natural chemical factory’ has gained significant attention to produce several energy carriers, including starches for alcohols, lipids for diesel fuel, and bio-hydrogen (H2) for fuel cells and valuable materials and chemicals. Considerable progress has been made in recent years to optimize the production of energy and value-added products by utilizing algae under algae biorefinery concept. The biorefinery is a multi-process and multi-product system, similar to a petroleum refinery. It utilizes various feedstock to produce useful materials, chemicals, and bioenergy in the form of fuel, power, and heat in an integrated system. Algae contain natural oils, carbohydrates, and proteins for the production of biodiesel, ethanol, and H2. The leftover or residues of algae after oil extraction can be digested anaerobically to produce methane (CH4) as an energy carrier. Furthermore, the AD digestate can be a source of animal feed and organic fertilizer. Although, theoretically algae can produce various fuels, an array of valuable materials and capture carbon emissions, but in practice, profitable algal biofuel production has proven to be quite challenging. Most of these challenges lie in algae production methods, including a selection of suitable algae strain, its cultivation, harvesting, and extraction of value-added materials for energy and bioproducts along with their conversion pathways. The aim of this paper is to review the potential of algae biorefinery in KSA for the treatment of wastewater and production of bioenergy and bioproducts.

- by Dr. Abdul-Sattar Nizami and +1
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- Renewable Energy, Biomass, Energy, Biorefinery

protista menyerupai tumbuhan

- by Rihlah Amirah
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- Algae, Rhodophyta, Euglenophyta, Protista

The alga Trachydiscus minutus, while being a relatively new subject of laboratory research, is not yet involved in a real biotechnological development. The aim of this study was an elaboration of the intensive growth conditions. A new medium specifically designed for the cultivation of the alga was composed, and the reasons were discussed. The use of the new medium leads to at least 10% higher growth than media previously used. The maximal growth rate of the alga remains the same, but the growth is comparatively higher before achieving plateau-phase, which is due to a better composition. The new medium is significantly cheaper per 1 kg algal biomass. Attention was paid to precise light and temperature conditions. The separation of Trachydiscus biomass is discussed as an important part of its biotechnology. The biochemical composition of the alga at these conditions is described. The paper is targeted to micro-enterprises in accordance with their limited resources.

- by Svetoslav Alexandrov and +1
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- Algae, Plant Physiology, Aloglogy

These instructions give guidelines for preparing the article to be published in the Engineering& Technology Journal using MS World 7.0 or later. A short abstract should open the paper and give a clear indication of the aims, scope and the main results of the paper. The reader may decide from the abstract that the full text is of particular interest or not. The author should consider that the abstract is an indication of the scope of the topic and the obtained results and not a way of condensing the problem in a few words for quick reading. It should be no more than 200 words. It is placed under the title with a single space from the title. The paper titles should be concise and definitive. The length of the title should not exceed three lines. The abbreviations and formulae should be avoided. Papers titles should be written in uppercase and lowercase letters, not all uppercase. Capitalize the words of the paper title. Avoid writing a long formula and define all symbols used in the abstract and do not cite the references here.

- by Talib M Albayati
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- Biotechnology, Algae, Adsorption, Algae Biotechnology

We designed a new toxic bioassay using the green paramecia Paramecium bursaria as testing organisms. P. bursaria is a unicellular organism that occurs widely in rivers and ponds. Since P. bursaria uses metabolites of endosymbiotic green algae in the cytoplasm as a nutritive source, culturing P. bursaria is much easier than culturing mammalian cells. The use of P. bursaria will thus make quicker and more convenient evaluation of toxicity of various polluting chemicals. Here, we selected thirty-two pollutants such as pesticides, toxic metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Those substances were added at various concentrations to the culture medium of paramecia. Then the IC 50 values, defined as the concentrations of chemicals inhibiting the growth of organisms by 50%, obtained for both paramecia and mammalian cell cultures were compared. We found that parame-cia were much highly sensitive to some chemicals such as methylmercury chloride and mercuric chloride, compared to cultured mammalian cells. We conclude that P. bursaria is one of the best organism for assessing the effect of chemical pollutants in the aqueous environment.

- by Tomonori Kawano
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- Botany, Phycology, Aquatic Ecology, Environmental Studies

A new species, Trochiscia hamzaoglui Atıcı sp. nova, determined from freshwater habitat, Kesikköprü
Dam Lake on the Kizilirmak River (Kirşehir, Central Anatolia), and the sample was taken
from plankton. This new species was first found in the study of algal samples from the area. Light
microscope indicated a clear relationship with the species in the genus Trochiscia. Some of the
characteristic features of the new taxon include a spine and an irregular cell wall. A comparison
with closely related taxa is given on.

- by Tahir ATICI
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- Algae, New Species
- by Leila Axelson
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- Algae, Uv Radiation, Light
- by Abubakar Sadiq
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- Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, Energy, Biodiesel

Literature research on exploring sustainability of humankind in a closed, isolated environment using Algae. Discussions include Biofuel usage, Carbon Sequestration, Waste-water bioremediation and Food Additives as main factors in survival... more

- by Pritii W . Y . Tam
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- Algae

this article is about all Ultimate Guide to Marimo Moss Balls. In this article talks all about keeping, cultivating, carrying and tips of marimo moss balls in the freshwater tank. Please visit our site aquascaper.org for more information... more

- by Angela D. Calvillo
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- Business, Botany, Aquatic Ecology, Conservation Biology

This paper presents a new record for a heterotypic synonym of Pithophora roettleri (P. oedogonia) for the São Franscisco River basin. Pithophora are green filamentous algae, branched, with intercallary akinetes of variable (P. roettleri) or invariable (P. oedogonia) forms in the same individual. The species was found in a temporary pond, which has high electrical conductivity and temperature, and is localized in a semiarid area (Caatinga biome). The soil has median natural fertility and high concentration of dissolved salts. A short diagnosis with illustrations and two models of the potential geographic distribution for the species are included.

- by Edson Moura-Júnior and +1
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- Plant Ecology, Ecology, Algae, Spatial Modeling, Spatial Ecology

Silver nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using crude neem leaf (Azadirachta indica) extract at room temperature. The formation and crystallinity of synthesized silver nanoparticles was confirmed by X-Ray diffraction (XRD) pattern. The average size of these silver nanoparticles is about 20-50 nm as observed by Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. Optical absorption measurements were performed to determine band-edge energy gap of these silver nanoparticles. Photoluminescence (PL) studies were performed to emphasize its emission properties. The synthesized silver nanoparticles could have major applications in the area of nanoscale optoelectronics devices and biomedical engineering. Our synthesis method has advantage over other conventional chemical routes because it is cost effective & environmental compatibility.

- by Vineet Kumar Shukla
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- Engineering, Materials Engineering, Biochemistry, Thermodynamics

A crucial moment in the history of plankton research came during the 1920s with the introduction of the notion of biomass. Biomass links the 19th century aspirations elicited by plankton as the bottom of the food chain with the technocratic dreams of the perfect metabolic loop between aquatic mass and terrestrial needs of human beings during the 20th century. This article shows that the history of plankton research can be told as succession of historically bound epistemic hopes and societal utopia. It becomes evident that plankton as an individual organism is fragile yet simultaneously unchanging and able to resist most technical interventions and notions of optimization.

- by Ariane Tanner
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- History of Science, Biomass, Ecology, Algae

Biodiesel has gained much attention in recent years due to its eco-friendly nature, non-toxic characteristics, biodegradability and lower net carbon cycle compared to conventional diesel fuels. In the current study, potential algal specie Spirogyra were collected from different districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan and employed as a feedstock for biodiesel production. In the first step, oil from algae specie was extracted using n-Hexane and Di-ethyl Ether as solvents, while in the second stage; extracted oil was converted into biodiesel via transestrification reaction. The effects of solvent to oil ratio, size of algal biomass and contact time were studied on the percentage yield of oil extracted. The maximum extracted oil was 0.09 fraction of biomass, by using a blend of both solvents at solvent to biomass ratio of 3.5, algal biomass size of 0.4 mm and contact time of 24 hours. While in transestrification reaction, effects of molar ratio, temperature, reaction time and amount o...

- by Ihsan Khan
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- Renewable Energy, Fuel Cells, Biodiesel, Algae

The green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is proposed to produce hydrogen in a low-cost system using the solar
radiation in Yucatan, Mexico. A two-step process is necessary with a closed photobioreactor, in which the algae are
firstly growth and then induced for hydrogen generation. Preliminary results are presented in this work with some
planning for the future. Different culture broths, temperatures and light intensities were tested for biomass and hydrogen
production in laboratory conditions. The first experiments in external conditions with solar radiation and without
temperature control have been performed, showing the potential of this technique at larger scales. However, some
additional work must be done in order to optimize the culture maintenance, particularly in relation with the temperature
control, the light radiation and the carbon dioxide supply, with the idea of keeping an economic production.

- by Daniel Robledo
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- Hydrogen, Algae, Solar Energy, Algal Biofuels
- by Sagar Kafle
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- Chemical Engineering, Environmental Science, Biotechnology, Energy

Enteromorpha compressa (L.) Nees was identified from sea habitat during the taxonomic investigation of marine filamentous green algae in 2016 at Bakkhali in South 24 Parganas district, West Bengal, India. The thallus is light green, branched, crispate and vegetative cells are variables in sizes and thick walled. The species was found abundant mostly during winter (December-February) to early summer (March) in the water column as attached benthic form. It preferred to grow in sunny places. This is the first report from West Bengal, India.

- by Dipak Paul
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- Algae, Marine Algae, Algae biomass, Enteromorpha

There are various methods published about DNA extraction from marine algae. These methods are the modifications of several DNA extraction methods from other organisms. Extraction of DNA from seaweeds are difficult processes because of the polysaccharide and polyphenole compounds of their thallus. In this study, DNA is extracted from a brown alga (Scytosiphon lomentaria and Cystoseira sp., Ectocarpus sp. ) collected from the Bay of Izmir by using modified CTAB (cetiltrimethylamonium bromide) protocol and used in PCR analysis. This modified method was also found efficient and applicaple for other molecular purposes.

- by Inci Tuney and +1
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- Algae, DNA Extraction, Brown Algae, DNA isolation

Microalgae occupy the base of the food web in any ecosystem in which they occur, aquatic or terrestrial; microalgal populations in soil have been estimated to range from 10,000 to 100,000 by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Terrestrial microalgae occur in virtually all soil types, in every geographic region and climate across the globe, yet are perhaps some of the least known and studied species in the group when compared to aquatic species. Some of the known roles/activities of microalgae in soils include, inter alia: oxygenation; water retention; secondary metabolite activities; nutrient recycling; nitrogen fixation; mineral solvents; food for heterotrophic organisms; soil formation and stability; carbon sink; biological indicator; and bioremediation. The cumulative benefits of microalgae in soil remain undescribed and unquantified and the overall importance of microalgae in soil is still poorly understood; they are often overlooked or treated superficially when soil ecology and ecosystems are discussed. If soil is accepted to be the foundation of basic terrestrial ecosystem function, then the importance of soil to the health of the planet and by extension, to human health, cannot be over-emphasized. It can be further posited that microalgae are the foundation of soil ecosystem function. In the context of soil health as it relates to agriculture and food production, water pollution reduction, reduction of leaching, and increased carbon sequestration/reduced carbon emissions, microalgae's contribution to healthy soil ecosystems cannot be dismissed: healthy soil ecosystems = healthy soils = healthy ecosystems = healthy planet = healthy humans. The reintroduction of healthy algal populations to soils delivers significant benefits to human beings, not the least of which is helping planet Earth remain hospitable to our species.

- by David D Ramjohn
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- Sustainable agriculture, Algae, Soil Fertility, Soil health and soil biodiversity

The ability to tolerate elevated concentrations of sodium chloride varies between different microorganisms. Chlorophytes (green algae) such as A. falcatus are a potential source of lipid biofuels, and maximization of their biomass productivity depends in part on determining optimal NaCl concentrations for growth. Our objectives were to (1) determine the magnitude and direction of the relationship between biomass productivity (measured via cell density) and salinity of the growth medium in A. falcatus, and (2) estimate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of sodium chloride for this freshwater species of green algae. A. falcatus cell cultures were grown for one week at 22°C under natural lighting conditions in filtered lake water, to which varying amounts of NaCl solution were added. Sample absorbance was measured at 665 nm and converted to cell densities, which were used to generate two linear regression models for the relationship between cell density and NaCl concentration and to estimate the MIC of NaCl. In both Model 1 (all treatments) and Model 2 (excluded 1694 mM), there was a highly significant negative correlation between cell density and NaCl concentration (-0.829, -0.847 (p<0.0001), respectively). β-coefficients differed between regression models, suggesting possible nonlinearity of growth inhibition across a concentration range of 0-1694 mM. The lowest NaCl concentration at which a significant difference was observed between treatments as compared to the freshwater control was 200 mM NaCl (p<0.05), which approximated the MIC of sodium chloride in A. falcatus. However, algal growth was observed at all concentrations, and the extent of inhibition was stable across NaCl concentrations above 200 mM. In conclusion, a strongly negative correlation appears to exist between biomass productivity and NaCl concentration in this particular strain of A. falcatus. Furthermore, 200 mM serves as a valid first approximation of the MIC of NaCl in A. falcatus. Finally, because A. falcatus is able to thrive in hypersaline conditions (1694 mM), this species of green algae warrants further investigation as a salt-tolerant source of lipid biofuels which may be grown in saline-diverse conditions. (Acknowledgements: data were collected by Camilla Wang, David Rapoport, and myself.)

- by Matthew Engel
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- Environmental Science, Photosynthesis, Biology, Algae

Objective: The current study focuses on R-Phycoerythrin pigment production from Seaweed using different chemical and physical conditions. Methods: In the present study Seaweed was collected from Rameshwaram and identified by CS-MCRI Institute, Mandapam. The collected seaweed was then washed using distilled water for further processing. Using a sterile knife the seaweed was cut into small pieces. The chopped seaweeds were then weighed and subjected to different optimization procedures for pigment production. These equally weighed seaweeds were treated with three varying Buffers at different pH, the buffer showing better O.D value was subjected to different Cell disruption techniques and finally freeze thawed at different temperature stress. Results: The seaweeds were subjected to different chemical and physical stress conditions for R-phycoerythrin production. On optimizing the different buffer solutions for pigment production Sodium phosphate buffer showed maximum O.D of 0.215 when compared to other buffers whereas on providing different pH conditions the O.D value obtained was high at pH 7.2. Different cell disruption techniques were followed for pigment production using the sodium phosphate buffer at pH 7.2 and freeze thaw method was found suitable for the highest pigment production with O.D value of 0.441. Hence after optimization of different extraction procedures, cell disruption followed by freeze & thaw method (−20°C and 25°C) showed maximum R-phycoerythrin content. Conclusion: From the findings, it was also observed that the primary metabolites produced by these organisms may serve as potential bioactive compounds of interest in the Food industries as natural colourant and in cosmetic industries.

- by Santhosh Sigamani
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- Algae, Optimization, Algal Biotechnology, Pigments

Microalgae could be used to generate a number of environmentally friendly fuels, including oil (biodiesel), and ethanol with simultaneous consumption of CO2 from atmosphere. These microorganisms generate biofuels in photosynthetic reactions using water and sunlight as an energy source. The review briefly surveys data on production of biofuels (biodiesel and ethanol) and CO2 mitigation using microalgae available in literature. Different groups of algae described here with a view of their practical application for biofuel production. Particular attention in the review is given to mass cultivation of algae in open ponds and photobioreactors for biofuel generation and CO2 mitigation.

Protista adalah makhluk hidup bersel satu atau bersel banyak dan telah memiliki membran inti (selnya bersifat eukariotik). Umumnya, protista bersifat aerobic dan menggunakan mitokondria untuk respirasi. Pada kenyataannya, ada protista yang dapat berlaku sebagai produsen. Protista tersebut dapat melakukan fotosintesis (dapat membuat makanan sendiri). Nutrisi yang diperoleh dari fotosintesis protista tersebut dapat bersifat fototropik, heterotropik, atau keduanya. Protista memiliki flagella atau cilia dalam hidupnya dan dapat berkembang secara aseksual atau seksual. Pada kondisi yang kurang menguntungkan, protista dapat membentuk kistae. Secara taksonomis, protista dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok, yaitu protista yang menyerupai jamur, protista yang menyerupai tumbuhan (ganggang atau Algae), dan protista yang menyerupai hewan (Protozoa).

- by Naufal Ahmad Muzakki
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- Algae, Protozoa, Protista
- by magendira mani vinayagam
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- Microbiology, Mycology, Algae

Unique environmental conditions in the Indian subcon- tinent create a diverse biogeographic region harboring with exceptional endemic biodiversity. Diatom studies in this region started in the early nineteenth century, with descriptions of many new species. H. P. Gandhi described nearly 300 new taxa beginning in 1952. The focus of this paper is to reconsider, typify and provide biogeographic notes on the Gomphonema species described by Gandhi from Kolhapur region of Northern Western Ghats. While Gandhi identified 11 taxa includ- ing two endemic taxa, we observed eight Gomphonema species from the same material, comprising six endemic and two cosmopolitan species. The morphol- ogy of these taxa is examined using both light and scanning electron microscopy and all taxa are com- pared with similar species. One of the eight species we observed is a new species, Gomphonema tamilensis sp. nov., and a new combination is established, Gompho- nema lacusrankaloides comb. nov. Gomphonema tamilensis is similar to G. gandhii described from South India and Gomphocymbella species described from East Africa. Ultrastructural details of Gomphonema species from peninsular India shows morphologically similarities to members of this genus from Himalayan, Madagascar and African species, which could be reflec- tive of sister taxon relationships, and merit further investigation.

- by Balasubramanian Karthick
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- Algae, Biogeography, Tamil Nadu, South India

Evidence is reviewed which supports the hypothesis that prokaryotes and eukaryotes may have colonized Mars. One source of Martian life, is Earth. A variety of species remain viable after long term exposure to the radiation intense environment of space, and may survive ejection from Earth following meteor strikes, ejection from the stratosphere and mesosphere via solar winds, and sterilization of Mars-bound spacecraft; whereas simulations studies have shown that prokaryotes, fungi and lichens survive in simulated Martian environments-findings which support the hypothesis life may have been repeatedly transferred from Earth to Mars. Four independent investigators have reported what appears to be fungi and lichens on the Martian surface, whereas a fifth investigator reported what may be cyanobacteria. In another study, a statistically significant majority of 70 experts, after examining Martian specimens photographed by NASA, identified and agreed fungi, basidiomycota ("puffballs"), and lichens may have colonized Mars. Fifteen specimens resembling and identified as "puffballs" were photographed emerging from the ground over a three day period. It is possible these latter specimens are hematite and what appears to be "growth" is due to a strong wind which uncovered these specimens-an explanation which cannot account for before and after photos of what appears to be masses of fungi growing atop and within the Mars rovers. Terrestrial hematite is in part fashioned and cemented together by prokaryotes and fungi, and thus Martian hematite may also be evidence of biology. Three independent research teams have identified sediments on Mars resembling stromatolites and outcroppings having micro meso and macro characteristics typical of terrestrial microbialites constructed by cyanobacteria. Quantitative morphological analysis determined these latter specimens are statistically and physically similar to terrestrial stromatolites. Reports of water, biological residue discovered in Martian meteor ALH84001, the seasonal waning and waxing of atmospheric and ground level Martian methane which on Earth is 90% due to biology and plant growth and decay, and results from the 1976 Mars Viking Labeled Release Experiments indicating biological activity, also support the hypothesis that Mars was, and is, a living planet. Nevertheless, much of the evidence remains circumstantial and unverified, and the possibility of life on Mars remains an open question.

- by Rhawn Gabriel Joseph and +1
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- Astrobiology, Cyanobacteria, Mars, Fungi
- by Sofía Rodríguez
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- Algae, Biofuels, Biofuels from algae

Algae have the potential to overcome many environmental problems and meet the demand for bio-based products. Researchers have found that microalgae are suitable to be used for liquid fuel, food, fertilizers, natural-based pigments, pharmaceutical products, and many more. However, algae are always seen to link with eutrophication as excessive nutrients from fertilizers enter waterbodies that lead to the growth of cyanobacteria and blue-green algae. Increasing anthropogenic activities, as well as external factors such as sunlight and water runoff drive these macroscale ecological disorders. This chapter focuses on the relationship of algal bloom and eutrophication with a particular focus on the application and implication of algae. Agricultural cultivation of algae is one of the promising solutions to improve the production and efficiency of bio-based products, reduction of greenhouse gases, extraction of constituents that are used as diagnostic and medicine tools. This chapter also discusses steps to identify and harvest algae from the algal bloom sites. The revolutionized industry brings new technological tools to help scientists to identify particular genes on cyanobacteria chromosomes. Many tests and research comparative studies are required to identify algae genes consisting of valuable biomolecules as alternative sustainable bioproducts and innovative biological processes and principles to sustainably provide goods and services to achieve circular bioeconomy associated with industrial revolution 5.0.

A system of ultrasonic buoys was installed in the Canoe Brook Reservoir #1 in Short Hills, NJ to assess the impact of the system for controlling algae and cyanobacteria in the reservoir. The four buoys operated for five months in the spring/summer 2014. The results of the study indicated that the ultrasonic system was effective for controlling the algae when the correct ultrasonic program was used. During the testing period, geosmin and methyl isoborneol concentrations were well controlled. Additionally, the average alum dose used by the plant was reduced by 22% over the same period in 2013 with improvements in dissolved air flotation effluent turbidity, combined filter effluent turbidity, and an 83% increase in unit filter run volumes. An economic assessment showed the buoys saved approximately $87,800 in operational costs with a projected simple payback for the system of 1.8 years.

- by Sergey Gubsky
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- Algae, Iodine, Coulometry

using algal residue and algae as feed

This paper deals with the algal assemblage described from lower-middle Ilerdian sediments in the Kışlatepe section, Seyitgazi Region, Central Turkey. Eocene Dasycladalean flora from this region prevailingly contains species of the tribus Thyrsoporelleae, with genera Belzungia, Anatolia (type area) and Thyrsoporella. It is a unique area, a rich, diversified population of Belzungia occurs in a foraminifera limestone containing Alveolina, Nummulites, Orbitolites. Belzungia barattoloi spec. nov. is introduced. The list of the genus Belzungia in the Kışlatepe section, as in the Sarıbayır and Kozyaka sections, includes B. terquemi Morellet, B. silvestrii (Pfender), B. pfenderae Radoičić & Özgen-Erdem, B. barattoloi sp. nov. and some undetermined Belzungia specimens.

- by Nazire ÖZGEN ERDEM and +1
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- Algae, Benthic foraminifera

Les zones humides côtières sont parmi les écosystèmes aquatiques les plus productifs et représentent un intérêt majeur. Cependant elles sont gravement menacées par les actions anthropiques et les changements climatiques.
La flore algale répond parfaitement aux variations de l’environnement biotique et abiotique et représente ainsi un indicateur sensible de ses changements.
L’objectif de notre étude, est d’évaluer les caractéristiques et la répartition actuelle de la flore algale des zones humides côtières de l’Ouest algérien et de définir les conditions de leur répartition. À plus long terme, cette étude apportera une meilleure connaissance des préférences écologiques de ces organismes et de leur abondance, et permettra de mieux évaluer le stress environnemental de la côte oranaise.
Mots-clés: Flore algale, distribution spécifique, distribution spatiale, biosurveillance, stress environnemental, zones humides, Ouest algérien.

- by Ahmed Kerfouf
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- Marine Ecology, Wetland Ecology, Algae

The paper provides a brief generalization on algal toxins as risk factors for national security and defense with special attention to Bulgaria. With the changing environmental conditions, globalization and increased human migration the... more

- by Maya Stoyneva and +1
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- Cyanobacteria, Algae, Cyanobacterial Toxins, Cyanotoxins

In any water treatment plant particularly in the rural communities, the provision of potable water supply system is a difficult task due to unavailability of sustainable power supply system. A mechanically operated mixer for pre-chlorination tank is a major pre-requisite in such a system. The design of a mechanically operated mixer has been successfully carried out leading to an efficient control of algae, aeration and coagulation process which is capable of storing potable water for a period of 3.7 hour for small rural community in Borno State, Nigeria in the event of failure of the pumping system.

- by Hussaini A Abdulkareem
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- Environmental Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Design, Algae

110° Congresso S.B.I. (IPSC) - Pavia, 14 - 17 September 2015

- by Francesco d'Aleo and +1
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- Green Economics, Algae, Startups

Algae are eukaryotic organisms that have no roots, stems, or leaves but do have chlorophyll and other pigments for carrying out photosynthesis. Algae can be multicellular or unicellular. Unicellular algae occur most frequently in water, especially in plankton.Phytoplankton is the population of free‐floating microorganisms composed primarily of unicellular algae. In addition, algae may occur in moist soil or on the surface of moist rocks and wood. Algae live with fungi in lichens. According to the Whittaker scheme, algae are classified in seven divisions, of which five are considered to be in the Protista kingdom and two in the Plantae kingdom. The cell of an alga has eukaryotic properties, and some species have flagella with the “9‐plus‐2” pattern of microtubules. A nucleus is present, and multiple chromosomes are observed in mitosis. The chlorophyll and other pigments occur in chloroplasts, which contain membranes known as thylakoids.

- by Eranga Thilina Jayashantha
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- Botany, Biology, Sri Lanka, Algae

In today’s world, with the expansion of concrete jungle and increase in carbon dioxide day today, an increase in vegetation and plantation is equally mandatory to decrease carbon dioxide levels and bring down the unbearable temperature rise. But where is the space to plant trees or vegetation in this concrete jungle?
By producing Bio-receptive concrete we can grow small fauna/ flora on concrete by adding a special type of cement which can decrease the proportion of carbon dioxide and can be used as aesthetic pre-cast walls for facades which would even eradicate problems faced in vertical gardening like high initial and maintenance cost. Almost 80% of the natural production of oxygen is carried out by algae (cryptogams) which are majorly living undersea/ oceans. By mixing Magnesium Phosphate, Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC - 53), Silica Sand (As Filler), Water (Hydrating agent), Vinegar (To maintain pH up to 7), Urea (To maintain pH up to 7). Thus, the concrete produced from the above ingredients will have a pH varying from 6 to 9 depending on the proportion. Growing small vegetation on concrete panels without damaging by providing a suitable environment for the vegetation to grow like maintaining the pH levels of concrete suitable for the growth of vegetation on it. Through this beautiful façade panels can be developed for buildings.

- by Samved Patel
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- Concrete, Green architecture, Algae, Green Building