Conformity Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

This article describes the construction of the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory (CMNI), and 5 studies that examined its psychometric properties. Factor analysis indicated 11 distinct factors: Winning, Emotional Control,... more

This article describes the construction of the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory (CMNI), and 5 studies that examined its psychometric properties. Factor analysis indicated 11 distinct factors: Winning, Emotional Control, Risk-Taking, Violence, Dominance, Playboy, Self-Reliance, Primacy of Work, Power Over Women, Disdain for Homosexuals, and Pursuit of Status. Results from Studies 2-5 indicated that the CMNI had strong internal consistency estimates and good differential validity comparing men with women and groups of men on healthrelated questions; all of the CMNI subscales were significantly and positively related to other masculinity-related measures, with several subscales being related significantly and positively to psychological distress, social dominance, aggression, and the desire to be more muscular, and significantly and negatively to attitudes toward psychological help seeking and social desirability; and CMNI scores had high test-retest estimates for a 2-3 week period.

Individuals are often faced with the pressure to alter their behaviors or attitudes in order to conform. Researchers have used self-esteem level to explain such conformity but have failed to account for other aspects of self-esteem. The... more

Individuals are often faced with the pressure to alter their behaviors or attitudes in order to conform. Researchers have used self-esteem level to explain such conformity but have failed to account for other aspects of self-esteem. The present study examined how approval-based contingent self-esteem (i.e., basing feelings of self-worth on the approval of others) moderates the association between self-esteem level and the tendency to conform. Participants (N = 126) reported their self-esteem level and approval-based contingent self-esteem before completing an online conformity task that varied in difficulty. The results of the study showed that approval-based contingent self-esteem and sex moderated the association between self-esteem level and conformity in ways that were not always predicted. For example, men with approval-based contingent high self-esteem conformed more often on moderately difficult items than men who possessed non-contingent high self-esteem. These results suggest the possibility that different motivations may underlie the tendency to conform as task difficulty changes.

The norms of science define appropriate and inappropriate scholarly or research role performance. The four norms described in this study are (1) universalism: research is assessed on its merit, not particularistic criteria; (2)... more

The norms of science define appropriate and inappropriate scholarly or research role performance. The four norms described in this study are (1) universalism: research is assessed on its merit, not particularistic criteria; (2) commonality: research must be made public and shared with the research community; (3) disinterestedness: research is conducted for the advancement of knowledge, not prestige or financial gain from the lay public; and (4) organized skepticism: research is subject to peer review and criticism. The Ladd and Lipset Survey measured the extent to which faculty in different disciplines reported how they act in accord with each of the four norms. Analysis of the survey's data show that, regardless of the disciplinary type, faculty generally agreed on the norm of disinterestedness in that it stems from the fundamental principle that the search for knowledge itself should direct scholarly activities. Faculty self-reports also indicated that they believe that adhering to the norm of communality is how they should behave regardless of disciplinary type. The norms of organized skepticism, however, were seen to not wore well in disciplines characterized by weak or conflicting theoretical and methodological paradigms. Contains 33 references. (GLR) *

In the context of a finite horizon model, we show that conformity based behavior creates new channels of dynamic interaction between firms, changing the nature of price competition. As time evolves, both price strategic complementarity... more

In the context of a finite horizon model, we show that conformity based behavior creates new channels of dynamic interaction between firms, changing the nature of price competition. As time evolves, both price strategic complementarity and substitutability may arise along the equilibrium trajectory. This leads to V-shaped equilibrium price paths and oscillating trajectories of market shares. We provide also a new rational for the inversion of fashion trends.

This research based on students of smoking behavior that unusual, smoking behavior is perceived as self-identity. However, students at senior high school level have great potential to be addicted to cigarettes.The low ability students in... more

This research based on students of smoking behavior that unusual, smoking behavior is perceived as self-identity. However, students at senior high school level have great potential to be addicted to cigarettes.The low ability students in self-control and strength of peer conformity is the most dominant factor in influencing the smoking behavior of students. This study aims to describe self-control, peer conformity, smoking behavior, and the relationship of self-control andpeers conformity with smoking behavior. This research used quantitative approach with descriptive-correlational method. The subjects of this research were students which consume cigarette consists of 124 people. The instrument of the research, for all three variables was a Likert scale model, with instrument reliability:self-control 0.922, peers conformity 0.847, and smoking behavior 0.951. The data were analyzed by using multiple regression. The results shows that there was significant relationship between of self-control and peer conformity with smoking behavior.

Background: Past research has established the importance of discursive leadership in professional communication, but it has not systematically examined how conformity behaviors emerge as a potentially undesirable consequence of discursive... more

Background: Past research has established the importance of discursive leadership in professional communication, but it has not systematically examined how conformity behaviors emerge as a potentially undesirable consequence of discursive leadership. Literature review: Review of the literature on the centrality of communication in leadership processes and conformity behavior suggest a void of analytic tools to adequately examine the negative consequences of discursive leadership. Research question: Are later interlocutors more likely to speak similarly to earlier ones if the earlier interlocutors occupy a more central position in the conversation network? Methodology: Based on 32,000 words of a transcribed meeting corpus, we measured conformity behaviors using Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency scores, which are widely used in the information retrieval setting. We also operationalized the strength of discursive leadership as a positional centrality measure in the conversation network using a matrix algebra approach in social network analysis. Results: Findings support the hypothesis that discursive leadership is associated with conformity in language aligned toward discursive leaders' opinions. Conclusions: This study makes theoretical advances in understanding leadership construction and conformity behaviors between leaders and followers using empirical, authentic meeting data. We also give business people an applied understanding of the process of discursive leadership, which may help them to improve communication efficacy in their organizations by reducing overly conforming behaviors. We recommend that future research include more diverse participants and be combined with a survey to supplement the conversation data.

Research on memory conformity shows that collaborative remembering-typically in the form of discussion-can influence people's memories. One question that remains unanswered is whether it matters with whom we discuss our memories. To... more

Research on memory conformity shows that collaborative remembering-typically in the form of discussion-can influence people's memories. One question that remains unanswered is whether it matters with whom we discuss our memories. To address this question, we compared people's memories for an event after they discussed that event with either their romantic partner or with a stranger. Pairs of subjects watched slightly different versions of a movie, and then discussed some details from the movie, but not others. Subjects were better at remembering the nondiscussed details than the discussed details, and this effect was even stronger for romantic partners. In other words, subjects who discussed the event with their romantic partner (rather than with a stranger) were more likely to report false memories. We discuss our findings in relation to other research on memory conformity, social influences on false memories, and memory systems within romantic relationships.

In this paper, we modify a two-dimensional variant of a two-state nonlinear voter model and apply it to understand how new ideas, products or behaviors spread throughout the society in time. In particular, we want to find answers to two... more

In this paper, we modify a two-dimensional variant of a two-state nonlinear voter model and apply it to understand how new ideas, products or behaviors spread throughout the society in time. In particular, we want to find answers to two important questions in the field of diffusion of innovation: Why does the diffusion of innovation take sometimes so long? and Why does it fail so often? Because these kind of questions cannot be answered within classical aggregate diffusion models, like the Bass model, we use an agent-based modeling approach.

Is proportion as important as group size when exploring conformity in small groups? Two tests of Boyd and Richerson’s (1985) conformist transmission model were undertaken. In experiment one, 378 individuals were observed in a computer... more

Is proportion as important as group size when exploring conformity in small groups? Two tests of Boyd and Richerson’s (1985) conformist transmission model were undertaken.
In experiment one, 378 individuals were observed in a computer laboratory. A rare behaviour was modelled by a number of naive models. As each individual entered the laboratory the proportion of models of the behaviour and the behaviour of the newcomer was recorded. In experiment two, 476 participants in psychology experiments took part (unknowingly) in an additional experiment where both proportion and group size were manipulated. Logistic
regression indicated that the proportion of models, but not group size, was a significant predictor of conformity in both experiments. The findings are discussed in terms of their
contribution to an evolutionary theory of human cooperative behaviour.

While there has been a good deal of publicity given to the Amish communities in the United State as a tourist attraction, little attention if any, focuses on the social problems they face as a community. Just like other subcultures, the... more

While there has been a good deal of publicity given to the Amish communities in the United State as a tourist attraction, little attention if any, focuses on the social problems they face as a community. Just like other subcultures, the Amish experience social problems being youth deviance as the most common among them. By answering my research question, I planned to support how some Amish practices like Rumspringa and shunning have a significant negative effect on the Amish youth. Criminological theory could help explain the nature of conformity and deviance among the Amish youth. The evidence suggest the Rumspringa period provides the perfect setting for the Amish youth to engage in unprotected sex, drink alcohol, and in most of the cases, consume illegal substances. The Rumspringa period and the contemplation of shunning during this period produces high levels of anxiety and depression, and feeling of isolation; which could lead to suicide. Qualitative, historical and geographical evidence previously gathered is used trough out this paper to develop a socio-cultural critique supporting the argument some Amish Rule of Order practices such as the Rumspringa and shunning have a significant negative effect on the Amish youth.

The purpose of this paper is to examine how aspects of social influence such as conformity and compliance are subject to change during Covid-19, by critically reviewing research articles that present examples and evidence in recent... more

The purpose of this paper is to examine how aspects of social influence such as conformity and compliance are subject to change during Covid-19, by critically reviewing research articles that present examples and evidence in recent literature. Findings on the topic present mixed results, with parts of the literature supporting that socio-cultural factors are significant to the public’s response to health precautionary measures, while others suggest that age, gender and emotional response towards Covid-19 are significant predictors of conformity and compliance in order to prevent the spread of the virus. Also, some parts of the literature indicate that group-level perspectives and response to leadership can predict conformity. Additionally, further socio-cultural psychological issues have been generated due to this pandemic such as risk of stigmatization and identity threat.
Keywords: Covid-19, conformity, compliance, socio-cultural, health precautionary measures

Existing measures of peer pressure and conformity may not be suitable for screening large numbers of adolescents efficiently, and few studies have differentiated peer pressure from theoretically related constructs, such as conformity or... more

Existing measures of peer pressure and conformity may not be suitable for screening large numbers of adolescents efficiently, and few studies have differentiated peer pressure from theoretically related constructs, such as conformity or wanting to be popular. We developed and validated short measures of peer pressure, peer conformity, and popularity in a sample (n = 148) of adolescent boys and girls in grades 11 to 13. Results showed that all measures constructed for the study were internally consistent. Although all measures of peer pressure, conformity, and popularity were intercorrelated, peer pressure and peer conformity were stronger predictors of risk behaviors than measures assessing popularity, general conformity, or dysphoria. Despite a simplified scoring format, peer conformity vignettes were equal to if not better than the peer pressure measures in predicting risk behavior. Findings suggest that peer pressure and peer conformity are potentially greater risk factors than a need to be popular, and that both peer pressure and peer conformity can be measured with short scales suitable for large-scale testing.

The current situation in philosophy of science generally, and in philosophy of biology in particular, is most unsatisfactory. There are at least three general problems that many philosophers thought themselves near to solving twenty years... more

The current situation in philosophy of science generally, and in philosophy of biology in particular, is most unsatisfactory. There are at least three general problems that many philosophers thought themselves near to solving twenty years ago, only to find that the anticipated solutions have come unglued. These are (1) the problem of characterizing and understanding the dynamics of conceptual change in science; (2) he problem of understanding the interrelationships among theories including particularly the reduction of one theory to another); and (3) he problem of scientific realism (i.e., the problem of how seriously to take the claims of theoretical science or, at least, of some theoretical scientists, to be describing the world literally--in terms of such theoretical entities as genes and protons, DNA molecules, and quarks). This general situation has significant effects on the philosophical study of particular sciences. In philosophy of biology, for example, although one finds a large number of elegant studies of particular topics, the sad fact is that there is no generally satisfactory large-scale synthesis n sight. We have no agreed-on foundation, no generally acceptable starting point from which to delimit and resolve the full range of theoretical problems of interest to scientists and philosophers regarding biology.

Morality has long been considered an inherent quality, an internal moral compass that is unswayed by the actions of those around us. The Solomon Asch paradigm was employed to gauge whether moral decision making is subject to conformity... more

Morality has long been considered an inherent quality, an internal moral compass that is unswayed by the actions of those around us. The Solomon Asch paradigm was employed to gauge whether moral decision making is subject to conformity under social pressure as other types of decision making have been shown to be. Participants made decisions about moral dilemmas either alone or in a group of confederates posing as peers. On a majority of trials confederates rendered decisions that were contrary to judgments typically elicited by the dilemmas. The results showed a pronounced effect of conformity: Compared to the control condition, permissible actions were deemed less permissible when confederates found them objectionable, and impermissible actions were judged more permissible if confederates judged them so.

The experiment examines status and gender role explanations of the tendency for women to conform more than men in group pressure settings. Subjects believed they were assigned to groups containing two males and two females in addition to... more

The experiment examines status and gender role explanations of the tendency for women to conform more than men in group pressure settings. Subjects believed they were assigned to groups containing two males and two females in addition to themselves and received these other group members' opinions, which were represented as deviating from the opinions that subjects had given earlier. Subjects then gave their opinions with the other group members either having or not having surveillance over these opinions. In addition, subjects were required to form impressions of each other's likability or expertise. The findings indicate that subjects' sex and age affected the extent of their conformity. Among older (19 years and older) subjects, females conformed more with surveillance than without it, whereas surveillance did not affect males' conformity. Among younger (under I9 years) subjects, surveillance had no effects. Analysis of sex differences revealed that older females were significantly more conforming than older males when under surveillance as well as when subjects formed impressions of one another's likability. Among younger subjects, there were no sex differences. These findings are discussed in terms of the theories that (a) both sex and age function as status characteristics and (b) gender roles determine conformity.

understanding foreign policy decision making Understanding Foreign Policy Decision Making presents a decision making approach to foreign policy analysis. The benefits of such an approach are its ability to explain not only outcomes of... more

understanding foreign policy decision making Understanding Foreign Policy Decision Making presents a decision making approach to foreign policy analysis. The benefits of such an approach are its ability to explain not only outcomes of decisions but also the processes that lead to decisions and the decision dynamics. The book includes a wealth of extended real-world case studies and examples of decisions made by leaders of the United States, Israel, New Zealand, Cuba, Iceland, United Kingdom, and others. In addition to coverage of the rational actor model of decision making, levels of analysis, and types of decisions, the book covers alternatives to the rational choice model, the marketing and framing of decisions, cognitive biases and errors, and domestic, cultural, and international influences on decision making in international affairs. If we are to understand decision making, we need to understand how information processing and various biases affect decision making. Existing textbooks do not present such an explicit approach to foreign policy decision making, American foreign policy, and comparative foreign policy.

Marketization-the entry of the market logic into a field originally insulated from it-is a transformative force that has reshaped many fields, including education, health care, the arts, and religion. Marketization brings a unique set of... more

Marketization-the entry of the market logic into a field originally insulated from it-is a transformative force that has reshaped many fields, including education, health care, the arts, and religion. Marketization brings a unique set of challenges for established organizations: it opens a field to market-style mechanisms of consumer choice and competition, which undermines the legitimacy of established organizations, and it creates contradictory demands for organizational actions. How can established organizations adapt to marketization? To answer this question, the authors study the adaptation of five established religious schools to the marketization of education in Brazil. They develop the novel hybridization strategy of nested coupling and explain that established organizations respond to marketization by balancing competing demands for differentiation and conformity. The authors show how religious schools nest the market logic within the religious logic by reconfiguring their resources to conform to market demands while differentiating themselves through their religious orientation. Nested coupling provides a novel strategic approach for established organizations in marketized or marketizing fields, such as hospitals, museums, and schools, to capitalize on a logic that preexists marketization and to create a unique competitive positioning in the market.

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Social conformity occurs when an individual changes their behaviour in line with the majority's expectations. Although social conformity has been investigated in small group settings, the effect of gender-of both the individual and the... more

Social conformity occurs when an individual changes their behaviour in line with the majority's expectations. Although social conformity has been investigated in small group settings, the effect of gender-of both the individual and the majority/minority-is not well understood in online settings. Here we systematically investigate the impact of groups' gender composition on social conformity in online settings. We use an online quiz in which participants submit their answers and confidence scores, both prior to and following the presentation of peer answers that are dynamically fabricated. Our results show an overall conformity rate of 39%, and a significant effect of gender that manifests in a number of ways: gender composition of the majority, the perceived nature of the question, participant gender, visual cues of the system, and final answer correctness. We conclude with a discussion on the implications of our findings in designing online group settings, accounting for the effects of gender on conformity.

This study investigates whether the levels of relationship between individuals -close relationship, acquaintanceship or being strangers, and gender has an effect on Conformity. Data were collected from 180 undergraduate students from... more

This study investigates whether the levels of relationship between individuals -close relationship, acquaintanceship or being strangers, and gender has an effect on Conformity. Data were collected from 180 undergraduate students from Baliuag University. A 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyse whether levels of relationship affects conformity as a function of gender. The results of the experiment supports the growing number of psychological literature that suggests women's conformity rates HIGHER than men and that people tend to conform even to people they met for the first time for social acceptance.

Values-pragmatics theory predicts that people will sometimes disagree with others they believe are correct, for reasons similar to those explaining agreement with incorrect answers in an Asch (1956) situation. In 3 experiments, we found... more

Values-pragmatics theory predicts that people will sometimes disagree with others they believe are correct, for reasons similar to those explaining agreement with incorrect answers in an Asch (1956) situation. In 3 experiments, we found evidence that people in a position of ignorance sometimes do not agree with the correct answers of others in positions of knowledge. Experiments 1a and 1b found this speaking-from-ignorance (SFI) effect occurred 27% of the time. Experiment 2 introduced experimental controls and self-report data indicating that the SFI effect (30%) was generated by realizing values (e.g., truth, social solidarity) and pragmatic constraints to act cooperatively, rather than by a wide array of alternatives (e.g., normative pressure, reactance). Experiment 3 experimentally manipulated concern for truthfulness, yielding 49% nonagreeing answers, even though there were monetary incentives to give correct, agreeing answers. The overall pattern suggests that people are not so much conformists or independents as they are cooperative truth tellers under social and moral constraints. Results, while surprising for social influence theories, illustrate the dynamics of divergence and convergence that appear across studies in cultural anthropology and developmental psychology, as well as in social psychology.

Hidden curriculum exists in private schools as a means to compel students to adopt certain values to ensure academic success. Films depict private schools as institutions that mold and prepare students for college as well as the outside... more

Hidden curriculum exists in private schools as a means to compel students to adopt certain values to ensure academic success. Films depict private schools as institutions that mold and prepare students for college as well as the outside world. Students need only to conform to the school’s principles within the hidden curriculum to meet the high expectations and receive social acceptance. Those unable to meet the standards or attempt to refuse them are treated with contempt by their peers for disrupting the order and social norm. Because private schools attempt to replicate the college experience students of private schools are expected to think and act like adults who work to maintain the collective group. The ultimate consequence of such, however, is the loss of individualism which causes students to crack under all the pressure due to the inability to express their own personal interests. In light of this, private schools spend little time bestowing practical knowledge onto students, and instead insist on teaching subjects that require a more sophisticated and developed mind. Students who can withstand such a system go on to be successful and accomplished in life, while those incapable of doing so are alienated and considered total failures.

Social conformity is a class of social influence whereby exposure to the attitudes and beliefs of a group causes an individual to alter their own attitudes and beliefs towards those of the group. Compliance and acceptance are varieties of... more

Social conformity is a class of social influence whereby exposure to the attitudes and beliefs of a group causes an individual to alter their own attitudes and beliefs towards those of the group. Compliance and acceptance are varieties of social influence distinguished on the basis of the attitude change brought about. Compliance involves public, but not private conformity, while acceptance occurs when group norms are internalised and conformity is demonstrated both in public and in private. Most contemporary paradigms measuring conformity conflate compliance and acceptance, while the few studies to have addressed this issue have done so using between-subjects designs, decreasing their sensitivity. Here we present a novel task which measures compliance and acceptance on a within-subjects basis. Data from a small sample reveal that compliance and acceptance can co-occur, that compliance is increased with an increasing majority, and demonstrate the usefulness of the task for future st...

In this paper, I develop a functionalist theory of social domination to compete with current theories of this kind of social power that have arisen with and from the work of Philip Pettit. On the latter view, the basic structure of... more

In this paper, I develop a functionalist theory of social domination to compete with current theories of this kind of social power that have arisen with and from the work of Philip Pettit. On the latter view, the basic structure of domination is seen as the capacity for “arbitrary interference” of one agent in the life choices of another agent. According to this account, domination is performed by agents, acting arbitrarily, within structured social relationships, but are not seen as being caused by those social structures or systems themselves. On my alternative account, modern forms of domination need to be seen as outside of the interests of agents themselves and instead as part of the functions of the social systems and institutions within which agents are socialized, live, work, and to which they become adapted. On this view, domination becomes not a property of agency but a central property of the social facts that make up the process of socialization itself. Domination is social and systemic, in this sense, and it persists because of the particular social forms that are held as legitimate by broad segments of any population.

Existing measures of peer pressure and conformity may not be suitable for screening large numbers of adolescents efficiently, and few studies have differentiated peer pressure from theoretically related constructs, such as conformity or... more

Existing measures of peer pressure and conformity may not be suitable for screening large numbers of adolescents efficiently, and few studies have differentiated peer pressure from theoretically related constructs, such as conformity or wanting to be popular. We developed and validated short measures of peer pressure, peer conformity, and popularity in a sample (n = 148) of adolescent boys and girls in grades 11 to 13. Results showed that all measures constructed for the study were internally consistent. Although all measures of peer pressure, conformity, and popularity were intercorrelated, peer pressure and peer conformity were stronger predictors of risk behaviors than measures assessing popularity, general conformity, or dysphoria. Despite a simplified scoring format, peer conformity vignettes were equal to if not better than the peer pressure measures in predicting risk behavior. Findings suggest that peer pressure and peer conformity are potentially greater risk factors than a need to be popular, and that both peer pressure and peer conformity can be measured with short scales suitable for large-scale testing.

The doctoral dissertation is defined as an original contribution to a field. By definition, this makes the dissertation a creative product, and the result of a creative process. The creative process of doctoral work has historically not... more

The doctoral dissertation is defined as an original contribution to a field. By definition, this makes the dissertation a creative product, and the result of a creative process. The creative process of doctoral work has historically not been highlighted. The same is true for education as a whole. While there is an increasing call for greater creativity in education, they remain aspirational. In this article we describe the underlying premises and some of the practices of a doctoral degree that has been designed with the intention of foregrounding the creative process.

The authors suggest that injunctive and descriptive social norms engage different psychological response tendencies when made selectively salient. On the basis of suggestions derived from the focus theory of normative conduct and from... more

The authors suggest that injunctive and descriptive social norms engage different psychological response tendencies when made selectively salient. On the basis of suggestions derived from the focus theory of normative conduct and from consideration of the norms' functions in social life, the authors hypothesized that the 2 norms would be cognitively associated with different goals, would lead individuals to focus on different aspects of self, and would stimulate different levels of conflict over conformity decisions. Additionally, a unique role for effortful self-regulation was hypothesized for each type of norm-used as a means to resist conformity to descriptive norms but as a means to facilitate conformity for injunctive norms. Four experiments supported these hypotheses. Experiment 1 demonstrated differences in the norms' associations to the goals of making accurate/efficient decisions and gaining/maintaining social approval. Experiment 2 provided evidence that injunctive norms lead to a more interpersonally oriented form of self-awareness and to a greater feeling of conflict about conformity decisions than descriptive norms. In the final 2 experiments, conducted in the lab (Experiment 3) and in a naturalistic environment (Experiment 4), self-regulatory depletion decreased conformity to an injunctive norm (Experiments 3 and 4) and increased conformity to a descriptive norm (Experiment 4)-even though the norms advocated identical behaviors. By illustrating differentiated response tendencies for each type of social norm, this research provides new and converging support for the focus theory of normative conduct.

During the 1920s and 1930s the idea of transmutation, so essential to esotericism, was at the core of the Fascist agenda in Italy. Sharing with esotericism a repertoire of myths, symbols and rituals, Fascism aimed to create a new kind of... more

During the 1920s and 1930s the idea of transmutation, so essential to esotericism, was at the core of the Fascist agenda in Italy. Sharing with esotericism a repertoire of myths, symbols and rituals, Fascism aimed to create a new kind of man pushing the individuals to fuse into one radically transformed common consciousness. In order to create the new Italian man, to form and fashion the masses into a homogeneous and compliant collectivity, Fascism disquali�耀ed individualistic tendencies: subjects had to integrate into collectivity and only thus attain consciousness of themselves as Italians and as Fascists. While these processes were taking place in society, Italian esotericists continued to elaborate the theme of the transmutation of consciousness. Two books published in Italy in those years signi�耀cantly warned against the risks that such a transmutation could entail: Mario Manlio Rossi’s Spaccio dei maghi (1929) and Julius Evola’s Maschera e volto dello spiritualismo contemporan...

Academic misconduct has been a serious problem for academic integrity. Many studies has been undertaken to find the reasons and solve this problem. The aim of this study was to complement existing research by examining the relationships... more

Academic misconduct has been a serious problem for academic integrity. Many studies has been undertaken
to find the reasons and solve this problem. The aim of this study was to complement existing research by
examining the relationships between peer pressures and conformity with academic misconduct.
Undergraduate participants (N=101) drawn from various universities in Jakarta, completed the adaptations
of Perceptions of Academic Misconduct Questionnaire and the Peer Pressure, Popularity, and Conformity
Scale. By using descriptive, correlation, and regression statistical analysis, it was found that academic
misconduct were low, peer pressure were high, and conformity were moderate; peer pressure (r=.698; p<
0.01) have significant influence for academic misconduct and serves as the strongest predictor (ΔR=.488;
p<0.01), while conformity (r=.061; p>0.05) is not significant. To some extent, this research supports the
social influences explanations on the effect of group for adolescents’ unethical behavior. Findings and
limitations of this study were discussed both in terms of theoretical and practical implications.

Holden Caulfield, the beat writers, Elvis Presley, Chuck Berry, and James Dean—these and other avatars of youthful rebellion were much more than entertainment. As Leerom Medovoi shows, they were often embraced and hotly debated at the... more

Holden Caulfield, the beat writers, Elvis Presley, Chuck Berry, and James Dean—these and other avatars of youthful rebellion were much more than entertainment. As Leerom Medovoi shows, they were often embraced and hotly debated at the dawn of the Cold War era because they stood for dissent and defiance at a time when the ideological production of the United States as leader of the “free world” required emancipatory figures who could represent America’s geopolitical claims. Medovoi argues that the “bad boy” became a guarantor of the country’s anti-authoritarian, democratic self-image: a kindred spirit to the freedom-seeking nations of the rapidly decolonizing third world and a counterpoint to the repressive conformity attributed to both the Soviet Union abroad and America’s burgeoning suburbs at home.
Alongside the young rebel, the contemporary concept of identity emerged in the 1950s. It was in that decade that “identity” was first used to define collective selves in the politicized manner that is recognizable today: in terms such as “national identity” and “racial identity.” Medovoi traces the rapid absorption of identity themes across many facets of postwar American culture, including beat literature, the young adult novel, the Hollywood teen film, early rock ‘n’ roll, black drama, and “bad girl” narratives. He demonstrates that youth culture especially began to exhibit telltale motifs of teen, racial, sexual, gender, and generational revolt that would burst into political prominence during the ensuing decades, bequeathing to the progressive wing of contemporary American political culture a potent but ambiguous legacy of identity politics.

We examine whether survey data supports the anecdotal evidence which suggests that group association impacts the individual's stated beliefs. Specifically, we examine whether a rise in the relative importance of a single issue, i.e.,... more

We examine whether survey data supports the anecdotal evidence which suggests that group association impacts the individual's stated beliefs. Specifically, we examine whether a rise in the relative importance of a single issue, i.e., national security, blurs the traditional importance of socioeconomic variables in determining an electorate's political party association. Further we examine whether such blurring occurs across the responses to questions outside the scope of this single issue. We find that in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks on September 11th, 2001, the relative importance of national security rose in United States' electorate and reduced the relative importance of socioeconomic variables in determining the electorate's political association and for both security and non-security issues.

This conceptual paper looks at conformity and norms of individuals in groups.The existing research literature has generally looked at ‘norms’ in a group or social setting, and studied conformity accordingly. This, perhaps, is a western... more

This conceptual paper looks at conformity and norms of individuals in groups.The existing research literature has generally looked at ‘norms’ in a group or social setting, and studied conformity accordingly. This, perhaps, is a western view. The present paper emphasizes a different classification of ‘norms’,including the individual perspective (first person norms), and uses the new perspective to understand conformity at an individual as well as group level.This seems in line with the eastern cultures. Also, possibilities of variation in individual conformance at the cognitive and behavioral level are shown. Its implications and future research possibilities are indicated.

Draft version of the Prologue chapter

“I wish to know how the reflexivity of the subject and the discourse of truth are linked – How can the subject tell the truth about itself? (Foucault, 1994, p. 128, as cited in McNicol-Jardine, 2005) It is of great importance for... more

“I wish to know how the reflexivity of the subject and the discourse of truth are linked – How can the subject tell the truth about itself? (Foucault, 1994, p. 128, as cited in McNicol-Jardine, 2005)
It is of great importance for educators to address inequalities in schooling, as it not only unknowingly hinders student learning for all, but it extends into deeper issues of students’ futures and issues such as social justice. The purpose of this paper is to show, through the work of Michel Foucault, how the notion of power, knowledge and normalization can illuminate and provide an understanding of the cyclic process of inequalities in schools. Furthermore, I illuminate some of the issues of normalization, effects of normalization on educators, and their ability and/or inability to identify and critically challenge the systemic and agency of ‘normalization’. Ultimately, the more we know about such practices the more we may advance in our actions towards promoting and ensuring more equitable schooling for all students. These issues remain fundamental to moving forward toward ‘real’ increased equity in schooling and to further the movement of social justice.

The article reexamines Hannah Arendt’s shift from “radical evil” in The Origins of Totalitarianism to “the banality of evil” in Eichmann in Jerusalem and subsequent writings. At the heart of this shift stands Arendt’s realization that she... more

The article reexamines Hannah Arendt’s shift from “radical evil” in The Origins of Totalitarianism to “the banality of evil” in Eichmann in Jerusalem and subsequent writings. At the heart of this shift stands Arendt’s realization that she exaggerated the role of ideology in motivating ordinary people to become mass murderers. Instead, political conformity—namely, self-adjustment to the ruling political order simply because it is the ruling order—becomes Arendt’s main explanation for the participation of “ordinary people” in the Nazi mass murder. This shift in Arendt’s interpretation is truly radical, and its implications require further consideration and investigation.

While leadership scholars increasingly acknowledge the influence of followers in the leadership process, less attention has been paid to their role in the destructive leadership process. Specifically, the current debate lacks a... more

While leadership scholars increasingly acknowledge the influence of followers in the leadership process, less attention has been paid to their role in the destructive leadership process. Specifically, the current debate lacks a broad-based understanding of different susceptible follower types that synthesizes related research across academic domains. Expanding on Padilla, Hogan, and Kaiser's (2007) toxic triangle model of destructive leadership, we integrate research and theory across various academic literatures to derive a cohesive taxonomy of vulnerable followers that we call the susceptible circle. We describe the core characteristics of each follower type, drawing on Barbuto's (2000) theory of follower compliance to highlight the psychological processes that motivate each follower to comply with destructive leaders. We then conclude by discussing theoretical and practical implications, as well as avenues for future research.

This doctoral dissertation focuses on the determination of how multicultural education approaches in art education can offer a new art education structure in the context of critical art pedagogy, which has the potential to be a new art... more

This doctoral dissertation focuses on the determination of how multicultural education approaches in art education can offer a new art education structure in the context of critical art pedagogy, which has the potential to be a new art education model, and cultural conformism conception, which influences art education. In scope, more and more cultures have focused on the effect of multi-cultural production through art, and the relationship with conformism has been examined at this focal point. From the conclusion that conformism takes place on an upper title of culture anda art, it has emerged that a critical art education has to analyze this relation network in this context. It has been established that the relationship between cultural reasons of multiculturalism and the pedagogical reasons of critical arts pedagogy can not be examined in the context of the multicultural new approach and conformist orientations, and from these findings it can be seen that the cultural conformism is complex and variable on cultural production and distribution effect has led to the emergence of a new discourse in art education called multi-culture. When the relation between multi-culture and art is examined, it has been pointed out with the study of this thesis that the conformism has a negative effect on the dynamic and original nature of artistic ideas and production process and that critical pedagogy is included in art education for solution of this problem.