CBSE Class 12 Biology Syllabus (original) (raw)

Last Updated : 21 Aug, 2025

**NCERT Class 12 Biology Syllabus: NCERT Class 12 Biology Syllabus covers important topics that provide students with a comprehensive understanding of living organisms, their structure, function, and behavior. These notes introduce fundamental concepts of biology including Sexual reproduction in Flowering Plants, Human Reproduction, Reproductive Health, the Principle of Inheritance, Molecular basis of Inheritance, Evolution, Human health and disease, Microbes in Human Welfare, Biotechnology: Principles and Processes, Biotechnology and its Applications, Organisms and Populations, Ecosystem and Biodiversity and Conservation.

A thorough understanding of these concepts is crucial for students who wish to pursue higher studies in biology or related fields. The expertly crafted class 12 biology revision notes ensure that students have a clear understanding of the fundamental principles of biology. Moreover, these notes act as a quick reference guide for students, providing them with all the necessary diagrams and explanations that may come in the exams.

CBSE **Syllabus for Class 12 Biology (Unit-Wise)

Unit VI: Reproduction

**Chapter 1: **Sexual Reproduction In Flowering Plants

**Chapter 2: **Human Reproduction

**Chapter 3: **Reproductive Health

Unit VII: Genetics and Evolution

**Chapter 4: **Principles Of Inheritance And Variation

**Chapter 5: **Molecular Basis Of Inheritance

**Chapter 6: **Evolution

Unit VIII: Biology in Human Welfare

**Chapter 7: **Human Health And Diseases

**Chapter 8: **Microbes In Human Welfare

Unit IX: Biotechnology

**Chapter 9: **Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

**Chapter 10: **Biotechnology and its Applications

Unit X: Ecology

**Chapter 11: **Organisms and Populations

**Chapter 12: **Ecosystem

**Chapter 13: **Biodiversity and Conservation

Get chapter-wise notes of CBSE Class 12 Biology and ace your exams! Find the comprehensive notes on Reproduction, Genetics and Evolution, Biology in Human Welfare, Biotechnology, and Ecology.

Unit VI: Reproduction

**Chapter 1: Sexual Reproduction In Flowering Plants

  1. Flower – A Fascinating Organ of Angiosperms
  2. Pre-fertilization: Structures And Events
  3. Pollen Grain
  4. Pistil
  5. Pollination
  6. Double Fertilisation
  7. Post-fertilization: Structures And Events
  8. Apomixis And Polyembryony

**Chapter 2: Human Reproduction

  1. Gametogenesis
  2. Menstrual Cycle
  3. Fertilisation And Implantation
  4. Pregnancy And Embryonic Development
  5. Parturition And Lactation

**Chapter 3: Reproductive Health

  1. Population Stabilisation And Birth Control
  2. Medical Termination Of Pregnancy (MTP)
  3. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
  4. Infertility

Unit VII: Genetics and Evolution

**Chapter 4: Principles Of Inheritance And Variation

  1. Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance
  2. Inheritance of One Gene
  3. Inheritance Of Two Genes
  4. Chromosomal Theory Of Inheritance
  5. Linkage And Recombination
  6. Polygenic Inheritance
  7. Mutation
  8. Pedigree Analysis
  9. Chromosomal Disorders

**Chapter 5: Molecular Basis Of Inheritance

  1. The DNA - Structure of Polynucleotide Chain
  2. Packaging of DNA Helix
  3. The Search For Genetic Material
  4. Properties of Genetic Material (DNA versus RNA)
  5. RNA
  6. DNA Replication
  7. The Experimental Proof of DNA Replication
  8. Transcription
  9. Genetic Code
  10. Mutations And Genetic Code
  11. t RNA– The Adapter Molecule
  12. Translation
  13. The Lac Operon
  14. Human Genome Project
  15. DNA Fingerprinting

**Chapter 6: Evolution

  1. Origin of Life
  2. Evolution of Life Forms – A Theory
  3. What Is Adaptive Radiation?
  4. Hardy-Weinberg Principle
  5. Origin And Evolution Of Man

Unit VIII: Biology in Human Welfare

**Chapter 7: Human Health and Disease

  1. Common Diseases In Humans
  2. Immunity
  3. Innate And Acquired Immunity
  4. Vaccaniation And Immuniation
  5. Drugs And Alcohol Abuse
  6. Adolescence And Drug/Alcohol Abuse
  7. Addiction And Dependence

**Chapter 8: Microbes In Human Welfare

  1. Microbes In Human Welfare
  2. Microbes In the Production Of Biogas
  3. Microbes As Biofertilisers

Unit IX: Biotechnology

**Chapter 9: Biotechnology - Principles And Processes

  1. Restriction Enzymes
  2. Cloning Vectors
  3. Competent Host (for Transformation With Recombinant DNA)
  4. Processes Of Recombinant DNA Technology
  5. Insertion Of Recombinant DNA

**Chapter 10: Biotechnology and Its Application

  1. Genetically Engineered Insulin
  2. Gene Therapy
  3. Molecular Diagnosis
  4. Transgenic Animals
  5. Ethical Issues

Unit X: Ecology

**Chapter 11: Organisms And Populations

  1. Organism And Its Environment
  2. Major Abiotic Factors
  3. Responses To Abiotic Factors
  4. Adaptations
  5. Population Attributes
  6. Population Growth
  7. Life History Variation
  8. Population Interactions
  9. Predation
  10. Parasitism
  11. Commensalism
  12. Mutualism

**Chapter 12: Ecosystem

  1. Ecosystem – Structure And Function
  2. Productivity
  3. Decomposition
  4. Energy Flow
  5. Ecological Pyramids
  6. Ecological Succession
  7. Nutrient Cycling
  8. Ecosystem – Carbon Cycle
  9. Ecosystem – Phosphorus Cycle
  10. Ecosystem Services

**Chapter 13: Biodiversity and Its Conservation

  1. How Many Species Are There on Earth and How Many In India?
  2. Patterns of Biodiversity
  3. Loss of Biodiversity
  4. Biodiversity Conservation

Conclusion

CBSE Class 12 Biology Notes cover a wide range of topics, from the basic principles of life to the complex workings of living organisms. The expertly crafted revision notes provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the subject, ensuring that they are well-prepared for their exams and future academic pursuits.