Bottom-up strategies Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

In urban communities, infrastructures that support living are indispensable. There is increased interest in alternative ways of providing such support systems, including semi-autonomous infrastructures resulting from the self-organization of local actors. In this study, we analyze the emergence and management of such infrastructures in light of the theory of complex adaptive systems, within which they are called ‘inverse infrastructures’. Empirical evidence is drawn from the case of water cooperatives in the town of Ikaalinen, Finland. Our analysis shows that, with favorable preconditions in place, inverse infrastructures may contribute significantly to local infrastructure services and so also to the functioning of society.

- by Ari-Veikko Anttiroiko
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- Water, Self-Organization, Infrastructure Planning, Urban Planning

In the late Bronze Age, small-sized, square or round shape houses emerged along with large-scale settlements involving the ditch-and-palisades, tombs, and agricultural areas. In addition, intensive agriculture and social differences appeared centering on large scale communities in several regions. Daepyeong was the centre of a two to three-tier settlement system in the Nam-Gyeongho-gang River Basin that was composed of six settlements.
In consideration of a number of archaeological contexts, Daepyeong society was underpinned by traditions of group-oriented society. Also, It is said that as production activities including manual industry were concentrated, the public rituals were used by elites as a strategy to gain authority and privileges. Variability in the size and kind of dry-fields is apparent in Daepyong. The irregularity and lack of uniformity in the Daepyeong dry-fields are more consistent with a model in which planning and implementation of intensive agriculture resulted from thousands of decisions of individual households. If we consider all the lines of evidence germane to intensive agriculture, bottom-up trends define the building, use, and maintenance of the dry-fields. Yet, some trends are more in line with top-down processes. Evidence that a managerial authority such as a chief controlled or planned or could have owned the fields and the harvested grains, most of the dry-fields in Daepyeong were not built close to the area where elite resided: the ditch-and-palisade area. A significant amount of storage capacity in the form of pits, large-capacity pottery, and raised-floor buildings is found in the ditch-and palisade area of Okbang.

- by Martin T Bale
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- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology, Korean Studies, East Asian Archaeology

This paper argues for the incorporation of bottom-up activities for English as a foreign language (EFL) listening. It discusses theoretical concepts and pedagogic options for addressing bottom-up aural processing in the EFL classroom as well as how and why teachers may wish to include such activities in lessons. This discussion is augmented by a small-scale classroom-based research project that investigated six activities targeting learners’ bottom-up listening abilities. Learners studying at the lower-intermediate level of a compulsory EFL university course were divided into a treatment group (n = 21) and a contrast group (n = 32). Each group listened to the same audio material and completed listening activities from an assigned textbook. The treatment group also engaged in a set of six bottom-up listening activities using the same material. This quasi-experimental study used dictation and listening proficiency tests before and after the course. Between-group comparisons of t-test ...

- by Aki Siegel
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- Psychology, TESOL, Teaching EFL, Effective Listening

In recent years there has been an evident increase in activism through cultural and artistic production in the cities of the former Yugoslavia. The reduction of public space and the privatization of public goods, aggravated social inequalities, the increase of unemployment and existential insecurity, especially among young people, has led a variety of groups and individuals to take action toward forming new spaces and forms of sociability, manifested through distinctive forms of work, self-organization, social engagement and calls for debate.

- by Iva Čukić
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- Community Engagement & Participation, Culture, Urban Studies, DIY culture

Il Progetto Artena è un servizio di analisi, strategia e azione per la rinascita del borgo antico dell'omonima cittadina laziale. Al contempo è la prototipazione di un modello di sviluppo funzionale applicabile alla maggior parte della provincia italiana. Biourbanistica, micro-economia sistemica, teoria delle reti e cultura biofilica, ci suggeriscono che la rivisitazione dell'unità urbana a dimensione umana può offrire soluzioni originali alla crisi dell'intero sistema. L'articolo presenta brevemente il promo caso studio, il Progetto Artena, nel quale i concetti della biourbanistica sono stati sperimentati.

- by Guglielmo Minervino
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- Community Development, Urban Regeneration, Heritage, Bottom-up strategies

Aqui, trataremos mais especificamente da improvisação do espaço sob o ponto de vista da cultura e do lazer. Ou seja, focaremos na capacidade de transformação, através do uso cultural ou de novos modos de vida, de locais inicialmente pensados para abrigar outras atividades – desocupados, escondido ou desapercebidos em meio à paisagem urbana. Para além da riqueza natural carioca, dos monumentos e de alguns exemplos emblemáticos de arquitetura celebrados como parte essencial do imaginário local, encontram-se estes espaços esquecidos, que configuram “brechas” – vazios urbanos, recortes adjacentes ao traçado viário, estruturas obsoletas, abandonadas ou desocupadas. Um exemplo é o Parque Sitiê na Favela do Vidigal no Rio de Janeiro.

- by Claudia Seldin
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- Cultural Studies, Cultural Geography, Landscape Architecture, Urban Planning

This paper is done in order to describe the main role of context towards comprehension and learning progress. Related to first of hypotheses of methodology and proficiency, “students must have opportunities to practice language in various range of contexts which may occur in target language”, it can be concerned that context plays such role in understanding the situation which happened in target language.

- by Kamarullah Gani and +2
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- Languages, Communication, Teaching and Learning, Teaching English as a Second Language

Research for the resisting common spaces in Athens.

- by Sergios Strigklogiannis
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- Architecture, Commons, Community Resilience, Resilience

Two main tendencies have marked the history of town and county planning over the past 50 years: the top-down approaches that, despite their weaknesses, rule planning practice, and the bottom-up approaches that, despite standing in the intelectual foreground, are unable to construct an alternative methodology of urban intervention. In this landscape of planning theory, the purpose of this paper is to discuss the ways that these two opposite approaches can be combined in planning practice and specifically in the practice of planning standards. The paper is divided into four parts. In the first part, it examines the utilization of planning standards through time in order to demonstrate that their use is still widely accepted as a crucial part of planning practice. In the second part, the paper aims to unravel the relationship between the utilization of planning standards and top-down theories, i.e. the systems and the rational approach of planning, as well as the bottom-up theory ofcommunicative planning. In the third part, the pap er focuses on the limitations of bottom-up approaches, in order to demonstrate that this approach can only be utilized in a certain planning scale, leaving all others scales to top-down approaches. Lastly, in the fourth part, the paper proposes a certain framework for the use of planning standards in a combined topdown and bottom-up planning approach.

- by Ioannis Pissourios
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- Urban Planning, Standards, Social Systems Theory, Bottom-up strategies

Αφορμή της παρούσας ερευνητικής εργασίας αποτέλεσε η αναγνώριση του δικαιώματος στην κατοικία, και όχι απλά στη στέγαση, ως ένα από τα πιο θεμελιώδη. Μελετώντας το ζήτημα της κατοικίας, και αναγνωρίζοντάς την ως μια ιδιάζουσα συνθήκη, όπου ο χρήστης επεμβαίνει στο παραγόμενο αρχιτεκτονικό αποτέλεσμα, σε σχέση με οποιαδήποτε άλλη τυπολογία, παρατηρείται η ανάγκη του κάτοικου για προσαρμογή και εξατομίκευση. Παράλληλα, αναλογιζόμενοι τον ρόλο του σύγχρονου αρχιτέκτονα, δημιουργήθηκε ο προβληματισμός για το ποια είναι η θέση του απέναντι σε αυτή την ανάγκη και που τοποθετεί τον εαυτό του, τόσο σε σχέση με το αντικείμενο του σχεδιασμού, όσο και με το υποκείμενο, στο οποίο απευθύνεται ο σχεδιασμός, αλλά και τους φορείς, καθώς, επίσης, και ποια είναι η σχέση του κάτοικου με τον σχεδιασμό.

- by Tina Botsi and +1
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- Social Movements, Architecture, Social Housing, Urban Design

Negli ultimi anni è facilmente rintracciabile una copiosa quantità di esperienze progettuali focalizzate sull’idea che l’architettura temporanea sia una modalità progettuale in grado di andare oltre l’episodicità di una provvisoria congiuntura. Questi esperimenti nella città confermano la ripresa di una pratica antica, l’effimero, che da sempre ha svolto, su un terreno di ricerca, una funzione di “anteprima”, di prova generale, talvolta anche di ispirazione per l’architettura permanente. In questo senso gli interventi, pur se piccoli e temporanei, costituendo un insieme di azioni di tanti gruppi e collettivi su scala globale (e in rete tra loro), cominciano a costituire una forma di urbanistica complementare a quella dei grandi progetti di trasformazione e alternativa alle politiche e alle strategie urbane top-down, in cui società, economia e territorio trovano forme diverse di interazione a partire da processi che tengono insieme cittadinanze attive, tecnologie a bassa definizione, comunità locali.

- by Luca Reale
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- Action Research, Commons, Urban Regeneration, Urban Studies

In a healthy housing system the State, the market (for-profit developers) and the communities (not-for-profit residents) are the three stakeholders. In Hungary, housing developments are implemented by the State and for-profit developers. Involving bottom-up and non-profit initiatives would be essential for a democratic and affordable housing system.
The lack of bottom-up, affordable and non-profit housing developments, the high ratio of home ownership and the low ratio of rental stock are the main causes of housing problems in many European countries. Hungary, with its young democratic society, does not have bottom-up housing initiatives yet which could influence the housing system.
Bottom-up initiated collaborative shared-flat networks could be the third party in the housing system to create more affordable homes. These non-profit communities with self-management and a shared ownership structure could react to the current housing crisis and could develop a more sustainable and resilient housing future in Hungary.

- by Bence Komlósi
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- Social Networking, Knowledge sharing, Housing, Promotions
- by Joan Noguera and +1
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- Urban Planning, Bottom-up strategies, Sustainable Cities
- by Iva Čukić
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- Urbanism, Urban Development, Public Space, Activism
- by Sascha Delz and +11
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- Design education, Urbanization in Developing Areas, Interdisciplinarity, Pedestrian Walkability (Architecture and public spaces)
- by Christopher Morehart
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- Agricultural Engineering, History, Landscape Ecology, Urban Geography

This article comments on the urban planning theory-practice gap, focusing on the relationship between the planning theory and the use of urban indicators. The reason for the selection of this case study is twofold. On the one hand it allows us to ascertain whether the gap exists, or is an illusion, while on the other hand it permits a diachronic perspective in the planning theory–practice gap, from which it can be deduced whether the gap, if it exists, has shrunk or expanded during the last fifty years. The study infers that urban planning theory–practice gap is not only evident, but has also expanded during the last fifty years as a result of the theory‟s transition away from planning practice, and the responsibility for the creation of this gap is assigned to the theorists rather than to the practitioners.

- by Ioannis Pissourios
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- Urban Planning, Standards, Indicators, Bottom-up strategies
- by MAS Housing ETH Zürich and +1
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- Participatory Design, Participation, Democracy, Low-Cost Housing (Architecture)

Traditional settlements are societies and villages that emerged vernacularly; they have a distinct architectural typology and urban tissue, transferring knowledge between generations is a significant character. Their inhabitants have significant levels of agreement about their social qualities, homogeneity, solving any problem in their ways. They use the available resources, local materials, and the available technologies to form their shelters concerning the climate, security, political and religious precepts, and aesthetic values. Their buildings achieve cultural, anthropological, social, and economic needs. Several studies found common ground between Egypt and Italy regarding the impact of Arab and Roman cultures and the influence of the Mediterranean climate. This research has chosen a common traditional settlement pattern to foster a new approach. Based on several factors, namely, adjacent to the Mediterranean sea, Mediterranean climate, population density, buildings number, predominately rural, land use is dominated by agriculture, and they have the same small-dimension economy of agricultural activities, and finally, it makes sense the author is Egyptian, and he studies in Itlay. Moreover, the comparative analysis between contexts enriches the findings, and otherwise, they could represent the Mediterranean Region. Many studies highlighted the transformation of these traditional settlements in Egypt and Italy because of several causes, such as the socioeconomic transformations that led to emerging newly built environment patterns facing environmental challenges and led to more energy consumption which contributes significantly to climate change. That requires transdisciplinary retrofitting interventions in these traditional contexts, considering evolving all stakeholders who have the interest, influence, and power of implementation, namely, the technical experts like (architects, urban planners, culture experts, and sociologists), the local community, decision-makers, and the facilitators. Thus, this study aims to provide a transdisciplinary framework to organize the collaborative work among the stakeholders to enable to implementation of efficient strategies to retrofit the built environment. The conceptual framework was developed by the integration of the relevant theoretical concepts in three domains (software development, project management, and energy retrofitting practices). The transdisciplinary framework will employ Agile Methodology (Agile Manifesto, 2001), which originated in 2001 under the software development domain. It efficiently organizes and manages the relations between teamwork, producing the highest-value products (services), achieving client satisfaction, and continuous acclimatization due to fluctuations and variations. Likewise, this study argues that it can provide the optimum framework to mitigate conflict, enhance communication maximize relations efficiency between the stakeholders, and provide criteria to select the teams under different circumstances and various projects. The framework has been implemented in two similar traditional settlement case studies, Lasaifar Albalad in the Delta Region in Egypt and Pontinia in the Lazio region in Italy. It was validated using focus group techniques. The results showed that the framework had improved the participatory approach, enhanced communication, mitigated team conflict problems, supported decision-making, and it led to engaging top-down stakeholders, and it led to versatile juxtapositioning (bottom-up with top-down) stakeholders on the same influence and interest zone. Moreover, the framework led to implementing an actual retrofitting case study that benefits the local community and supports the national policies.

The materialization of the city by means of citizen groups, accounts for a historical confluence between the ideas formulated more than 50 years ago by planners such as J. Jacobs and W. Whyte, that today find support in a political discourse that penetrates from the margins of culture a few decades ago, to establish itself as a hegemonic discourse. Points of view such as bottom-up decision-making -once revolutionary- are part of the citizen demands to increase the degrees of democracy in the different societies, generating a fertile ground for their application. In this line, placemaking has been placed as a movement that follows a methodology of work around the world without distinction of geographical limits, adapting flexibly to the contexts in which it is inserted. The following article proposes an analysis of the placemaking methodology, based on its possibilities as an expanding tool by groups and organizations around the world. Through interviews with four organizations based in the cities of Madrid, Capetown, New York and Puerto del Rosario; the existing attributes are analyzed in relation to the application of the gender perspective and the generation of citizen governance in the communities. From here, it is proposed that the basis of the placemaking methodology constitute an appropriate scene for inclusive democratic practice, which promotes the strengthening of these matters; sustained in a direct work with the base communities.

This edited volume deals with some of the salient issues to be considered when using the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). There has been little critical and constructive assessment of CEFR-informed pedagogical practices in Japan and beyond. Instead, policy issues have been dominant. The volume focuses on the implementation of the CEFR in language education institutions, and stresses that the CEFR and its 'Can Do' statements must be adapted and changed to suit the specific context they serve. This work is complementary to English Profile Studies volume 4 (North 2014), which provides examples of the implementation of the CEFR, with a focus on misconceptions of the CEFR and how these could be addressed, by offering in-depth case studies. For a full description of processes it is necessary to unfold the complexity of language policy and then gain focus by concentrating mainly on the institutional levels.

- by Fergus O'Dwyer and +2
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- Curriculum Design, Learner Autonomy, Vietnam, Japan

The paper explores the process of redevelopment of Venetian waterfront areas through the initiatives of the local civil and creative sector. The important aspect of the research is the investigation of the role of these initiatives in protecting the heritage and the common good from the dominantly commercial development and unsustainable forms of tourism. The hypothesis is that non-institutional initiatives have the capacity, as well as the need to protect and use underused heritage buildings, and that they can influence and improve the results of the activation of these places through providing the innovations that would contribute to adapting the current planning practice. The research methodology is qualitative and combined: the main research method was a case study of policy and practice related to the activation of the Venetian Arsenal. The research consisted of the review of previous research and literature, field work at the chosen location, participating in events related to the research topic, meetings with experts and interviews with relevant actors. The aims of the research were: to investigate the current policy and practice regarding the activation of unused waterfront sites; to explore the role of bottom-up initiatives in this process; to examine how the existing institutional framework relates to such innovative initiatives; and to examine the limitations of this process and the possibilities for its improvement.

- by Jasna Cizler and +1
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- Cultural Heritage, Industrial Heritage, Urban Regeneration, Adaptive Reuse

This study aims to describe the relationship between subtitles and EFL learners' bottom-up processing skills in listening. After Grade 12 students at a boarding school were given a placement test, two groups of 40 students were selected for the study. First, participants' preferences for subtitles were identified through reaction papers. Then, the two groups watched the 10 episodes of a recent American series named " Alcatraz " , one with subtitles in English (SVG) and the other without subtitles (WSG). At the end, both groups were given a test of minimal pairs to observe if they differed significantly in their performances on the test. A two-tailed independent t-test was run. Finally, participants in the WSG were asked to comment on the process of viewing without subtitles. Reaction papers showed that students favored subtitled viewing at first, but the process of watching without subtitles changed their preferences. Results of the independent samples test revealed that there is a relationship between subtitles and bottom-up processing skills. Students in the WSG did significantly better on the test of minimal pairs, which meant improved bottom-up processing skills. The findings of this study contribute to certain theories in listening processes. As observed in the study, Cognitive Load Theory serves a theoretical framework for explaining the relationship between subtitles and listening comprehension. Thus, the results endorse the split-attention effect. Another theoretical basis that finds proof in the study is that " listening is not a single skill, but a variety of sub-skills ". For that reason, teachers are required to maintain a balance between top-down and bottom-up listening practices. Öz Bu çalışma İngilizceyi yabancı dil olarak öğrenen öğrencilerin dinlemeye ait tabandan yukarı (bottom-up) işlemleme becerilerindeki rolünü tanımlamayı amaçlamaktadır. 12. sınıftan sonra yatılı bir okulda eğitim görmekte olan öğrencilere yerleştirme sınavı uygulanarak iki gruptan oluşan 40 öğrenci seçilmiştir. İlk önce katılımcıların altyazılara ait tercihleri geribildirim raporları aracılığıyla tespit edilmiştir. Daha sonra, her iki grup güncel bir Amerikan dizisi olan Alcatraz'ın 10 bölümünü birinci grup İngilizce altyazılı (SVG), diğer grup ise orjinal seslendirmesiyle (WSG) izlemiştir. Son olarak her iki grup yalın-çift (minimal pairs) testine tabi tutulmuş ve testteki performanslarının anlamlı bir şekilde değişip değişmediği gözlemlenmiştir. Elde

- by Mert Topkaraoğlu and +1
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- Subtitle, Bottom-up strategies, English as a Foreign Language (EFL), Listening Comprehension
- by Iva Čukić
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- Urban Development, Public Space, Activism, Art and Activism

Governance networks are nowadays one of the most common governance modes on western societies. Although they produce several advantages, networks have also to deal with different challenges, namely the ones related with their intersection with hierarchical and market governance modes, since there is a set of potential positive and negative influences between different governance modes, which require metagovernance efforts to determine more effective mixes.
Unlike other themes related with public governance, the topic of governance networks and metagovernance is understudied in Portugal. This thesis aims to be a contribution to mitigate this gap by doing a comprehensive study on the ways the processes of formation and management of the Local Networks of Qualification were influenced and influenced the Portuguese adult education governance system.
The main conclusions of this analysis stress that the collaborative success of networks is positively boosted by both the sponsoring from tutelage central public organizations and the existence of formal network governance structures and practices, particularly when network members have rivalry antecedents. On the other hand, networks proved to generate valuable benefits on inter-actor vertical and horizontal coordination.

- by Luis F. Mota
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- Governance, Portugal, Bottom-up strategies, Lifelong learning and adult education

The research here presented reflects on the potentials of enhancement, given by new Information and Communication technologies, in the field of Culture Heritage. It describes an interpretation and communication project for a military landscape built during World War II by the German troops. Known as Galla Placidia Line, it was a network of heterogeneous fortifications like bunkers, defensive emplacements and dragon's teeth erected between Pesaro and Ravenna along the coasts of Emilia Romagna. The project bases its roots on the development of a rigorous census, thought as an implementation of the online open-source catalogue established by the entrusted Institutions. The direct and indirect surveys required in order to describe these structures according to a specific set of characteristics will increase their knowledge and relative awareness and it will constitute the starting point for developing new narrative contents. The communication and interpretation of these data will go through the use of locating intelligences-an integrated GPS and Beacon system-involved into a new application. A tool witch is meant to help and empower local communities and institutions not only in making this heritage known but also in its conservation policies.

- by Chiara Mariotti and +1
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- Management, Communication, Geomatics, History and Memory

The academic discourse on nationality in India had a colonial hang over even after Independence which often prompted us to analyse ‘Indian nationalism’ predominantly as an imported or induced or derived construct from Europe. However, the Nationalism of Asia and Africa was not one of derivative in nature. In difference with the European conditions, Indian nationalism in twentieth century needed a form of identity and ideology that was to be based on inclusivism and universal unifying principles, instead of the segmentation of traditional society. Tagore was one of the key foundational thinkers behind the ideological construct of the modern nation of India in this context. However, political process in the Independent India has ignored Tagore. Within this perspective, the paper has attempted to appropriate Tagore through construction of a selective narrative of his some of the activities and thought to connect certain objective facts and praxis of Tagore with his dialogical discourse to obtain the dynamics of Tagorian paradigm of politics. Seeking political freedom for Tagore was based on self-empowerment for self-reliance and economic freedom; freedom flowing out of one’s own capabilities. Instead of the electoral politics of provincial government – his choice was to bring forth bottom up self-governing institutions which will start from self-reliance and economic freedom and extend their activities to full-fledged self-governance including judiciary and law and order. His political project for the rural India was that cooperation to be forged through a bottom-up process and exploitation had to be abolished through that mechanism. Tagore’s opinion was that once exploitation and coercion is taken care of through enhancing capability from within in a bottom up process, freedom would automatically reign. He had held this politics as dearer than any other project of so called ‘nationalism’ and ‘struggle for freedom’. Thus the praxis of politics of Tagore were completely devoid of any focus on power of dominance and coercion; and therefore, it is very difficult, if not impossible, for it to be practiced or imbibed within the domain of a parliamentary politics, which evolves around the basic idea of domination.

- by Charvak Charvak
- •
- Political Philosophy, Secular Humanism, Political Theory, Renaissance Humanism

Policy implementation at the bottom by the frontline workers is a variation from the rational topdown
implementation process. This paper discusses services transferred from the public to the nonprofit
agency delivered by the new street level bureaucrats which are different from what the bottomup
scholars have predicted. The actual agency goals are improvised when dealing with emergency
cases or case by case basis. Two agencies were selected such as Tri-City Action Program (Tri-CAP)
and Cambridge Economic Opportunity Committee, Inc. (CEOC) in Massachusetts, United States
of America. Both agencies receive government Block Grant and deliver many similar services. The
research method was qualitative, empirical and exploratory. Intensive interviews were conducted
to thirty eight employees with various job positions in these agencies. Themes and categories were
established to highlight their perceptions. The results showed that the frontline workers in these
agencies provide different work solutions in overcoming the dilemma of rigid work environments.

- by Kartini Aboo Talib
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- Perception, Bottom-up strategies, Non Profit Organizations, Beauracracy

The weight of the financial and real estate components in the present crisis, and their impact on millions of people give a renewed importance to the right to housing and the wider right to the city. The paper of architects in planning the city is also changing due to new social relations and the empowerment of citizens, and we have not to forget that scarcity is a great impulse for social and technical innovation, among them architecture. Henry Lefebvre’s “The right to the city” (Lefebvre 1968), can be considered the starting point for the understanding and reconnaissance of the right to urban life, transformed and renewed (Paquot 2012). At the present moment, the idea is growing that to change the life would be necessary to change the city, and the same concept of “right to the city” should be filled with new contents. In this paper we are not interested in the already widely analysed contemporary city, at the base of the exponentially urban growth of the last century, but in what is left in-between: in the places where contemporary flows - economic, migration and IT - move to reach the cities, the non-places (Augé 1995). The interest is now focused in these satellites hubs, so that everything in-between is not considered at all. These voids are anyway really important, and as they are the spot where this workshop is reflecting,it may be interesting deepening more first from an historical point of view, and then observing contemporary experiences dealing with the threats and opportunities they offer.
See more at: http://www.aesop-planning.eu/books/en_GB/2015/02/05/readabout/strategies-for-the-post-speculative-city-edited-by-juan-arana-and-teresa-franchini

- by Andrea Ugolini
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- Management, Communication, Geomatics, History and Memory

How is it possible to design and deploy circular economy (CE) strategies oriented to inclusive development? How can non-traditional units of production and consumption (i.e., actual productive actors such as waste picker cooperatives and peasant organizations) be integrated into these strategies? Using data collected as a result of two long-term participatory action research projects carried out with a waste picker cooperative in Buenos Aires and 65 peasant families in Chaco (both located in Argentina) the paper opens the door to a proactive critical debate in terms of how to integrate circular economy principles with the development of technological solutions (artifacts, processes and methods of organization). We show that CE holds great potential, both in terms of its contribution to the generation of new interpretive frameworks and also, in terms of nurturing local and inclusive development strategies when it is integrated with collaborative, bottom-up and innovative dynamics. Based on the idea of working with heterogeneous traditional production units (not only with profit-maximizing firms), it is possible to think of social development avenues for vulnerable populations, where the CE principles build up mechanisms capable of maximizing the transformative potential of the resources (including those understood as waste) presented in actual techno-economic matrices.

- by Lucas Becerra
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- Development Studies, Social Inclusion, Bottom-up strategies, Circular Economy

Public space, forgotten for years by industrialized society, is regaining its traditional importance in our contemporary consumer and service society. However, below this veneer of conformity something is moving in the opposite direction: public spaces are becoming places of social innovation, offering a context where creative communities act (Meroni, 2007) to bring original solutions to everyday problems that the current economic system is no longer able to provide. This chapter will analyze the prototyping processes used in the various projects and how they were carried out. An aspect central to all the case studies is the way in which the ref- erence communities brought the spaces/services into being. It is this that makes it possible to analyze and evaluate the cases them- selves, but also how they come to be enjoyed by a wider public

- by Laura Galluzzo
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- Participatory Design, Urban Regeneration, Prototyping, Bottom-up strategies

L’interesse principale che questa ricerca si propone è quello di indagare sulla vita e sulle opere dell’Architetto Danilo Dolci, analizzandone e ri-contestualizzandone i fatti, le evidenze, le architetture e gli spazi generati dalla sua opera di vita, collegandoli ai tempi in cui si svolsero e reinterpretandoli con i problemi e le evidenze di oggi. Attraverso la comprensione della trasformazione dello scenario globale ed il peregrinare di Dolci per l’Italia, si andrà da Fossoli sino a giungere in un terzo mondo devastato, la Sicilia degli anni ‘50 cominciando in pochi a calmare le frane della gente e poi in molti fino al terremoto nel ‘68, la divisione con Lorenzo Barbera in quegli anni, il lavoro intenso teso all’internazionale, i laboratori maieutici in tutto il mondo, l’impegno in sud america negli anni ‘70-’80, i contatti e gli scambi con gli intellettuali, architetti, urbanisti, economisti, scrittori dell’epoca come Aldo Capitini, Goffredo Fofi, Bruno Zevi, Bertrand Russel e Jean-Paul Sartre, giungono a Trappeto per tenere seminari Lewis Mumford, Erich Fromm, Aldous Huxley, Ernst Bloch, Paolo Freire anche personalità artistiche di fama internazionale come Renato Guttuso, Ettore de Conciliis, Giò Pomodoro, Carlo Levi, Ernesto Treccani, questa è solo una breve selezione degli autori. Lo sforzo dell’opera di Dolci è quello di agire ad una scala micro-locale e comunicare ad una scala macro-planetaria unendo gli sforzi della povera gente, gli ultimi, agli scritti e all’azione critica dell’intellighenzia (laterale/trasversale) dell’epoca per produrre cambiamento e trasformazione qui - ora e ovunque - domani. In questo modo non si tenterà di definire i caratteri del personaggio in ambito disciplinare, ma si tenterà di allargare le definizioni e i limiti delle discipline stesse le quali si vedono oggi costrette ad un’apertura transdisciplinare se non vogliono rinchiudersi in sterili tecnicismi, insostenibili e socialmente dannosi , avulsi dagli scenari ipercomplessi della realtà ed in nessuna maniera legati agli esseri umani. Lo spazio generato da questi modelli teorici mira all’educazione degli utenti, spazi iperdisegnati, divisi scientificamente in vari utilizzi e funzioni sono manovrabili dagli utenti, ma non trasformabili.

- by Lorenzo Bottiglieri
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- Political Philosophy, Architecture, Contemporary Art, Landscape Architecture

This paper lists various types of knowledge and relates them to a repertory of civil society peace-building strategies. Taking the East Bank of Equatoria in Sudan as a case of a complex political emergency, the need for a well-informed, finely-tuned, multi-actor, multi-level approach to conflict is argued. In this concrete case, civil society peace action is shown to link such phenomena as lobbying in the capitals of superpowers, demonstrations for corporate responsibility at the HQs of extractive industries, mediation between warlords, capacity building workshops for grassroots women peace activists, expert meetings on the restoration of the rule of law, the establishment of grassroots conflict-prevention networks, participatory land-use-planning meetings of traditional elders, and facilitation of peace marches by religious leaders. These diverse interventions are shown to be linked by civil society peace action into a single whole aimed at strengthening the forces for peace and weakening the forces of conflict.