Planting Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

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- Ophthalmology, Ethnobotany, Plant Biology, Biology

Les boues de station d'épuration sont constituées de sédiments résiduaires issus des traitements des eaux usées. En France, chaque habitant génère environ 50 g de matières sèches de boues par jour et ces résidus représentent environ 850 000 t de matières sèches par an. Actuellement, 60% des boues de station d'épuration produites en France sont épandues en agriculture alors que 20 à 25% sont mises en décharges et 15 à 20% sont incinérées. L'impact de la politique européenne en matière de traitement des eaux usées se traduit par une augmentation de la production des boues qui dépasserait, en France, un million de tonnes de matières sèches en 2005. Dans ce contexte général d'augmentation des quantités de boues, d'une part, et devant l'abandon progressif de la mise en décharge des déchets non ultimes, d’autre part, on voit difficilement comment la part de l'épandage pourrait diminuer. Cependant, la controverse qui s'est développée au cours des dernières a...

- by Anne Tricot
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- Geography, Sewage sludge, Planting, Sewage Treatment Plant
- by Rafael Villar
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- Forestry, Regeneration, Age, Planting
- by James Watopa
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- Mission, Christian Ministry, Planting, Holistic
- by Hari Dulal
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- Forestry, Climate Change, Natural Resources, Agribusiness
- by Hari Dulal
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- Forestry, Climate Change, Natural Resources, Agribusiness
- by Claudio Pinheiro
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- Ophthalmology, Ethnobotany, Plant Biology, Developing Countries
- by Anna Khoo
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- Soil Science, Statistical Analysis, Carbon, Treatment
- by Desalegn Chemeda and +1
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- Civil Engineering, Water Engineering, Pepper, Agricultural Water Management

Seedling production from wildlings and early field performance of planted wildlings of four ecologically and commercially important Shorea species were studied in rainforest conditions of South Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo). We report results from eight trials on Shorea johorensis, S. leprosula, S. faguetiana and S. parvifolia. Five trials were conducted in the nursery and three in the field. Growth medium, container type, wildling size or duration of shading period did not have significant effects on survival or growth of wildlings in the nursery. Keeping the potted wildlings in the greenhouse resulted in significantly higher survival than keeping them under shading net. Duration of greenhouse period had a significant effect on the survival of wildlings, with three weeks being the minimum period resulting in acceptable survival. Early field performance of hardened wildlings was better than that of seedlings raised from seed. Wildlings of 10–40 cm can be grown successfully in the nursery in several growth media and container types. A greenhouse period of 3–5 weeks is necessary for rooting and high survival. Use of wildlings is recommended as a supplementary method for producing dipterocarp planting stock. The techniques tested in the study are simple and appropriate for seedling production in conditions where skilled labor and advanced technology are not available.

- by Lauri Vesa
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- Rain forest, Planting, Afforestation, Forestry Sciences
- by Antonio Luiz Cerdeira
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- Earth Sciences, Gene Flow, Argentina, Agriculture

Influence de la litière foliaire de cinq espèces végétales tropicales sur la croissance du mil (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) et du maïs (Zea mays L.) pour le développement (IRD), UR 179, Laboratoire d'écologie microbienne des sols et agrosystèmes tropicaux (Lemsat), Centre ISRA-IRD, Route des hydrocarbures, BP 1386 CP, Dakar, Sénégal <Mariama.Diallo@ird.sn> <Saidou.Sall@ird.sn> 2 Institut de recherche pour le développement, Laboratoire MOST, Unité de recherche séquestration du carbone et bio-fonctionnement des sols (UR SeqBio), Ensam, 2 place Viala, Bâtiment 12, 34060 Montpellier cedex 1, France <Jean-Luc.Chotte@mpl.ird.fr> 3 Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Département de biologie végétale, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, BP 5005, Dakar, Sénégal <alguisse@orange.sn> Résumé L'objectif de ce travail a été d'évaluer l'influence de la litière de cinq espèces végétales fréquemment utilisées dans les plantations agroforestières en...

- by Mariama Diallo
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- Decomposition, Agroforestry, Evaluation, Growth
- by Vijay Kalavakonda
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- Horticulture, Migration, Product Design, Risk
- by Hamidou Barry
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- Grafting, Burkina Faso, Drip / trickle irrigation, Yield
- by Elbert Dickey
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- Farming, Planting, Machinery, Conservation Tillage
- by Ram Pandit
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- Engineering, Spatial Analysis, Urban Planning, Modeling
- by David A. Bainbridge
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- Geography, Irrigation, Planting
- by Augustin K.N. Aoudji
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- Plant Biology, Forest Management, Community Structure, Planting
- by Fredrick Karanja
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- Earth Sciences, Economics, Environmental Economics, Forestry

Reforestation of degraded tropical sites is often hampered by soils of high acidity, high aluminum saturation, and low fertility. To evaluate the possibility of cultivating Acacia species on such soils, a study was conducted at Waiawa, HI, to test growth under conditions of (1) high acidity (primarily aluminum) and nutrient stress, and (2) no acidity stress and high nutrient availability. Twelve Acacia species, including the important native Hawaiian species Acacia koa, were established on a Ustic Kanhaplohumult soil. The experimental design was a split plot with two fertility treatments as the main plots and the 12 Acacia species as subplots. The treatments were: low fertility (F0; 143 kg ha−1 14-14-14 plus micronutrients) and high fertility (F1; 8 Mg ha−1 lime, 143 kg ha−1 14-14-14 plus micronutrients, 200 kg P ha−1, and 77 kg K ha−1). Acacia angustissima, Acacia aulacocarpa, Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia cincinnata, Acacia crassicarpa, Acacia implexa, Acacia koa, and Acacia mangi...

- by Fuhang Song
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- Photosynthesis, Canopy, Light, Stomata
- by Samiha Ouda
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- Environmental Economics, Climate Change, Irrigation, Water resources
- by Raffaele Testolin
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- Pollination, Arboriculture, Sex ratio, Planting
- by Anita Sønsteby
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- Plant Biology, Growth, Seasonality, Production Systems

1Despite their functional importance, little is known about how and where fungi can be conserved. It is important that we understand the consequences of habitat degradation and fragmentation for fungal assemblages if we are to devise successful conservation strategies.2We investigated the effects of fragmentation and disturbance on the diversity and landscape distribution of fungi in tropical rain forests in the Kodagu district of the Western Ghats of India. We recorded macrofungi on three occasions over a wet season, in 0·125-ha plots in 10 forest reserve sites, 25 sacred groves and 23 coffee plantations.3Despite a long history of isolation from continuous forest, sacred groves had the highest sporocarp abundance and the greatest morphotype richness per sample area, while coffee plantations had the lowest. However, coffee plantation samples were more diverse for a given number of sporocarps than a sample of a similar size from other forest types.4Ordination by non-metric multidimensional scaling suggested that sacred groves had a macrofungal assemblage that was distinct from other forest types. This compositional difference was primarily because of the presence of a group of dead wood and litter decomposing fungi. Coffee plantations and forest reserve sites had very variable but overlapping compositions.5Neither sacred grove size nor distances between a grove and continuous forest accounted for a significant proportion of the total variation in their macrofungal richness.6There was no significant correlation between dissimilarity in macrofungal assemblage composition and geographical distance between sample sites. However, we found strong congruence between patterns of dissimilarity in macrofungi and trees between sites.7Synthesis and applications. These results imply that macrofungal distribution patterns at a landscape scale are determined by habitat requirements rather than dispersal or local population dynamics. This means that habitat degradation is a more serious threat to fungal diversity than fragmentation. Sacred groves, although small, are important for fungus conservation because they provide unique types of habitat.Despite their functional importance, little is known about how and where fungi can be conserved. It is important that we understand the consequences of habitat degradation and fragmentation for fungal assemblages if we are to devise successful conservation strategies.We investigated the effects of fragmentation and disturbance on the diversity and landscape distribution of fungi in tropical rain forests in the Kodagu district of the Western Ghats of India. We recorded macrofungi on three occasions over a wet season, in 0·125-ha plots in 10 forest reserve sites, 25 sacred groves and 23 coffee plantations.Despite a long history of isolation from continuous forest, sacred groves had the highest sporocarp abundance and the greatest morphotype richness per sample area, while coffee plantations had the lowest. However, coffee plantation samples were more diverse for a given number of sporocarps than a sample of a similar size from other forest types.Ordination by non-metric multidimensional scaling suggested that sacred groves had a macrofungal assemblage that was distinct from other forest types. This compositional difference was primarily because of the presence of a group of dead wood and litter decomposing fungi. Coffee plantations and forest reserve sites had very variable but overlapping compositions.Neither sacred grove size nor distances between a grove and continuous forest accounted for a significant proportion of the total variation in their macrofungal richness.There was no significant correlation between dissimilarity in macrofungal assemblage composition and geographical distance between sample sites. However, we found strong congruence between patterns of dissimilarity in macrofungi and trees between sites.Synthesis and applications. These results imply that macrofungal distribution patterns at a landscape scale are determined by habitat requirements rather than dispersal or local population dynamics. This means that habitat degradation is a more serious threat to fungal diversity than fragmentation. Sacred groves, although small, are important for fungus conservation because they provide unique types of habitat.

- by Shonil Bhagwat
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- Landscape Ecology, Ecology, Applied Ecology, Landscape
- by Cynthia Simmons
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- Land tenure, Agroforestry, Developing Countries, Comparative Study
- by Carlos Esteban Posada
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- Econometrics, Macroeconomics, Political Economy, Addiction
- by Ayalsew Zerihun
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- Earth Sciences, Forestry, Nutrition, Biomass
- by Marcello Donatelli
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- Physics, Chemistry, Radiation, Climate Change
- by Lindsay Campbell
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- Urban Forestry, Tree Mortality, Social organization, Urban Design

A dynamic whole-stand growth model for radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) stands in north-western Spain is presented. In this model, the initial stand conditions at any point in time are defined by three state variables (number of trees per hectare, stand basal area and dominant height), and are used to estimate total or merchantable stand volume for a given projection age. The model uses three transition functions derived with the generalized algebraic difference approach (GADA) to project the corresponding stand state variables at any particular time. These equations were fitted using the base-age-invariant dummy variables method. In addition, the model incorporates a function for predicting initial stand basal area, which can be used to establish the starting point for the simulation. Once the state variables are known for a specific moment, a distribution function is used to estimate the number of trees in each diameter class by recovering the parameters of the Weibull function, using the moments of first and second order of the distribution. By using a generalized height-diameter function to estimate the height of the average tree in each diameter class, combined with a taper function that uses the above predicted diameter and height, it is then possible to estimate total or merchantable stand volume. Un modele dynamique de croissance de peuplement est présenté pour Pinus radiata D. dans le nord ouest de l’Espagne. Dans ce modèle, les conditions initiales du peuplement en tout point et temps sont définies par trois variables d’état (nombre d’arbres à l’hectare, surface terrière et hauteur dominante) et sont utilisées pour estimer le volume total ou marchand du peuplement pour un age donné. Le modèle utilise trois fonctions de transition dérivées avec une approche par différence algébrique généralisée (GADA) pour projeter les variables d’état correspondantes du peuplement à n’importe quel moment. Ces équations ont été ajustées en utilisant la méthode des variables indicatrices indépendantes de l’âge. En plus, le modèle incorpore une fonction de prédiction de la surface terrière initiale du peuplement qui peut être utilisée pour établir le point de départ de la simulation. Une fois que les variables d’état sont connues à un instant donné, une fonction de distribution est utilisée pour estimer le nombre d’arbres dans chaque classe de diamètre en récupérant les paramètres de la fonction de Weibull, en utilisant les moments de premier et de second ordre de la distribution. En utilisant une fonction généralisée hauteur-diamètre pour estimer la hauteur de l’arbre moyen de chaque classe de diamètre, combinée avec une fonction qui utilise la prédiction précédente du diamètre et de la hauteur, il est alors possible d’estimer le volume total ou marchand du peuplement.

- by Gabriel Álvarez
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- Forestry, Modeling, Prediction, Growth
- by karun choudhary
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- Water, Sustainable agriculture, Soil Mechanics, Sensitivity Analysis
- by M. Farooq
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- Agronomy, Growth, Allometry, Hybrid

The impacts of climate change on agriculture are projected to be significant in coming decades, so response strategies and their likely costs should be evaluated now. Robust crop models are needed to estimate those impacts on agricultural productivity regionally, nationally, and even sub- nationally. But existing crop–climate change modeling platforms are not easily accessible to most stakeholders in developing countries. So there is less testing of those models than there might be, and there are fewer opportunities for further improvements based on local tests and emerging data. That is why this study produced an open-access crop-climate-economic impact modeling platform for Latin America and the Caribbean that can be extended to other regions—and modified and improved by users as new crop, climate, and economic datasets become available. The new platform projects the likely impacts of agroclimatic factors on crop productivity on the basis of climate projections from two general ci...

- by Erick Fernandes and +2
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- Physics, Chemistry, Radiation, Climate Change
- by Longru Jin
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- History, Forestry, Ecosystems, Timber Harvesting

The effect of locally available low cost ingredients such as silk worm pupae (SWP), soyabean meal (SBM), earth worm meal (EWM) as a replacement of fish meal (FM) on growth, survival and biochemical composition, were investigated for Macrobrachium dayanum (0.50 g). A significantly higher rate of growth, survival and food conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded for prawns fed EWM, as compared to SWP, SBM, and FM. The proximate composition of flesh further revealed a higher level of proteins and lipids in prawns fed EWM thereby indicating EWM as a possible substitute of FM.

- by Yahya Bakhtiyar and +1
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- Key words, Planting, Germination
- by Andrea Cruz-Angon
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- Forestry, Ecology, Agriculture, Seasonality

Abstract.- Seeding techniques (direct seeding on flat/ridges, transplanting on flat/ridges and parachute planting) in transplanted and direct wet-seeded rice were evaluated in relation to onset of rice stem borer for two consecutive... more

- by Khalid Abdullah
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- Rice, Population Density, Planting, Crop Yield

Water and corm planting intensity for saffron should be limited due to scarce resources. An analysis of crop yield production and profit maximisation can be conducted to determine the optimal water and corm planting intensity of saffron. However, there is uncertainty or risk associated with this analysis due to unpredictable factors, among which the amount of seasonal rainfall (green water) is an important one. In this study, equations were derived for determination of water and corm planting intensity of saffron at variable seasonal rainfall leading to maximum crop yield or profit with controlled water conditions and two scenarios of planting in a semi-arid region. The first scenario (Iranian) is that the planted corms in the first year remained in soil for consecutive years. The second scenario (European) is that the planted corms in the first year are ploughed out and replanted in the next year. In general, it is concluded that the maximum value of applied irrigation water and corm planting intensity are similar in both scenarios. For Iranian scenario of corm cultivation, land limiting condition should be considered for the second year onwards and the value of optimum applied irrigation water is most affected by seasonal rainfall and it is not sensitive to the water price. In water limiting condition, the optimum corm planting intensity is dependent neither on the seasonal rainfall nor on the water price. However, the optimum applied irrigation water is dependent on the seasonal rainfall and corm planting intensity. An equation was presented for water resources planning with deficit irrigation, different seasonal rainfall and corm planting intensity under Iranian and European scenarios of corm planting.

- by marc torrellas
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- Engineering, Bioengineering, Biomedical Engineering, Irrigation
- by wannes hubau
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- Forestry, Biomass, Democratic Republic of Congo, Wood
- by Takele Gadissa
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- Civil Engineering, Water Engineering, Pepper, Agricultural Water Management

The creation of innovative technologies and technical means to obtain high yields of grain and cereal crops plays an important role in world practice. The article provides the researchers from all over the world and many reputed companies which are manufacturing agricultural maschines have developed combined machines for minimal tillage and sowing. All of these machines combine active and passive elements for tillage, preparation for planting, as well as a planting machine. Passive elements include softening blades, deepening blades, cultivator claws, leveling blades, discs, rollers, and more. The active elements consist of working bodies that rotate vertically and horizontally or with a hanging blade. The concluding part of the article states that a new technology of minimizing soil on sloping lands in Uzbekistan and scientific research on the creation of a combined machine is being carried out in Uzbekistan. This technology eliminates water erosion on slopes and increases soil fertility.

- by IAEME Publication
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- Planting, Tillage, passive elements, Combined Machines
- by Marcello Donatelli
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- Physics, Chemistry, Radiation, Climate Change

Because trees cover only 6.4% of the total land area of Bangladesh, while agricultural expansion continues to massively deplete the natural forests, a well-managed homestead forestry practice is vital for reversing the existing trend and promoting the ecological balance of the country. An understanding of the decision-making process of the farmers who practice homestead forestry is important in expanding and improving the practice. This paper seeks to characterize and analyze factors influencing farmers' decisions about tree planting. Logistic and multiple regression analyses were applied to determine the factors that influence the farmers' tree-planting decisions. The analyses demonstrate a number of important conclusions: (i) tree-planting increases with the amount of homestead land owned; (ii) farmers whose main source of income is non-agricultural are more likely to decide to plant trees in the homestead; (iii) purchasing cost of fuelwood has a positive influence on tree-planting decisions; (iv) number of male family member has a positive influence on farmers' tree-planting decisions; and (v) knowledge of the activities of the forestry extension programs has a positive influence on tree-planting decisions. The results of the study demonstrate that, in recent years, farmers' decisions of whether or not to plant trees have been based primarily on economic rather than ecological concerns. It is concluded that there is substantial potential for the improvement of homestead forestry, and that properly managed homestead forestry can alleviate the poverty of rural people by increasing overall household income. To this end, it is suggested that forestry extension workers work more closely with the local people in order to implement homestead forestry.

- by M.A. Salam
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- Economics, Socioeconomics, Forestry, Decision Making
- by Michael Watt and +2
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- Forestry, Forest Ecology And Management, Plant Cell Walls, Density

Root observations in situ with a rhizotron camera enabled us to compare the performance of apple (Malus ·domestica Borkh.) trees on 3 rootstock clones planted in a New York orchard with a history of apple replant disease. Visual observations were conducted in situ at monthly intervals during 2 growing seasons through minirhizotron tubes for trees grafted onto 3 rootstocks: M.7 (M.7), Geneva 30 (G.30), and Cornell-Geneva 6210 (CG.6210). There were 3 preplant soil treatments (fumigation, compost amendment, and untreated checks) and 2 tree planting positions (within the old tree rows or in the old grass lanes of the previous orchard at this site). Preplant soil treatments and old-row versus grass-lane tree planting positions had no apparent influence on root systems, whereas rootstock clones substantially influenced root growth and demography. New root emergence was suppressed during the first fruit-bearing year (2004) on all 3 rootstock clones compared with the previous nonbearing yea...

- by Ian Merwin
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- Horticulture, Biological Control, ROOT, Planting

A controlled seeding rate such as seeds per hectare or fertilizer application rate (e.g. kg per hectare) is desired when planting or applying fertilizer in order to obtain the optimum yield of a crop. A study was conducted in 2004 and 2005 at the Department of Agricultural Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana to evaluate the performance of 30 jab planters randomly selected from a total of 68. These jab planters had been manufactured by a local Ghanaian manufacturer. The objective of the study was to evaluate the performance of jab planters for maize (Zea mays, L.) seed and inorganic fertilizer delivery. Five high yielding local maize varieties including Okomasa, Obaatanpa, Abeleehi, Dorke-SR, and Dodzi were used in 2004. In 2005, four different inorganic fertilizers: NPK 15-15-15, NPK 19-19-19, NPK 20-20-20 and Ammonium Sulphate were used. The experiments were arranged in a completely randomized design. For each of the 30 jab planters, there...

- by Ato Bart-Plange
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- Engineering, Mathematics, Agronomy, Science and Technology

Forest regrowth is a notable phenomenon across the tropical forest latitudes. Such reforestation takes place in the wake of land abandonment, occurs cyclically in a rotational agricultural system, and may result from the deliberate planting of trees by farmers. Although less extensive than successional forest regeneration, tree planting by small farmers can have potentially important environmental impacts at both the

- by Cynthia Simmons
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- Geography, Land tenure, Agroforestry, Developing Countries