Travel Behaviour Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Since the late 1990s, voluntary travel behaviour change (VTBC) has been an increasingly popular strategy in Australia, applied to reduce both reliance on the car and greenhouse gas emissions. Early efforts to evaluate the impact of this strategy were generally implemented by the agency that also implemented the policy and used small sample, self-report surveys. The paper starts out by discussing the nature and size of travel behaviour changes that are frequently expected in current policy, noting that these are often smaller than the sampling and measurement errors in traditional methods of measuring travel behaviour. The paper then discusses some alternative methods of evaluating voluntary travel behaviour change implementations using panels to reduce sampling error, and using a combination of personal Global Positioning System devices and odometer reading surveys to measure travel patterns. From these considerations, a number of guidelines are suggested for what is required to evaluate voluntary travel behaviour change. The paper describes three recent case studies in Australia in which such methods have been used and evaluates the methodological approaches used in these studies against the suggested guidelines.

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- Case Studies, Travel Behaviour, Evaluation, Urban And Regional Planning
- by William Kynan-Wilson
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- History, European History, Cultural History, Cultural Studies

Achieving sustainable mobility requires change to the reasons for travel and the ways in which we travel: where, when, why and how.
Voluntary Travel Behaviour Change consistently delivers successful outcomes valued by the community well in excess of the costs of implementation. These have been well-documented, so why the requirements for ‘pilot/demonstration projects’ as a pre-requisite for mainstream programs that rarely seem to eventuate?
Why the arguments about details of statistical proof – tests that conventional transport planning paradigms would often fail? Why the published reports and papers that ignore the evidence and in some cases present erroneous data? Why is it so difficult to correct the public record when such errors are published? Why are errors perpetuated even when corrections and rebuttals are published – do we need a new paradigm for publication of professional and technical research?
There appear to be disparate standards of ‘proof’ required for different approaches to sustainable mobility. Some are simply seen to be a ‘good thing’ with little supporting evidence; others are made to jump through complex hoops – and, even when they do so, still may not be accepted.
This paper documents and analyses some issues of travel behaviour change acceptance and non-acceptance, using Individualised Marketing as a case study, with reference to both behavioural theory and practical experience.
This phenomenon is not unique to travel behaviour change, but is so pervasive in this field that it is important to understand why it happens and, to the extent possible, correct the public record.

- by Ian Ker
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- Travel Behaviour, Evaluation, Public Policy Analysis, Implementation

The past 20 years has seen a rapid growth across the world in the number, range and scale of voluntary travel behaviour change (VTBC) initiatives. These so-called 'soft' measures have challenged the assumption that modal shift is only possible through 'hard' system-based measures, or through regulation. Among the most high-profile VTBC initiatives is a household-based behaviour change technique known as Individualised Travel Marketing. This dialogue marketing approach was developed by Socialdata (under the brand name IndiMark s ) in response to its own research suggesting that a lack of information and motivation, and incorrect perceptions of the alternatives to the car, were significant barriers to modal shift. IndiMark has been applied in more than 100 pilot and nearly 150 large-scale projects, targeting a total of more than three million people on three continents. A key factor in this widespread take up has been the consistent use of a detailed evaluation design, employing travel behaviour surveys before and after the IndiMark intervention, using Socialdata's KONTIV s survey method. This well-established design uses a self-administered, mail-back questionnaire, coupled with motivation by post and telephone to encourage high response rates (typically between 60% and 80%) helping to provide reliable data on mobility behaviour. This paper reviews the development of the IndiMark technique and the key features of its evaluation using the KONTIV s survey method. It draws on this experience to address key challenges in the evaluation of VTBC initiatives, and to identify the common threads of an integrated approach which might strengthen the case for all soft measures.

- by Ian Ker
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- Travel Behaviour, Urban And Regional Planning, Survey Methods, Transport policy

In the context of a developing country, not many studies have attempted to examine the attitudinal factors that influence the car ownership decisions of young adults. The present study aims to identify the pertinent psychological factors and their effects, along with demographic variables, upon car ownership decisions. The study used 813 individuals' responses to employ a principal component analysis and subsequent binary logit model to determine the future car ownership decisions. The major findings show that the individuals who are status seekers, image-conscious, passionate for cars, obsessed with cars, and influenced by peers/external factors are more likely to buy a car in the near future. However, those who are conscious about paying high taxes, environmental sustainability and traffic problems are less likely to buy a car in the near future. The results of this study can help transport planners and policymakers to develop and implement transport policies that could potentially discourage the use and ownership of cars in order to develop sustainable mobility patterns in the future.

- by Sanu Meena
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- Transportation Engineering, Travel Behaviour, Transportation Planning

This paper explores the relationship between travel and social inclusion in relation to a relatively rarely examined group of travel destinations—arts and cultural activities. This paper examines travel behaviour to arts and cultural activities and how this relates to social inclusion. Research literature associated with these issues is examined and then an analysis of a household travel survey in Melbourne, Australia, is undertaken to explore how travel to arts and cultural activities varies by income, car ownership and location. The paper outlines a range of evidence linking participation in arts and cultural activities and positive outcomes for social inclusion. Arts and cultural activities do not fit well into traditional household travel survey definitions of trip purposes. There is also no definitional difference between travel to activities and ‘participation’ or ‘attendance’ in arts and cultural activities. This is unfortunate since social outcomes may vary by participation or attendance. Travel survey analysis shows that like other activities trip rates to arts and cultural activities increase with income. However higher participation is demonstrated for zero- and one-car households, which contrasts with previous research of work, education and social travel. Higher participation is also demonstrated for those living in inner parts of the city. The paper suggests that most travel to arts and cultural activity is quite localised and hence much travel may be led by the diversity and range of local opportunities provided. These are particularly high in inner parts of the city. A high share of travel is also demonstrated for older people, who are thought to have the time and desire for greater participation in arts and cultural activities.►Arts and cultural trip rates positively correlate to low work-force participation. ►Arts and cultural trip rates positively correlate to low household car ownership. ►Trip rates to the arts are influenced by the local availability of activities. ►Arts and cultural participation can be important to social inclusion. ►Arts and cultural activities are not accurately recorded in household travel surveys.

- by Janet Stanley
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- Art, Travel Behaviour, Social Inclusion, Urban And Regional Planning

The Irish government is determined to provide a better and efficient transport service for everyone, no matter where they live. It is recognised that the impacts of transportation and its travel behaviour on the environment is crucial. One way to try and control road traffic growth in Dublin is through the introduction of a new light rail system called LUAS. Predicting the impacts of this system on travel behaviour is complicated, in particular given the lack of experience of this type of mode in Ireland. It is important to emphasize that the people's modal choices of whether to use or not to use any of these modes of transportation (bus, car, bike, train and LUAS), is an important factor in determining and predicting travel behaviour. In this research, a method borrowed from social psychology called Theory of Planned Behaviour is used to examine the people's modal choices, travel decisions, changes in travel behaviour and also, predicting their travel behaviour. Article vis...

- by Dr Hazael Brown
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- Business, Transportation Engineering, Travel Behaviour, Ireland

This paper describes some results from a project investigating the effects of car use on children's health and potential car dependency. The paper commences by describing the whole project in terms of its objectives and work packages. The paper focuses on the results from two linked surveys: one completed by children about their travel behaviour and experience, and the other completed by their parents about their use of the car and attitudes to its use. A total of 549 children are included in the analysis. The analysis shows that a majority of these children never, or hardly ever, use public transport. It is discovered that there are some children who are taken to school by car, travel to out-of-school activities by car and never, or almost never, use public transport. The effects of household car ownership, parental use of the car, and environmental education on the children's use of public transport is investigated. Whilst the results presented in this paper are all very preliminary, they suggest that there is reason to be concerned about the levels of car use by some children.

- by James Paskins
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- Engineering, Environmental Education, Public Transport, Travel Behaviour
- by Lidia Kostyniuk
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- Travel Behaviour

Covid-19 pandemic posed new global restrictions affected movement and tourists' travel behavior and habits. This study aims to investigate and monitor these effects to understand the new features of tourists' behavior in general and Saudis in particular. The study depending on closed-ended questionnaire directed to 374 Saudi air travelers to investigate their travel habits and behavior before and after the pandemic, using t-test and chi-square to analyze it. The study resulted that covid-19 travel restrictions affected travelers' preferences, habits and intentions, especially concerning destination choice, reserva tion methods, tourist activities, and means of transportation, accommodation and trip duration.

- by Sameh Refaat and +1
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- Tourism Management, Tourist Behavior, Travel Behaviour, Consumer Behavior

From just about all accounts, Americans are driving more than ever, not just to work but to shopping, to school, to soccer practice and band practice, to visit family and friends, and so on. Americans also seem to be complaining more than... more

It is widely recognised that congestion pricing could be an effective measure to solve environmental and congestion problems in urban areas--a reform that normally also would generate a net welfare surplus. Despite this the implementation of congestion pricing has been very slow. One reason for a low public and political acceptance could be that equity impacts have not been given

- by Lars-Göran Mattsson and +1
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- Civil Engineering, Public Opinion, Environmental policy, Public Transport

Newspapers, book clubs, telephone services and many other subscription services are often marketed to new customers by means of a free or substantially discounted trial period. This article evaluates this method as a means to promote commuting by public transport in a field experiment and based on a solid behavioural-theoretical framework. By measuring important antecedents and mediators, the applied approach offers important insights not only on what behavioural outcomes were produced by the intervention, but why they were produced. Copenhagen car owners received a free month travel card, either alone or together with a customised travel plan or a planning intervention. A control group receiving no intervention was also included. Attitudinal variables, car habits and travel behaviour were measured before and immediately after the intervention and again six months later. The only intervention that had an effect was the free month travel card, which led to a significant increase in commuting by public transport. As expected, the effect was mediated through a change in behavioural intentions rather than a change in perceived constraints. As expected, the effect became weaker when the promotion offer had expired, but an effect was still evident five months later. Possible reasons and implications of this are discussed.

- by John Thøgersen
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- Public Transport, Travel Behaviour, Urban And Regional Planning, Transport policy

This paper reviews the literature on travel feedback programs (TFPs). These constitute soft measures designed to change travel behaviour, mainly from automobile to non-automobile travel, in mobility management. We classified TFPs according to place, technique, procedure, and communication media, and reviewed the effectiveness of 10 TFPs in Japan. We found that TFPs in Japan reduced CO 2 emissions by about 19% and car use by about 18%, while increasing the use of public transport by about 50%. In addition, we found that TFP effectiveness increased when participants were asked to make behavioural plans to change their travel behaviour. r

Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul, (born 17 August 1932), is a Trinidadian Nobel Prize-winning British writer known for his comic early novels set in Trinidad and Tobago, his bleaker later novels of the wider world, and his autobiographical chronicles of life and travels. He has published more than 30 books, both of fiction and nonfiction, over some 50 years. In the 1880s, his grandparents emigrated from India to work as indentured servants in Trinidad's sugar plantations. In the largely peasant Indian immigrant community in Trinidad, Naipaul's father became an English-language journalist, and in 1929 began contributing articles to the Trinidad Guardian. The Naipauls believed themselves to be the descendants of Hindu Brahmins, though they did not observe many of the practices and restrictions common to Brahmins in India. The family gradually stopped speaking Indian languages and spoke English at home. In 1939, when he was seven years old, Naipaul's family moved to Trinidad's capital, Port of Spain, where Naipaul enrolled in the government-run Queen's Royal College, a well-regarded school that was modelled after a British public school. Upon graduation, Naipaul won a Trinidad Government scholarship that allowed him to study at any institution of higher learning in the British Commonwealth; he chose Oxford. Footloose, he began to travel for long periods in India and Africa. It was at a time of decolonization, when so many people the whole world over had to reassess their identity. Naipaul saw for himself the resulting turmoil of emotions, that collision of self-serving myth and guilt which make up today's bewildered world and prevents people from coming to terms with who they really are, and to know how to treat one another. On these travels he was exploring nothing less than the meaning of culture and history.

- by Ayesha Tariq
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- Comparative Literature, Comparative Politics, Travel Writing, Iranian Studies

Unlike literature and studies coming from high-income or Western countries, the existing conducted on the Middle East and North Africa fail to draw a nearly complete image of the characteristics of passenger travel behaviors in the urban areas of the region. This gap necessitates a holistic review of the previous studies and comparing their results of those of the international findings. This paper summarizes the status of urban travel behavior studies on the MENA region under eight categories of socioeconomics, land use, perceptions and attitudes, urban sprawl, neighborhood design, public transportation use, active mobility, and new technologies and concepts. Descriptive literature review and desk research depicts both lack of research results or data and differences between the behaviors in the MENA region and the Western countries. Moreover, based on the background review, this paper provides a list of recommendations for having more sustainable mobility in the MENA region.

This paper is an attempt to bridge the gap between, on the one hand, the mobility behaviour of households and their perception of accessibility to urban amenities and, on the other hand, house price dynamics as captured through the hedonic modelling of the Quebec City residential market. Part One focuses on designing a methodology to analyze mobility behaviour of people and to relate their sensitivity to travel time with service places location within the city so as to assess their perceived accessibility. A series of "subjective" measures of accessibility based on actual trips made by individuals and households is built for Quebec City on the grounds of the 2001 origin-destination (O-D) survey. Part Two proposes an empirical test of the impact of accessibility on house prices. Applying hedonic modelling to some 952 single-family houses sold in Quebec City (Pop. 489 820 in 2001) between 1993 and 1996, two accessibility measures are compared (Section 4), the former being based on simulated travel times aggregated through factor analysis while the latter rests on perceived accessibility indices obtained via fuzzy logic on actual travel times.

- by Marius Us
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- Fuzzy Logic, Property, Travel Behaviour, Mathematical Modelling

The purpose of this study is to examine the emerging flashpacker sub-culture in relation to the backpacker culture. Cultural Consensus Analysis is employed to examine the potential cultural divergence between flashpackers and non-flashpackers. A mixed-mode dual-frame sampling procedure was employed for data collection, as surveys were administered through Facebook backpacker-groups and in hostels in Cairns, Australia. The results indicate that flashpacker and non-flashpacker groups have a shared cultural understanding of backpacking. In addition to the conceptual clarity of the emerging flashpacker, this study also provides some interesting insights into contemporary backpacker culture and the continuing convergence of physical travel with information and communication technologies.

- by Cody Paris
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- Anthropology, Tourism Studies, Anthropology of Tourism, Tourism Marketing

The purpose of this paper is to articulate a set of ethical standards for international volunteer tourism. The standards are focused on promoting fair trade learning principles in the management and operation of volunteer programmes. Because of the unique social mission, research, and evaluation capacities of higher education, we propose first applying these principles specifically to international volunteer programmes operating at the university-community nexus. These standards have emerged through a collaborative, in-person and online process during the last two years with input by numerous concerned global citizens, international education practitioners and researchers, nongovernmental organization representatives, and community members. The document shared below represents current ‘best practice’ for maximizing the benefits and minimizing the negative impacts of volunteer tourism programmes for both host communities and volunteers.

- by Cody Paris and +2
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- Tourism Studies, Tourism Marketing, Tourism Management, Tourist Behavior

During recent years, because of development of science and arts and also their influences of each others, all researchers sometimes have to review, explain and introduce a new meanings and definitions of a word or a phrase in their researches. This paper addresses the meanings and definitions of “self-selection”. It is aimed to inspire this concept in architectural design Process which never used. “Content analysis method” has been chosen as a research methodology. It is to follow in two directions: firstly, explaining “meanings of self-selection” based on dictionaries, and secondly, finding “definitions of self-selection” in scientific researches which are related with architectural design Process directly or indirectly. Ultimately, this paper has introduced the concept of self-selection in architectural design process.

In this paper, we analyse how monocentric and policentric urban structures aect modal choice and travel distances for dierent travel purposes in the Netherlands. The analysis is based on data from the Dutch National Travel Survey 1998. Here we distinguish four kinds of urban systems: one monocentric and three types of policentric systems. The evidence on how the structure of urban regions aects travel behaviour is mixed. Regarding modal choice, deconcentration of urban land uses encourages driving and discourages the use of public transport as well as cycling and walking. However, in terms of distance travelled per person, the results of the relocation of jobs and residences to suburban locations are less commuting in some urban regions, and longer commuting distances in others. The longer commute may also be an eect of the strong spatial planning policies in the Netherlands. Ó

- by Martin Dijst
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- Human Geography, Public Transport, Transport Geography, Travel Behaviour

- by Tim Schwanen
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- Human Geography, Public Transport, Transport Geography, Travel Behaviour

A review of the global youth travel industry and independent youth travel.

- by greg richards
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- Tourism Studies, Travel Behaviour, Youth Travel, Backpacking

One sign of the growing interest in student travel both from the tourism industry and academic researchers is the global independent travel survey conducted by the International Student Travel Confederation (ISTC) and the Association for Tourism and Leisure Education (ATLAS). The survey, conducted in 2002, covers the profile and travel behaviour of 1,630 students booking travel from student travel organisations in eight countries. This article reports the initial results of this research. The survey showed that students are frequent travel consumers with extensive previous experience of relatively long trips outside of their own world region. Most students see their travelstyle as that of 'traveller', but a significant proportion of the market characterised their travel as 'backpacking'. Motivations reflecting a desire for experience are prevalent with student travellers; particularly in terms of exploring other cultures. Motivations tend to be differentiated by destination region and travelstyle and are distinct between students and other young travellers. In spite of these differences in motivation, however, the activities actually engaged in showed little differentiation between students and others. The most frequently mentioned activities were visiting historical sites, walking, sitting in cafes and restaurants and shopping, which were practiced by over 70% of respondents. In this and other respects, the article argues that comparisons of motivation and actual activities indicate a gap between the ideology and practice of travel.

- by greg richards and +1
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- Tourism Studies, Tourism Marketing, Youth Culture, Travel Behaviour

In its present form, tourism is dependent on the availability of oil and is comparatively oil-intensive. While forecasts for future tourism growth are optimistic, there is also increasing evidence about the imminence of a peak in oil production and the economic effects that this would cause. Globally and on a destination level it will be necessary to consider how a transition towards fossil-fuel free economies might look like for tourism.It is therefore timely and prudent for the tourism sector to consider its current oil requirements and derive indicators for monitoring its oil consumption. In particular, destinations need indicators of the amount of oil consumed by the various markets from which they receive visitors. New Zealand is used as an example for assessing the oil-intensity of its Top 10 countries of origin based on the 10 indicators. Overall, the least exposed markets for New Zealand with respect to oil are Australia, China, Singapore, and Taiwan, although a more detailed analysis would be required for markets that display very heterogeneous travel behaviour. Among the indicators, eco-efficiency is particularly important as it allows comparison of resource inputs with economic outputs.

- by Susanne Becken
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- Marketing, Tourism Management, Travel Behaviour, Peak Oil

Научно-спортивный отчёт о том, как наше велопутешествие 2015 года по Укоку, Западной Монголии и Тыве вывело нас прямо под благословение Шаджин-Ламы Калмыкии)))
Велопутешествие посвящено 170-летию Русского Географического общества, 120-летию первой экспедиции В. В. Сапожникова в Русский Алтай и 110-летию его же первой экспедиции в Монгольский Алтай

Both marketing practitioners and academic researchers have traditionally recognised the major influence that perceived value has on consumer behaviour. Tourism and hospitality research have recently shown an interest in value; especially, when investigated with quality and/or satisfaction. The present study has two primary objectives. First, to investigate the dimensionality of consumer value in a travel-related context (students' travel behaviour), adopting Holbrook's typology, and combining it with negative inputs of value. Second, to explore the relations between consumer perceptual constructs such as perceived value, satisfaction and loyalty. This dual objective is undertaken by providing an LISREL model. The results confirm the existence of a quality-value-satisfaction-loyalty chain and illustrate the complexity of value dimensions that have been shown to be highly sensitive to the tourism experience. r

- by Irene Gil Saura
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- Marketing, Tourism Management, Travel Behaviour, Tourism
- by Chaim Noy
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- Tourism Studies, Interpersonal Communication, Travel Writing, Social Networks

Information and communications technologies (ICTs) are permeating modern lifestyles, shaping and colouring the undertaking of activities and travel. This article reports on a qualitative diary and interview study that explored the ways in which ICTs are being used by students aged 18–28 and part-time working mums. Study participants were selected on the basis of being ‘informal experts’ – reflecting their affinity for engagement with ICTs. Through an exploration of the interview findings, it becomes clear that relatively new technological devices and applications have quickly become embedded into the participants’ everyday travel and communications. Changes in social practice at the level of the individuals are not visibly dramatic, but at the same time, there is evidence of a cumulative influence of ICTs on their daily lives. Technologies are enabling the participants to better accommodate the uncertainties in activity and travel scheduling and yet also contributing to a ‘fluidity’ in time–space co-ordination of activities. They are also allowing the juggling of life roles in time and space leading to apparent fragmenting of activities. The article reflects upon the travel behaviour consequences of ICTs in their influence on everyday life.► ICTs are incidental rather than instrumental in shaping social practice and travel. ► ICTs contribute to and compensate for unpredictability in activity scheduling. ► Absorption of ICT-related practices into lifestyles prevails over creative behaviour.

Over recent years, parking policy has become a key element of transport policy in many countries. Parking policy measures can affect many different dimensions of travel behaviour but are likely to be most significant in terms of travellers' choice of parking type and location. This dimension of travel choice has, to date, received comparatively little attention, yet is of vital importance if we are to properly understand and predict the effects of parking policy measures.

- by Kay Axhausen
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- Civil Engineering, Travel Behaviour, Transportation, Urban And Regional Planning
- by Ayesha Tariq
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- Travel Writing, Iranian Studies, Pakistan, Travel Behaviour

Activity-based modeling treats travel as being derived from the demand for personal activities. Travel decisions, therefore, become part of a broader activity scheduling process based on modeling the demand for activities rather than merely trips. This approach provides better understanding of travel behaviour compared to traditional modeling and enables a better analysis of response to policies and their effect on traffic and air quality. While the topic has been widely discussed in the travel demand literature, only a few advanced applications can be found in Europe and North America.

- by Yoram Shiftan
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- Travel Behaviour

There is much debate in the UK, North America and Australia within both crime prevention and planning concerning New Urbanism and the design of suburban housing layouts. New Urbanism promotes high-density, mixed-use residential developments in 'walkable' neighbourhoods close to public transport, employment and amenities. One significant factor is New Urbanism's support for permeability and the preference of the grid street layout over the cul-de-sac . The authors present the evidence as it relates to the grid and the cul-de-sac across a range of inter-disciplinary issues such as crime, walkability, social interaction, travel behaviour, traffic safety, cost and sustainability and housing preferences.

- by Paul Cozens
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- Human Geography, Public Transport, Social Interaction, Travel Behaviour

Current road safety programs and thinking in Australia are constructed within a paradigm that tends to accept existing cultural arrangements. Such programs therefore, favour symptomatic solutions and technical and/or physical solutions as a way forward. Fundamental redesign of cultural arrangements is necessary in order to challenge the “culture of speed”. Our research is developing a holistic, social ecological model for reconnecting road safety with communities that value quality of life and slower ways of being. Improving road safety through reduction in the volume and speed of motorised traffic is integrally related to enhancing health and fitness, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and improving neighbourhood planning and community cohesion. In this regard, community-based travel behaviour change initiatives are deserving of much greater attention in the road safety area. As well as these changes at the personal and community scale, policy changes to urban and transport planning that address the broader issues of sustainability in an era of climate change and peak oil can also be linked to improvements in road safety.

- by James Warn
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- Human Geography, Climate Change, Road safety, Transport Geography

Despite the significance of the student travel market, this segment’s heterogeneity in motivation and behavior remains relatively unexplored. This article presents a comparative analysis of domestic and international university students’ travel motivations and activity preferences. Using Partial Least Squares Path Modeling, questionnaire data from 307 students showed that students were most likely to seek opportunities for learning and relaxation. Further, the student market lacks homogeneity in terms of travel motivation and preference for activities, and motivational factors are significantly associated with activity preference. The study provides empirical support for the motivation–behavior link in preferences for activities, and offers insights into students’ travel motivation and needs, enabling more effective product design and marketing for this important segment. Differences between domestic and international students suggest a need for differentiated strategies for the two groups of travelers.

- by Kevin Kam Fung So and +1
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- Tourism Studies, Tourism Marketing, Tourist Behavior, Australia
- by Brian E M King
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- Marketing, Travel Behaviour, International Students, Tourism
- by Barry Rogers
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- History, Peace and Conflict Studies, History of Tourism, Travel Behaviour

Generation Y presents both opportunities and challenges to marketers. The aim of this paper is to investigate the influence of social media on Greek Millennials' trips in three different phases (pre-trip, on-site, post-trip), providing a better understanding of the main features of this type of tourists' online behavior. In order to meet the above objective, survey was conducted via a structured self-completed questionnaire in a sample of 261 Millennials in Greece. The results of the study revealed that Millennials are heavy users of Internet and social media, which they use in all three phases of their holiday trips, however, to a different extent and for a different purpose. Facebook, Instagram and TripAdvisor are the dominant social media in this process. However, traditional word-of-mouth seems to be still a very important, credible, and influential source of travel information. Findings and discussion of this study are useful to tourism marketers, academic researchers and other stakeholders interested in understanding the role of social media in this generation's travel behavior.

- by Mary Constantoglou
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- Travel Behaviour, Social Media, Greece, Generation Y

This paper investigates the influence of weather on the Swedish people's mode choice decision in different seasons and regions using a long term series of the Swedish National Transport Survey datasets (NTS) and weather data from the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI). The weather data includes mean of daily temperature, amount of rain precipitation and road surface condition. The daily mean temperature is normalised based on each region and season and classified into five categories as 'very cold', 'cold', 'normal', 'warm', and 'very warm'. This normalisation approach enables us to investigate the impact of individual's heterogeneity in perceiving regional and seasonal variability of temperature. The impacts of these weather indicators' variability on individual's mode choice is investigated with multinomial logit models. The results show that the impacts of weather differ in different seasons and different regions. Pedestrians' perception of variation of temperature differs between those in the northern Sweden and those in the central and southern Sweden. Such perception also differs in summer and in spring and autumn. Similarly, northern Sweden cyclists are more aware of temperature variation than cyclists in the central and southern Sweden in spring and autumn when temperature changes significantly. The influence of temperature variation on motorised modes also varies among seasons and regions. However, the trend is less straightforward than that on non-motorised modes. The findings highlight the importance to incorporate individual and regional unique anticipation and adaptations behaviours within our policy design and infrastructure management.

- by Chengxi Liu
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- Travel Behaviour, Transportation Policy

As successful tourism firms invest heavily in marketing to defend or improve their competitive position, they increasingly need to measure their marketing performance. Previous studies related to tourism have largely focused on financial and operational performance, but the marketing perspective has been largely overlooked. Drawing on an in-depth investigation involving 12 hotel chains, 8 travel agencies and 8 tour operators, this study provides an overview of the state-of-the-art marketing performance measurements among some of the leading tourism firms in Italy. Several issues and unanswered questions are also identified.

- by Fabio Cassia and +1
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- Business, Information Systems, Management, Marketing

There has been a significant decline in active travel and a massive increase in the use of car dependent travel in many countries during the past two decades. Evidential risks for people’s physical and mental health problems are correlated with this increased use of motorized travel. These health related problems range from overweight and obesity to increased air pollution. In response to these rising concerns health professionals, traffic planers, local authorities and others have introduced a variety of initiatives to counterbalance the dominance of cars for daily journeys.
However, the nature of travel behavior change interventions, which aim to reduce car use, are very complex and challenging regarding their interactions with human behavior. To change travel behavior at least two aspects have to be taken into consideration. First, how to alter attitudes and perceptions toward the sustainable and healthy modes of travel, in competition with experiences of private car use. And second, how to make these behavior change processes irreversible and sustainable. There are no comprehensive models available to guide policy interventions to increase the level of success of travel behavior change interventions across both these dimensions.
A comprehensive theoretical framework is required in the effort to optimize how to facilitate and guide the processes of data collection and analysis to achieve the best possible guidelines for policy makers. Regarding the gaps in the travel behavior change research literature, this paper attempted to identify and suggest a multidimensional framework in order to facilitate planning the implemented travel behavior change interventions. A structured mixed-method model is suggested to improve the analytic power of the results according to the complexity of human behavior.
In order to recognize people’s attitudes towards a specific travel mode, the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) was operationalized. But in order to capture decision making processes the Trans-theoretical model of Behavior Change (TTM) was also used. Consequently, the combination of these two theories (TTM and TPB) has resulted in a synthesis with appropriate concepts to identify and design an implemented travel behavior change interventions.
F. F.Moghtaderi, PhD. Researcher, Urban Research Program, Griffith
University,QLD,Australia(Phone:061421148257;email:f.moghtaderi@griffith.edu.au)
T. M.Burke, Deputy Director, Australian Research Council Future Fellow and Senior Research Fellow, Urban Research Program, Griffith University, QLD, Australia (phone:+61 7 3735 7106; email: m.burke@griffith.edu.au)
Keywords— Behavior change theories, Theoretical framework, Travel behavior change interventions

- by Farinaz Moghtaderi and +1
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- Urban Planning, Travel Behaviour, Urban Research

Von den Veröffentlichungen der Lehrstuhlinhaber für Demographie und anderer
Bevölkerungswissenschaftler in den 1970er Jahren zu einer Enquete-Kommission
zum Thema über drei Legislaturperioden über den Jahrtausendwechsel hinweg, hatte
der Demographische Wandel einen weiten Weg ins Bewusstsein der Bevölkerung
zurückzulegen (vgl. HOHMEIER/ POHL 1978; KROHN 1978; LEHR 1978a,b; BUNDESMINISTERIUM FÜR JUGEND, FAMILIE UND GESUNDHEIT 1979; HÖHN 1979;
SCHMID, J. 1979; SCHWARZ 1979; WINGEN 1979; DEUTSCHER BUNDESTAG 2002).
Ein Marketingprogramm der Bundesregierung namens demotrans konnte Anregungen
im Bereich Arbeitspolitik geben (vgl. BUCK 2005, Z. 8-101). Finanzierungslücken in der
Pflegeversicherung zeigen schlaglichtartig eine zukünftig größere Bevölkerungsgruppe
an sehr alten Menschen auf (vgl. WEISS 2005). Bundesfamilienministerin von
der Leyen muss starke Überzeugungsarbeit innerhalb ihrer Partei und im Kabinett
leisten, um das Thema Kinderbetreuung als vordringlich zu benennen. All dies sind
Fragmente eines seit Jahren und Jahrzehnten, und wie zu zeigen sein wird, schon
seit einem Jahrhundert andauerndem Wandel, der unter dem Namen Demographischer
Übergang oder öfter Demographischer Wandel viele, wenn nicht alle politischen, gesellschaftlichen und somit auch wirtschaftlichen Herausforderungen der
kommenden Jahrzehnte beeinflussen oder sogar dominieren kann.
Wesentlich sind in diesem Zusammenhang die Abhängigkeiten der Entwicklungen der
Altersgruppen in der Bevölkerung untereinander. Alterung ist kein Problem der Alten,
Kinderlosigkeit nicht nur ein Problem der Paare im zeugungs- und gebärfähigen Alter
(vgl. BIRG 2005). Eine Gesellschaft als Aggregat seiner Teile spiegelt diesen Umschwung wider, in dem sich nicht nur die Altersgruppen untereinander verschieben,
sondern der Median, das mittlere Altersjahr, stetig wächst. Es wird hier von einer
alternden Gesellschaft gesprochen.

- by Matt Muskat
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- Human Resource Management, Travel Behaviour, Consumer Behavior, Gray Marketing

Este trabajo es una etnografía que habla de un grupo de locos, jóvenes que viajan por períodos extendidos y trabajan con “arte” callejero: malabaristas, músicos y artesanos. El trabajo de campo para esta investigación tuvo lugar entre 2017 y 2018 en varios puntos de
Ecuador y Colombia. Como metodología utiliza la etnografía multilocal, la observación participante y la realización de entrevistas semi-estructuradas. Los datos adicionales los recopilé durante los últimos tres años a través de mi propia participación en la escena del
viaje de los locos. Se concentra en un estilo de viaje que transita el espacio liminal de dejar ser joven y comenzar a ser adulto, que además encara los riesgos de viajar sin dinero y su implícita marginalidad. Primero que todo, el trabajo explica las nociones teóricas utilizadas
a lo largo del trabajo. Luego, presenta un marco histórico y social. En seguida, la descripción etnográfica de sus lugares y prácticas con el fin de entender el significado que le dan al viaje. Por último, aborda el viaje como un momento ritual de importancia ontológica asociado a un peregrinaje contemporáneo. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es
comprender las narrativas y prácticas de los locos en sus viajes en torno a sus búsquedas, transformaciones personales y negociaciones con los valores, prácticas y estilos de vida dominantes en sus sociedades parentales. Pretende aportar al estudio del viaje de los locos en el orden que lo entiende como un fenómeno en el que el viaje se inscribe de manera ritual, que ha sido poco estudiado en y desde Latinoamérica.

- by Santiago Laguna
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- Latin American Studies, Anthropology, Youth Studies, Anthropology of Pilgrimage

A review of accessibility measures is presented for assessing the usability of these measures in evaluations of land-use and transport strategies and developments. Accessibility measures are reviewed using a broad range of relevant criteria, including theoretical basis, interpretability and communicability, and data requirements of the measures. Accessibility impacts of land-use and transport strategies are often evaluated using accessibility measures, which researchers and policy makers can easily operationalise and interpret, such as travelling speed, but which generally do not satisfy theoretical criteria. More complex and disaggregated accessibility measures, however, increase complexity and the effort for calculations and the difficulty of interpretation. The current practice can be much improved by operationalising more advanced location-based and utility-based accessibility measures that are still relatively easy to interpret for researchers and policy makers, and can be computed with state-of-the-practice data and/or landuse and transport models. Research directions towards theoretically more advanced accessibility measures point towards the inclusion of individual's spatial-temporal constraints and feedback mechanisms between accessibility, land-use and travel behaviour. Furthermore, there is a need for theoretical and empirical research on relationships between accessibility, option values and non-user benefits, and the measurement of different components of accessibility.

- by karst geurs
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- Human Geography, Transport Geography, Travel Behaviour, Urban And Regional Planning

Travel vlogs are thought to have shaped destination credibility and effectively strengthened a perceived destination image. Opinions, reviews, and a live journey create a lifelike experience that encourages the desire to visit a location. The purpose of this research is to look into the possibilities of travel vlog inputs for destination marketing. The research was carried out among the residents of Sta. Cruz, Laguna in a descriptive-correlational method; the descriptive design provided an overview of actual cognition, feelings, and actions within the group while the correlational approach was used to assess the relationship between the factors affecting travel decision-making process and tourists' destination choice. A researcher-made questionnaire was utilized to determine the degree of influence for each variable. Results indicated that with regards to travel-related decisions, people tend to be impacted by travel vloggers more especially in terms of the perceived credible information. Further, the findings revealed that vloggers had a significant impact on people's decision to travel in terms of cognitive, emotional, and epistemic values. Furthermore, there is a strong link that suggests that the better the travel-related decisions, the better the destination choice. Finally, the research developed a destination model that recommends an effective strategy for Laguna Tourism in preserving and improving destination attributes.

- by Noelah Mae Borbon
- •
- Travel Behaviour, Destination Marketing, travel vlogs
- by József Böröcz
- •
- History, European History, Cultural History, Sociology

Studies have shown that attitude and society’s influence are one of the major influential factors for people’s travel behaviour and behvioural change. Hence, this thesis research is focused on achieving the findings of people’s attitudes towards bicycle commuting, followed by their travel behaviour and their current stage of travel behavioural change in the context of Kathmandu and Lalitpur; the two densely urbanized cities of Nepal. Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC) and Lalitpur Metropolitan City (LMC) both recently are promoting the programs to become bicycle-friendly cities. However, there is an uncertainty among people’s perceptions towards bicycle as a daily transport mode. A hypothesis belief of negative attitude towards bicycle as a commuting means and similar belief in society’s perception still exists in these two cities. Although being a significant topic, there is a lack of research study in this matter. Therefore, this thesis research attempted to identify and analyze the psychosocial factors of people concerning bicycles in KMC and LMC. Besides, this thesis research also made an effort to identify the current situation of existing bicycle infrastructure in Kathmandu and Lalitpur, and study the changing scenario of Kathmandu and Lalitpur regarding the ongoing activities for bicycle infrastructure development. It also attempted to understand the citizens’ role and participation in ongoing activities. The study also aimed to identify and analyze the motives and challenges of bicycle commuting through the perception of regular bicycle commuters in these two cities.
Both qualitative and quantitative research approaches were conducted to find the results. For the findings of psychosocial factors, closed-ended survey questionnaires with a 7 Likert scale were constructed under the theoretical framework of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and Transtheoretical Model of Change (TMC). The questionnaires were constructed, referring to personal interest, environment, health, safety concerns, topography, and infrastructure regarding bicycle use as a mode of daily transport. The calculations were expressed in average mean and standard deviation. Also, multiple-choice questionnaires and Likert scale were used to identify the demographic figure and travel behaviour of the people. The survey questionnaires were distributed through emails, social media, and field surveys. 392 completed forms with the majority of non- cyclists were coded, and final results were obtained.
Interestingly, the survey results with the majority of non- cyclists showed a positive attitude of people towards bicycle as a daily transport mode. Overall, 44% of people possessed a positive attitude towards bicycles, followed by 34% of the population having neutral belief. In contrast, 13% of the people were negative about it. Similarly, more than 50% of respondents believed that society’s perception of the bicycle is positive. However, the family influence to make decisions turned out to be significant in decision making to choose the bicycle as commuting means. Surprisingly, more than 50% of respondents’ value expressed that infrastructure is not the primary reason for them not to commute by bicycle. The result of travel behavioural change, on the other hand, showed that only 18% of respondents are entirely against shifting the transport mode to bicycle.
In a conclusion, the overall results of people’s attitudes somehow disprove the stereotypical contextual statement of people’s negative perception towards bicycle commuting, which also can be an excellent motivation for current programs. However, the travel behaviour findings of respondents where 82% of participants still choose cars or motorcycles over any other transport mode, shows a definite challenge on promoting these cities to bicycle-friendly cities. To increase the number of bicycle commuters and to encourage the current bicycle commuters in Kathmandu and Lalitpur, these findings explicate that along with infrastructure development, the cities need to create and operate more effective plans, policies, and programs to fill the gap. The major driving forces to choose private motorized vehicles such as road safety, air pollution, and social influence should be accounted. Not to forget, inclusiveness in all the plans and policies should be mandatory.

- by Sunita Rai
- •
- Travel Behaviour, Urban mobility, Bicycle commuting, Bicycle Infrastructure

Tourism has grown so rapidly from the conventional form of tourism, to shifting to a more modern form. Even now has developed various types of alternative tourism products. In the era of internet of things, "SMART Destination" is a growing issue lately. This phenomenon is a response of how tourism stakeholders begin to anticipate the emergence of new market segments (tourists), or commonly known as the Z generation. Unfortunately their profile and behaviour has not been studied, especially in making decisions and travel. This study uses data collected through survey questionnaire using limited sample of 128 young generation in Jabodetabek (Jakarta, Bogor, Tangerang and Bekasi). The data collected consists of various variables, including the profile of SMART Tourist (Z Generation born between 1995 and 2012), tourist behaviour based on Cohen's theory, and the Z-generation process in making decisions and traveling. The result of this research is that SMART tourist is a very comfortable generation and accustomed to virtual world, because they have been confronted with technology since they were born, such as internet, smartphone, streaming video and social media. They also take great advantage of technology in making decisions and travelling, beginning with the Initiation process, information search, assessment, final decision, during the trip, and after the trip. Based on Cohen's theory, the Z generation can be categorized as a type of Drifter and Explorer tourist. This research can be a reference for tourism stakeholders in preparing strategies to capture this potential segment in the future.

- by Kadek Wiweka
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- Tourism Studies, Decision Making, Behavioral Decision Making, Travel Behaviour

ltinerary is a detail plan or route of a journey. It is a very common term used in tourism industry. There are three types of itinerary used to describe how a tour package would be executed, what places of interest visited, and which route passed through. The three types of itinerary are: graphic, easy, and tabulated styles. Itinerary is used to make the same understanding on what includes and excludes on the package. A good itinerary will enable a tour guide to execute the tour easily and efficiently it also accommodates the interest of the participant. There are 11 steps to follow to make a good itinerary. Those are: (1) Matching energy level with clients, (2) Matching interests of clients. (3) Allowing plenty of time for rest stops. (4) Make sure that routing is interesting and efficient. (5) Handling meal planning with care, (6) Negotiating appropriate parking, (7) not being overburden each day, (8) Providing alternatives to shopping. (9) Choose lodging carefully, (10) not being become caught up in "marketing.", and (11) Paying attention to detail. Itinerary is also used by a tour operator, travel agent, and a tourist guide to sell tour packages. It gives good description to the buyers before his decision to buy the package.

- by i wayan wijayasa
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- Tourism Marketing, Travel Behaviour, Slow Travel, Travel Agency