Balhae (original) (raw)
Parhe či Parhä (korejsky: 발해, čínsky: 渤海, Po-chaj) byl stát na pomezí Mandžuska a Koreje, existující v letech 698–926. Základními etniky byly tunguzské kmeny (Mo-che), Korejci a Číňané. Roku 926 byl dobyt Kitany.
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| dbo:abstract | Balhae (698–926) (en alfabet hangul: 발해, en xinès: 渤海, en rus: Бохай o Пархэ) va ser un regne multiètnic format pels Goguryeo i la tribu Mohe que ocupà Manxúria i el nord de la península de Corea, posteriorment a la caiguda de Goguryeo. Va existir durant el Període dels estats del Nord i del Sud amb el període Silla Unificat. En el seu màxim, Balhae ocupà parts de Manxúria, el territori actualment rus de Primorsky Krai i el nord de Corea. Balhae el va destruir l'exèrcit Kitan el 926 i la majoria del seu domini el va absobir la Dinastia Liao i la dinastía Goryeo. El primer registre sobre Balhae apareix al Llibre de Tang que tracta de la seva història des de 941 fins al 945. El regne de Balhae va ser el darrer estat de la història de Corea en tenir un territori important dins Manxúria, per això, les dinasties coreanes continuaven considerant que eren les successores dels Goguryo i de Balhae. (ca) Parhe či Parhä (korejsky: 발해, čínsky: 渤海, Po-chaj) byl stát na pomezí Mandžuska a Koreje, existující v letech 698–926. Základními etniky byly tunguzské kmeny (Mo-che), Korejci a Číňané. Roku 926 byl dobyt Kitany. (cs) بالهاي (698 ~ 926) (بالهانغل: 발해 | بوهاي في الصينية 渤海 | في الروسية Бохай أو Пархэ) هي إمبراطورية ذات شعب مختلط من الكوريين وأسست في شمال كوريا ومنشوريا بعد سقوط غوغوريو. وجدت هذه الدولة في زمن دولتي الشمال والجنوب في كوريا، جنباً إلى جنب مع مملكة شلا الموحدة في الجنوب. بعد أن سقطت عاصمة غوغوريو وأراضيها الجنوبية في يد شلا الموحدة، أسس ابن مملكة جن (تشن بالصينية "振") وسماها بالهاي لاحقاً. كانت المملكة خلفاً لغوغوريو. استولت بالهاي على الأجزاء الجنوبية من منشوريا وبريمورسكاي كراي، والجزء الشمالي من شبه الجزيرة الكورية. هزمت المملكة في سنة 926 على يد الخيتان واستولت سلالة لياو على أراضيها الشمالية، في حين استولت غوريو على أراضيها الجنوبية. (ar) Balhae (Korean: 발해, Chinese: 渤海; pinyin: Bóhǎi, Russian: Бохай, romanized: Bokhay, Manchu: ᡦᡠᡥᠠᡳ), also rendered as Bohai, was a multi-ethnic kingdom whose land extends to what is today Northeast China, the Korean Peninsula and the Russian Far East. It was established in 698 by Dae Joyeong (Da Zuorong) and originally known as the Kingdom of Jin (Zhen) until 713 when its name was changed to Balhae. Balhae's early history involved a rocky relationship with the Tang dynasty that saw military and political conflict, but by the end of the 8th century the relationship had become cordial and friendly. The Tang dynasty would eventually recognize Balhae as the "Prosperous Country of the East". Numerous cultural and political exchanges were made. Balhae was conquered by the Khitan-led Liao dynasty in 926. Balhae survived as a distinct population group for another three centuries in the Liao and Jin dynasties before disappearing under Mongol rule. The history of the founding of the state, its ethnic composition, the nationality of the ruling dynasty, the reading of their names, and its borders are the subject of a historiographical dispute between Korea, China and Russia. Historical sources from both China and Korea have described Balhae's founder, Dae Joyeong, as related to the Mohe people and Goguryeo. (en) Das Reich Balhae, Parhae (nach koreanischer Lesung) oder auch Bohai (nach chinesischer Lesung) genannt, war ein Königreich in der südöstlichen Mandschurei und dem nördlichen Gebiet des heutigen Nordkoreas. Es existierte von 669 bis 926, verfügte über eine Bürokratie im chinesisch-japanischen Stil und angeblich fünf große Hauptstädte. Seine Erforschung steckt noch in den Anfängen und zählt zu den großen Diskussionen über Nordostasien. Koreanische Historiker unterstützen die Theorie, dass das Reich Balhae 669 von Tae Choyŏng (chin. Da Zuorong), einem früheren Goguryeo-General im Zusammenwirken mit den tungusischen Malgal, auch Mohe genannt, gegründet wurde. Russische Historiker vermuten aber, dass das Balhae-Reich von den tungusischen Mohe unter starkem japanischen Einfluss gegründet wurde und anschließend weitere Einflüsse aus China und Goguryeo erhielt. Das Volk der Balhae war heterogen und bestand aus den tungusischen Mohe, den sinisierten Mohe, Japanern und Koreanern. Die Mohe machten die Mehrheit der gesamten Balhae-Bevölkerung aus. Die Japaner stellten die Mehrheit in einer der fünf Hauptstädte, die an der Küste zum Japanischen Meer lag. Koreaner machten etwa 15 % der gesamten Bevölkerung aus. Die Bedeutung der einzelnen Gruppen im Staat ist zwecks politischer Nutzbarmachung der Geschichte umstritten. (de) Balhae (koreeraz: 발해, txinera tradizionalez: 渤海; pinyinez: Bóhǎi, errusieraz: Бохай, translit.: Bokhay, mantxueraz: ᡦᡠᡥᠠᡳ) Koreako antzinako estatua, VIII. mendean korear jeneralak Mantxuriako iparraldeko eta Korea iparraldeko tunguen leinuez eratu zuena. Balhaen aginpidea estatuko aristokratek zuten, horiek baitziren, 668. urtean Sillako estatuak mendean hartu zituen arte, Ipar Korean eta Mantxurian aristokrazia osatzen zutenak. Balhae T´ang txinar dinastiari zergak ordaintzen zizkion estatuetako bat zen (618-907). Garai horretan lurraldeak Sungari eta Amur ibaien arteko tarte osoa hartzen zuen. Balhaek burujabetasuna 627. urtean galdu zuen, Asiako erdialdeko khitan leinuek mendean hartu zutenean. Leinu horiek Txinako iparraldean kokatu ziren, eta Liao dinastia eratu zuten (947-1125). (eu) Balhae (en hangul, 발해) o Bohai (en chino, 渤海; pinyin, Bóhǎi, en ruso, Бохай, en manchú, ᡦᡠᡥᠠᡳ) (698–926) fue un reino multiétnico ubicado en Manchuria, la península de Corea y el Lejano Oriente ruso. La historia de la fundación del estado, su composición étnica, la nacionalidad de la dinastía gobernante, la lectura de sus nombres y sus fronteras son objeto de una entre China, Rusia y Corea. No existe una única opinión aceptada sobre la historia de este estado. (es) Balhae ou Parhae (698 - 926) (Coréen : hangeul : 발해¸Hanja : 渤海 ; chinois : 渤海, en Bokkai (渤海) en japonais et Бохай ou Пархэ en russe) est le nom d'un ancien royaume multi-ethnique fondé après la chute du royaume coréen de Goguryeo. Après que la capitale et les territoires méridionaux de Goguryeo furent tombés aux mains du royaume de Silla, Dae Jo-yeong, un ancien général du Goguryeo d'origine Mohe, fonda le royaume de Jin ou Chin (振, Zhèn en chinois), qui prit ensuite le nom de Balhae, en unissant les divers éléments d'origine ethnique Mohe et Goguryeo. Le royaume de Balhae occupait le sud de la Mandchourie, du kraï du Primorie et le nord de la Corée du Nord actuels. Il fut détruit par les Khitans en 926, la plupart de son territoire passant aux mains de la Chine de la dynastie Liao, le reste étant récupéré par le royaume de Goryeo. Le royaume de Balhae fut le dernier état de l'histoire coréenne à tenir un territoire important dans la Mandchourie, c'est pour ce fait, que bien plus tard, encore, les dynasties coréennes continuaient à se considérer comme les successeurs du Koguryŏ et du Balhae. (fr) Balhae (698 M- 926M) (Hanja:渤海, Hangul:발해, Tionghoa: Bohai, Rusia: Пархэ) adalah kerajaan Korea yang multietnis, didirikan setelah jatuhnya Goguryeo. Setelah ibu kota Goguryeo dan wilayah selatannya jatuh ke tangan kekuasaan Silla Bersatu, Dae Jo-yeong, mantan jenderal Goguryeo, yang merupakan putra Jenderal Dae Jung-sang, mendirikan kerajaan Jin (振, Tionghoa:Zhen), yang kemudian disebut Balhae dengan menggabungkan berbagai suku bangsa seperti orang dan Goguryeo. Balhae adalah penerus dari kerajaan Goguryeo. Balhae menguasai bagian selatan wilayah Manchuria (Tiongkok Timur Laut) dan Primorsky Krai (sekarang Rusia), dan bagian utara semenanjung Korea. Balhae dikalahkan oleh bangsa Khitan pada tahun 926 M, dan sebagian besar dari wilayah utara direbut oleh Dinasti Liao, sementara bagian selatan diserap ke Goryeo. Setelah jatuhnya Balhae, sekitar satu juta orang penduduknya mengungsi ke Goryeo. (in) ( 다른 뜻에 대해서는 발해 (동음이의) 문서를 참고하십시오.) 발해(渤海, 중국어 간체자: 渤海国, 정체자: 渤海國, 러시아어: Бохай)는 고구려 멸망 이후 고구려 계승을 표방하던 대조영에 의해 698년에 건국되어 926년까지 신라 북부와 연해주 등에 걸쳐 존속하였던 국가이다. 는 세워지기 전에 천문령 전투 등에 승리하였다. 원래 국호는 진국(振國)이었으나 713년 발해(渤海)로 국호를 변경하였다. 또 다른 별칭으로는 진국(振國), 진단(震旦), 고리(高麗), 북국(北國), '말갈'(靺鞨) 발해말갈(渤海靺鞨), 북적(北狄), 해동성국(海東盛國), 대국(大國, (거란어: mos-i gur, 모싀 구르)) 등이 있다. 발해의 시조 대조영은 스스로를 천손(天孫)임을 자처하고 독자적인 연호를 제정하였다. 무왕과 문왕 대에 당, 통일신라, 고대 일본과 외교를 수립하고 교통로를 통해 무역이 성행하였으며 8세기부터 9세기까지 동아시아의 세력 균형과 안정이 이루어졌다. 그 후의 정치적 혼란기를 거쳐 9세기 중엽 선왕(宣王)대에 이르러 요동을 점령하였고, 동북 쪽으로 영역을 확장하여 5경 15부 62주의 지방 제도를 정비하고 전성기를 맞이하였다. 820년쯤 선왕이 소고구려를 병합했다는 설이 있지만 역사적인 기록이 없어 정확하지는 않으나 그래도 역사적으로 고구려의 후예가 세운 우리역사로 보는것이 당연해 보인다. 당에선 그때의 발해를 "해동성국" 이라고 부르기도 했다.926년 거란의 침입을 받아 멸망하였다. 발해 부흥운동은 1116년까지 이어졌으나 모두 실패하고 요나라와 금나라에 병합되었다. 남송(南宋)의 홍호(洪皓)가 엮은 〈송막기문 松漠紀聞〉에서 고구려계 국가인 발해의 유력한 귀족 성(姓)으로 고(高)·장(張)·양(楊)·두(竇)·오(烏)·이(李) 6성을 언급하였다. 이들은 원래 한반도 고유 성씨를 가지고 있었으나 송막기문에는 해당 성씨로 기록되었다. 진위푸(金毓黻)가 쓴 《발해국지장편》(渤海國志長編)에 의하면 발해 유력귀족 6성 외에 일반 성은 총 49족으로 이중 신라 계통인 박씨(朴氏)도 있는 것으로 알려졌다. 발해는 현재까지 밝혀진 기록과 정보가 굉장히 적어서 아직도 베일에 싸인 면이 많은 나라이며 오늘날 역사 귀속 문제에 대해서 논란이 많은 국가다. 해외에서도 고구려는 한국사로 인정하는 여론이 대부분이지만 발해에 대해서는 신중히 접근하는 편이다. (ko) 渤海（ぼっかい、中国語: 渤海、朝鮮語: 발해 パレ、満洲語: ᡦᡠᡥᠠᡳ、ロシア語: Бохай、698年 - 926年）は、現中国東北部から朝鮮半島北部、現ロシアの沿海地方にかけて、かつて存在した国家。靺鞨族の大祚栄により建国され、周囲との交易で栄え、唐からも「海東の盛国」（『新唐書』）と呼ばれたが、最後は契丹（遼）によって滅ぼされた。 大祚栄や渤海国の成り立ちに関して『旧唐書』渤海靺鞨伝は「渤海靺鞨大祚榮者、本高麗別種也。高麗既滅、祚榮率家屬徙居營州。（渤海靺鞨の（建国者）大祚栄は、もと高麗（高句麗）の別種である。高麗が既に滅亡（668年）してしまったので、（大）祚栄は一族を率いて営州（遼寧省朝陽市）へ移り住んだ。）」と記し、『新唐書』はより具体的に「渤海、本粟末靺鞨附高麗者、姓大氏。（渤海は、もとの粟末靺鞨で、高麗（高句麗）に付属していた。姓は大氏である。）」と記しており、高句麗に服属していた粟末靺鞨の出自とある。 「渤海」の名は本来、遼東半島と山東半島の内側にあり黄河が注ぎ込む湾状の海域のことである。初代国王大祚栄が、この渤海の沿岸で現在の河北省南部にあたる渤海郡の名目上の王（渤海郡王）に封ぜられたことから、本来の渤海からやや離れたこの国の国号となった。 (ja) Het Bohai-Rijk, ook wel Balhae, was een koninkrijk in het zuidoosten van Mantsjoerije en het noordelijke stuk van het tegenwoordige Noord-Korea. Het koninkrijk bestond van 696 tot 926, beschikte over een ambtenarenapparaat dat in Chinese stijl georganiseerd was en omvatte volgens de overlevering 5 grote hoofdsteden. Het Bohai-Rijk werd in 696 gesticht door Tae Choyŏng (Da Zuorong), een oud-generaal van het voormalige Koguryo-koninkrijk. In 668 viel Koguryo in handen van het bondgenootschap van Silla, een Koreaans koninkrijk en de Chinese Tang-dynastie. Tae Choyŏng kwam daardoor in dienst van de Tang. Toen door een inval van de Mongoolse Kitan, het gezag van de plaatselijke Tang-autoriteiten werd ondermijnd kwam Tae Choyŏng in opstand en vluchtte met zijn aanhangers over de Sungari-rivier naar het tegenwoordige Kitan. In 712 werd zijn koninkrijk door de Tang erkend. De grootste bloeitijd had het Bohai-Rijk onder de derde koning Tae Hŭngmu (Da Jinmao, gest. 793) die 57 jaar regeerde. Het Bohai-Rijk beweerde dat het de opvolger was van het Koguryo-koninkrijk, maar het was ook sterk op de Chinese Tang-dynastie gericht. In 926 werd het Bohai-Rijk door de naburige Kitan veroverd. (nl) Balhae (698 - 926) (Bohai in cinese) fu un antico regno multietnico stabilito in Corea dopo la caduta di Goguryeo. Dopo che la capitale Goguryeo e i territori meridionali passarono in mano all'Unificazione Silla, , un ex generale Goguryeo, che era padre di , istituì Jin (振, Zhen in cinese), in seguito chiamato Balhae, formato dall'unione di diversi elementi Mohe e Goguryeo. Balhae fu lo stato successore di Goguryeo. Balhae occupava la parte meridionale della Manciuria, il Territorio di Primorje e la parte settentrionale della penisola coreana. Venne sconfitto dali Khitani nel 926, e gran parte del territorio settentrionale fu assorbito dalla dinastia Liao, mentre la parte sud venne acquisita dallo stato Goryeo. (it) Balhae, Parhae lub Bohai – historyczne państwo, istniejące w latach 698–926 na terenach Mandżurii, północnej Korei i Kraju Nadmorskiego. (pl) Balhae (698-926) foi um reino multiétnico na Manchúria, na península coreana e no Extremo Oriente russo. Balhae foi estabelecida por refugiados do reino coreano caído das tribos Goguryeo e Tungusic Mohe em 698, quando o primeiro rei, Dae Joyeong, derrotou a dinastia Wu Zhou em Tianmenling. Juntamente com refugiados goguryeo e tribos Mohe, Balhae tinha uma população diversificada, incluindo outras minorias, como os povos Khitan e Evenk. Balhae tinha um alto nível de artesanato e se envolveu no comércio com países vizinhos como Göktürk, Japão, Silla e Tang. Em 926, a dinastia Khitan Liao conquistou Balhae e estabeleceu o reino autônomo de Dongdan governado pelo príncipe herdeiro de Liao Yelü Bei, que logo foi absorvido pela Liao. Enquanto isso, uma série de nobilidades e elites lideradas por figuras-chave, como o príncipe herdeiro Dae Gwang-hyeon, foram absorvidas em Goryeo. A conquista khitana de Balhae foi um dos fatores por trás da hostilidade prolongada de Goryeo contra a dinastia Khitan Liao. Divisões administrativas do reino balhae, com nomes chineses e coreanos [nota 1]No início, o reino tinha cerca de 100.000 domicílios e uma população de cerca de 500.000. Evidências arqueológicas sugerem que a cultura Balhae foi uma mistura de culturas chinesas, coreanas e tungústicas. (pt) Боха́й (кит. 渤海), в корейском варианте Пархэ́ (кор. 발해) (698—926 годы) — первое государство тунгусо-маньчжуров, располагавшееся на территории Маньчжурии, Приморского края и в северной части Корейского полуострова. В 926 году было завоёвано киданями. Бохай был многонациональным государством, его основным населением были мохэ. На юге, на современной территории КНДР, проживал народ когурё, на западе в районе Тунляо проживали кидани, а на севере эвенки. Бохай обладал развитыми средневековыми ремёслами и занимался торговлей с соседними странами, такими как Тюркский каганат, Япония, Силла и Империя Тан. В Пархэ правили 15 «великих ванов» (государей), и просуществовало оно около 230 лет, пока не было покорено киданьскими племенами в 926 г. Период правления первых трёх ванов, начиная с Ко-вана (Тэ Чоёна), характеризовался прогрессом и развитием государства. Далее, до времени правления десятого по счету короля Сон-вана (818—829), следовал период упадка. При Сон-ване был короткий «средний период процветания». В правление остальных пархэских государей, очевидно, больших изменений в лучшую сторону не происходило, поскольку о них практически ничего не известно. В 926 году Ляо покорила Бохай и основала вассальное княжество Дундань, управляемое принцем Ляо Елюй Туюй (кит. Пэй). Согласно «Старой книге Тан», в начале своего существования государство имело существенно больше 100 000 домашних хозяйств и обычаем было похоже на киданей. Археологические данные свидетельствуют о том, что культура Бохай была уникальной для региона. В архитектурных методах прослеживалось влияние Когурё, с явно выраженным регионом постоянного проживания представителей этноса Когурё в КНДР и района реки Ялу. В государственном устройстве прослеживается влияние Китая. А также культурного влияния соседей — империи Ляо и протояпонских государств. В целом же культура является предковой для культуры чжуржэней и Золотой Империи. (ru) 渤海（朝鮮語：발해／渤海；俄语：Бохай，698年－926年）是于公元698年到926年、以粟末部為主的靺鞨族君主制、政权，建国者为大祚荣。渤海国的前身为现今中国东北部、朝鲜半岛北部、俄罗斯东南部地区各时期的“高句丽”、“肃慎”、“挹娄”、“沃沮”、“勿吉”、“靺鞨”等多个地方民族部落或政权。 渤海国在建国后受唐册封，唐王朝在黑水靺鞨居住地牡丹江流域置忽汗州，设忽汗都督府，亦称“渤海都督府”，册其首领为都督，封“渤海郡王”，史称“渤海王国”；其国人自称“靺鞨”、“靺鞨国”或“渤海国”。中国史籍《新唐書》称之为“海东盛国”。 渤海国所统治的领土在极盛期时，曾包括今嫩江至松花江河道一线以南的黑龙江省部分地区、吉林省大部、辽宁省、滨海边疆区的南半部以及朝鲜半岛北部。 渤海國有五個首都，包括上京龙泉府、東京龙原府、中京顯德府、南京南海府和西京鴨綠府；當中最大的龍泉府為五京之首，仿照唐朝都城长安形制营建，其遺址位于今中国黑龙江省宁安市渤海镇。自渤海国三世文王大钦茂时期起，龍泉曾两度成为渤海国都，先后长达160余年，也是当时中国东北地区最大城市及政治、经济、文化、军事及外交中心。 10世纪，渤海国被契丹辽太祖阿保机所灭，故地建附庸东丹国，但渤海人不断逃亡，最终在金朝兴起后融入同样为靺鞨后裔的女真统治集团。 (zh) Пархе (кор. 발해, пархе; кит. 渤海, бохай; 698—926) — держава на території сучасних Маньчжурії, Зеленого клину та північній частині Корейського півострова, яка була заснована біженцями з корейської держави Когурьо. Відома також як країна Чінгук (Чін, 진국, 振國). У 926 році знищена киданями. (uk) |
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| dbp:commonLanguages | dbr:Tungusic_languages dbr:Middle_Chinese Classical Chinese (en) Goguryeo , (en) | |
| dbp:commonName | Balhae (en) | |
| dbp:conventionalLongName | Balhae / Bohai (en) | |
| dbp:date | February 2022 (en) | |
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| dbp:dateEvent | 713 (xsd:integer) | |
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| dbp:event | "Balhae" as a kingdom name (en) | |
| dbp:eventEnd | Fall of Sang-gyeong (en) | |
| dbp:eventPre | Dae Jung-sang begins military campaigns (en) | |
| dbp:eventStart | Establishment in Tianmenling (en) | |
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| dbp:governmentType | Monarchy (en) | |
| dbp:hangul | 신라도 (en) 주자감 (en) | |
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| dbp:p | Goguryeo (en) Mohe peopleMohe Peoples (en) | |
| dbp:quote | the state of Parhae (en) | |
| dbp:reason | source is a monograph on North Korea and does not provide page number or even year in which it was published (en) | |
| dbp:religion | dbr:Confucianism dbr:Buddhism dbr:Shamanism | |
| dbp:s | Goryeo (en) Liao dynasty (en) Dongdan KingdomDongdan (en) Jurchen peopleJurchens (en) Later Balhae (en) | |
| dbp:section | 378 (xsd:integer) | |
| dbp:statPop | ca. 500,000 (en) | |
| dbp:statYear | 7 (xsd:integer) | |
| dbp:title | Balhae (en) | |
| dbp:titleLeader | King (en) | |
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| rdfs:comment | Parhe či Parhä (korejsky: 발해, čínsky: 渤海, Po-chaj) byl stát na pomezí Mandžuska a Koreje, existující v letech 698–926. Základními etniky byly tunguzské kmeny (Mo-che), Korejci a Číňané. Roku 926 byl dobyt Kitany. (cs) Balhae (koreeraz: 발해, txinera tradizionalez: 渤海; pinyinez: Bóhǎi, errusieraz: Бохай, translit.: Bokhay, mantxueraz: ᡦᡠᡥᠠᡳ) Koreako antzinako estatua, VIII. mendean korear jeneralak Mantxuriako iparraldeko eta Korea iparraldeko tunguen leinuez eratu zuena. Balhaen aginpidea estatuko aristokratek zuten, horiek baitziren, 668. urtean Sillako estatuak mendean hartu zituen arte, Ipar Korean eta Mantxurian aristokrazia osatzen zutenak. Balhae T´ang txinar dinastiari zergak ordaintzen zizkion estatuetako bat zen (618-907). Garai horretan lurraldeak Sungari eta Amur ibaien arteko tarte osoa hartzen zuen. Balhaek burujabetasuna 627. urtean galdu zuen, Asiako erdialdeko khitan leinuek mendean hartu zutenean. Leinu horiek Txinako iparraldean kokatu ziren, eta Liao dinastia eratu zuten (947-1125). (eu) Balhae (en hangul, 발해) o Bohai (en chino, 渤海; pinyin, Bóhǎi, en ruso, Бохай, en manchú, ᡦᡠᡥᠠᡳ) (698–926) fue un reino multiétnico ubicado en Manchuria, la península de Corea y el Lejano Oriente ruso. La historia de la fundación del estado, su composición étnica, la nacionalidad de la dinastía gobernante, la lectura de sus nombres y sus fronteras son objeto de una entre China, Rusia y Corea. No existe una única opinión aceptada sobre la historia de este estado. (es) 渤海（ぼっかい、中国語: 渤海、朝鮮語: 발해 パレ、満洲語: ᡦᡠᡥᠠᡳ、ロシア語: Бохай、698年 - 926年）は、現中国東北部から朝鮮半島北部、現ロシアの沿海地方にかけて、かつて存在した国家。靺鞨族の大祚栄により建国され、周囲との交易で栄え、唐からも「海東の盛国」（『新唐書』）と呼ばれたが、最後は契丹（遼）によって滅ぼされた。 大祚栄や渤海国の成り立ちに関して『旧唐書』渤海靺鞨伝は「渤海靺鞨大祚榮者、本高麗別種也。高麗既滅、祚榮率家屬徙居營州。（渤海靺鞨の（建国者）大祚栄は、もと高麗（高句麗）の別種である。高麗が既に滅亡（668年）してしまったので、（大）祚栄は一族を率いて営州（遼寧省朝陽市）へ移り住んだ。）」と記し、『新唐書』はより具体的に「渤海、本粟末靺鞨附高麗者、姓大氏。（渤海は、もとの粟末靺鞨で、高麗（高句麗）に付属していた。姓は大氏である。）」と記しており、高句麗に服属していた粟末靺鞨の出自とある。 「渤海」の名は本来、遼東半島と山東半島の内側にあり黄河が注ぎ込む湾状の海域のことである。初代国王大祚栄が、この渤海の沿岸で現在の河北省南部にあたる渤海郡の名目上の王（渤海郡王）に封ぜられたことから、本来の渤海からやや離れたこの国の国号となった。 (ja) Balhae, Parhae lub Bohai – historyczne państwo, istniejące w latach 698–926 na terenach Mandżurii, północnej Korei i Kraju Nadmorskiego. (pl) 渤海（朝鮮語：발해／渤海；俄语：Бохай，698年－926年）是于公元698年到926年、以粟末部為主的靺鞨族君主制、政权，建国者为大祚荣。渤海国的前身为现今中国东北部、朝鲜半岛北部、俄罗斯东南部地区各时期的“高句丽”、“肃慎”、“挹娄”、“沃沮”、“勿吉”、“靺鞨”等多个地方民族部落或政权。 渤海国在建国后受唐册封，唐王朝在黑水靺鞨居住地牡丹江流域置忽汗州，设忽汗都督府，亦称“渤海都督府”，册其首领为都督，封“渤海郡王”，史称“渤海王国”；其国人自称“靺鞨”、“靺鞨国”或“渤海国”。中国史籍《新唐書》称之为“海东盛国”。 渤海国所统治的领土在极盛期时，曾包括今嫩江至松花江河道一线以南的黑龙江省部分地区、吉林省大部、辽宁省、滨海边疆区的南半部以及朝鲜半岛北部。 渤海國有五個首都，包括上京龙泉府、東京龙原府、中京顯德府、南京南海府和西京鴨綠府；當中最大的龍泉府為五京之首，仿照唐朝都城长安形制营建，其遺址位于今中国黑龙江省宁安市渤海镇。自渤海国三世文王大钦茂时期起，龍泉曾两度成为渤海国都，先后长达160余年，也是当时中国东北地区最大城市及政治、经济、文化、军事及外交中心。 10世纪，渤海国被契丹辽太祖阿保机所灭，故地建附庸东丹国，但渤海人不断逃亡，最终在金朝兴起后融入同样为靺鞨后裔的女真统治集团。 (zh) Пархе (кор. 발해, пархе; кит. 渤海, бохай; 698—926) — держава на території сучасних Маньчжурії, Зеленого клину та північній частині Корейського півострова, яка була заснована біженцями з корейської держави Когурьо. Відома також як країна Чінгук (Чін, 진국, 振國). У 926 році знищена киданями. (uk) بالهاي (698 ~ 926) (بالهانغل: 발해 | بوهاي في الصينية 渤海 | في الروسية Бохай أو Пархэ) هي إمبراطورية ذات شعب مختلط من الكوريين وأسست في شمال كوريا ومنشوريا بعد سقوط غوغوريو. وجدت هذه الدولة في زمن دولتي الشمال والجنوب في كوريا، جنباً إلى جنب مع مملكة شلا الموحدة في الجنوب. بعد أن سقطت عاصمة غوغوريو وأراضيها الجنوبية في يد شلا الموحدة، أسس ابن مملكة جن (تشن بالصينية "振") وسماها بالهاي لاحقاً. كانت المملكة خلفاً لغوغوريو. (ar) Balhae (698–926) (en alfabet hangul: 발해, en xinès: 渤海, en rus: Бохай o Пархэ) va ser un regne multiètnic format pels Goguryeo i la tribu Mohe que ocupà Manxúria i el nord de la península de Corea, posteriorment a la caiguda de Goguryeo. Va existir durant el Període dels estats del Nord i del Sud amb el període Silla Unificat. En el seu màxim, Balhae ocupà parts de Manxúria, el territori actualment rus de Primorsky Krai i el nord de Corea. Balhae el va destruir l'exèrcit Kitan el 926 i la majoria del seu domini el va absobir la Dinastia Liao i la dinastía Goryeo. (ca) Balhae (Korean: 발해, Chinese: 渤海; pinyin: Bóhǎi, Russian: Бохай, romanized: Bokhay, Manchu: ᡦᡠᡥᠠᡳ), also rendered as Bohai, was a multi-ethnic kingdom whose land extends to what is today Northeast China, the Korean Peninsula and the Russian Far East. It was established in 698 by Dae Joyeong (Da Zuorong) and originally known as the Kingdom of Jin (Zhen) until 713 when its name was changed to Balhae. (en) Das Reich Balhae, Parhae (nach koreanischer Lesung) oder auch Bohai (nach chinesischer Lesung) genannt, war ein Königreich in der südöstlichen Mandschurei und dem nördlichen Gebiet des heutigen Nordkoreas. Es existierte von 669 bis 926, verfügte über eine Bürokratie im chinesisch-japanischen Stil und angeblich fünf große Hauptstädte. Seine Erforschung steckt noch in den Anfängen und zählt zu den großen Diskussionen über Nordostasien. (de) Balhae ou Parhae (698 - 926) (Coréen : hangeul : 발해¸Hanja : 渤海 ; chinois : 渤海, en Bokkai (渤海) en japonais et Бохай ou Пархэ en russe) est le nom d'un ancien royaume multi-ethnique fondé après la chute du royaume coréen de Goguryeo. Après que la capitale et les territoires méridionaux de Goguryeo furent tombés aux mains du royaume de Silla, Dae Jo-yeong, un ancien général du Goguryeo d'origine Mohe, fonda le royaume de Jin ou Chin (振, Zhèn en chinois), qui prit ensuite le nom de Balhae, en unissant les divers éléments d'origine ethnique Mohe et Goguryeo. (fr) Balhae (698 M- 926M) (Hanja:渤海, Hangul:발해, Tionghoa: Bohai, Rusia: Пархэ) adalah kerajaan Korea yang multietnis, didirikan setelah jatuhnya Goguryeo. Setelah ibu kota Goguryeo dan wilayah selatannya jatuh ke tangan kekuasaan Silla Bersatu, Dae Jo-yeong, mantan jenderal Goguryeo, yang merupakan putra Jenderal Dae Jung-sang, mendirikan kerajaan Jin (振, Tionghoa:Zhen), yang kemudian disebut Balhae dengan menggabungkan berbagai suku bangsa seperti orang dan Goguryeo. Balhae adalah penerus dari kerajaan Goguryeo. (in) Balhae (698 - 926) (Bohai in cinese) fu un antico regno multietnico stabilito in Corea dopo la caduta di Goguryeo. Dopo che la capitale Goguryeo e i territori meridionali passarono in mano all'Unificazione Silla, , un ex generale Goguryeo, che era padre di , istituì Jin (振, Zhen in cinese), in seguito chiamato Balhae, formato dall'unione di diversi elementi Mohe e Goguryeo. Balhae fu lo stato successore di Goguryeo. (it) ( 다른 뜻에 대해서는 발해 (동음이의) 문서를 참고하십시오.) 발해(渤海, 중국어 간체자: 渤海国, 정체자: 渤海國, 러시아어: Бохай)는 고구려 멸망 이후 고구려 계승을 표방하던 대조영에 의해 698년에 건국되어 926년까지 신라 북부와 연해주 등에 걸쳐 존속하였던 국가이다. 는 세워지기 전에 천문령 전투 등에 승리하였다. 원래 국호는 진국(振國)이었으나 713년 발해(渤海)로 국호를 변경하였다. 또 다른 별칭으로는 진국(振國), 진단(震旦), 고리(高麗), 북국(北國), '말갈'(靺鞨) 발해말갈(渤海靺鞨), 북적(北狄), 해동성국(海東盛國), 대국(大國, (거란어: mos-i gur, 모싀 구르)) 등이 있다. (ko) Het Bohai-Rijk, ook wel Balhae, was een koninkrijk in het zuidoosten van Mantsjoerije en het noordelijke stuk van het tegenwoordige Noord-Korea. Het koninkrijk bestond van 696 tot 926, beschikte over een ambtenarenapparaat dat in Chinese stijl georganiseerd was en omvatte volgens de overlevering 5 grote hoofdsteden. De grootste bloeitijd had het Bohai-Rijk onder de derde koning Tae Hŭngmu (Da Jinmao, gest. 793) die 57 jaar regeerde. Het Bohai-Rijk beweerde dat het de opvolger was van het Koguryo-koninkrijk, maar het was ook sterk op de Chinese Tang-dynastie gericht. (nl) Balhae (698-926) foi um reino multiétnico na Manchúria, na península coreana e no Extremo Oriente russo. Balhae foi estabelecida por refugiados do reino coreano caído das tribos Goguryeo e Tungusic Mohe em 698, quando o primeiro rei, Dae Joyeong, derrotou a dinastia Wu Zhou em Tianmenling. Juntamente com refugiados goguryeo e tribos Mohe, Balhae tinha uma população diversificada, incluindo outras minorias, como os povos Khitan e Evenk. Balhae tinha um alto nível de artesanato e se envolveu no comércio com países vizinhos como Göktürk, Japão, Silla e Tang. (pt) Боха́й (кит. 渤海), в корейском варианте Пархэ́ (кор. 발해) (698—926 годы) — первое государство тунгусо-маньчжуров, располагавшееся на территории Маньчжурии, Приморского края и в северной части Корейского полуострова. В 926 году было завоёвано киданями. В 926 году Ляо покорила Бохай и основала вассальное княжество Дундань, управляемое принцем Ляо Елюй Туюй (кит. Пэй). (ru) |
| rdfs:label | Balhae (en) مملكة بالهاي (ar) Balhae (ca) Parhe (cs) Balhae (de) Balhae (es) Balhae (eu) Balhae (in) Balhae (it) Balhae (fr) 渤海 (国) (ja) 발해 (ko) Bohai (land) (nl) Balhae (pl) Бохай (ru) Balhae (pt) Пархе (uk) 渤海国 (zh) | |
| rdfs:seeAlso | dbr:Northeast_Project_of_the_Chinese_Academy_of_Social_Sciences dbr:List_of_Balhae_monarchs | |
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| prov:wasDerivedFrom | wikipedia-en:Balhae?oldid=1122345369&ns=0 | |
| foaf:depiction | wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Pressapochista4.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Royal_flag_of_Goryeo_(Bong-gi).svg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath///prof.ks.ac.kr/palhae/image/palmap.gif wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Balhae-Territory_in_830.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Balhae_Kingdom.png wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Bohai_shangjing_brick.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/契丹國.png wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/貞恵公主墓誌.jpg | |
| foaf:isPrimaryTopicOf | wikipedia-en:Balhae | |
| foaf:name | Balhae (en) Balhae (Parhae) / Bohai (en) | |
| is dbo:parent of | dbr:Yelü_Shuge | |
| is dbo:predecessor of | dbr:Go_of_Balhae | |
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dbr:Gwanggaeto_Stele dbr:Gwanggaeto_the_Great dbr:Gyuwon_Sahwa dbr:Hanbok dbr:Hanpu dbr:Heilongjiang dbr:Heishui_Mohe dbr:History_of_Korea dbr:History_of_Sino-Korean_relations dbr:Jang_Hyuk dbr:Jang_Young-chul dbr:Japanese_people_in_China dbr:Baekje_Government dbr:Tang_dynasty dbr:Temple_name dbr:Hwandan_Gogi dbr:Jin dbr:Year_Without_a_Summer dbr:Yelü dbr:AD_737 dbr:Chang'an dbr:Chongjin dbr:Jeong_of_Balhae dbr:Jeongan dbr:Jike_Site dbr:Jilin dbr:Jilin_Provincial_Museum dbr:Jin_(Korean_state) dbr:Jin_dynasty_(1115–1234) dbr:Jixi dbr:Jurchen_people dbr:Kōrokan dbr:Later_Balhae dbr:Tae_(Korean_name) dbr:Taejo_of_Goryeo dbr:Honglujing_Stele dbr:Wuyue dbr:Xue_Ping dbr:Zhen dbr:Dog_meat dbr:Bunka_Shūreishū dbr:Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union dbr:Port_of_Akita dbr:Port_of_Noshiro dbr:Posthumous_name dbr:Songyuan dbr:South_Korea dbr:Grid_plan dbr:Great_Jin-guk dbr:Injong_of_Goryeo dbr:Korea dbr:Korean_imperial_titles dbr:Korean_nationalism dbr:Korean–Jurchen_border_conflicts dbr:Kuandian_Manchu_Autonomous_County dbr:Kumya_County dbr:Kwanbuk dbr:Military_history_of_the_Sui–Tang_dynasties dbr:Buddhism_in_Mongolia dbr:Buddhism_in_Russia dbr:Nanjing_(Liao_dynasty) dbr:National_Museum_of_Korea dbr:Oh_Yeon-seo dbr:Seon_of_Balhae dbr:Seong_of_Balhae dbr:Seongjong_of_Goryeo dbr:Shadowless_Sword dbr:Shangjing_Longquanfu dbr:Shine_or_Go_Crazy dbr:Yanbian_Korean_Autonomous_Prefecture dbr:Yejong_of_Goryeo dbr:Yelü_Bei dbr:Yelü_Shuge dbr:Turkestan dbr:List_of_shortest-reigning_monarchs dbr:List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation dbr:List_of_state_leaders_in_the_10th_century dbr:List_of_state_leaders_in_the_7th_century dbr:List_of_state_leaders_in_the_8th_century dbr:List_of_state_leaders_in_the_9th_century dbr:List_of_states_during_Late_Antiquity dbr:List_of_states_during_the_Middle_Ages dbr:List_of_tombs_and_mausoleums dbr:List_of_tributary_states_of_China dbr:List_of_wars_involving_Mongolia dbr:Little_Goguryeo dbr:Liu_Xi_(Liao_dynasty) dbr:Names_of_Korea dbr:The_Legend_of_Xiao_Chuo dbr:Treasure_Hunting dbr:Myōjin dbr:Seo_Taiji_and_Boys_III dbr:발해 dbr:South_Korea–Turkey_relations dbr:Yeol_Man-hwa | |
| is dbp:cultures of | dbr:Ancient_Tombs_at_Longtou_Mountain | |
| is dbp:house of | dbr:Go_of_Balhae | |
| is dbp:predecessor of | dbr:Go_of_Balhae | |
| is dbp:spouses of | dbr:Emperor_Jingzong_of_Liao | |
| is rdfs:seeAlso of | dbr:Goguryeo | |
| is foaf:primaryTopic of | wikipedia-en:Balhae |
