Kyoto Protocol Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

The focus of the research is to explore the current project risks and use the known data and risk management tools, as well as use deterministic and stochastic ap- proaches, in scenario-based concepts.

The Kyoto protocol establishes a gradual reduction of gas emissions to control the greenhouse effect and the destruction of the ozone layer. The conventional refrigeration systems are based on the cyclic compression and expansion of some... more

The Kyoto protocol establishes a gradual reduction of gas emissions to control the greenhouse effect and the destruction of the ozone layer. The conventional refrigeration systems are based on the cyclic compression and expansion of some fluid with the subsequent gas-liquid transitions. The heat transferred from the cool source to the hot one is basically the latent heat of vaporization. The typical fluids used for this purpose are highly contaminant in the sense of the Kyoto protocol. They are confined to closed circuits, but sooner or later they leak to the atmosphere. Therefore some alternatives are being searched. One of the most promising methods is based on the

Documento que analiza a los 20 principales países emisores de GEI a nivel internacional. En él se realiza una caracterización macroeconómica básica con el fin de determinar si existe alguna relación, y en caso afirmativo cuál, entre el... more

Documento que analiza a los 20 principales países emisores de GEI a nivel internacional. En él se realiza una caracterización macroeconómica básica con el fin de determinar si existe alguna relación, y en caso afirmativo cuál, entre el PIB, el crecimiento del PIB, la composición sectorial del PIB, el nivel de competitividad o la población de dichos países en relación al volumen de emisiones de GEI. Para este fin, se realiza un análisis comparativo de datos procedentes de los años 1990 (año fijado como base para el cálculo de los objetivosde reducción de emisiones de GEI del Protocolo de Kyoto) y el 2006.

Transport is a major user of carbon-based fuels, and achievement of the targets set at the Kyoto Protocol and elsewhere means that the EU and national governments must reduce CO2 emissions in all sectors, including transport. This paper... more

Transport is a major user of carbon-based fuels, and achievement of the targets set at the Kyoto Protocol and elsewhere means that the EU and national governments must reduce CO2 emissions in all sectors, including transport. This paper reports on a recently completed study for the UK government on the options available to meet a 60% CO2 reduction target by 2030 in the UK transport sector. The study follows a backcasting study approach, developing a business as usual baseline for transport emissions, and two alternative scenarios to 2030. Different policy measures are assessed and assembled into mutually supporting policy packages (PP). Although 2030 seems a long way ahead, action must be taken now if the targets for CO2 reduction are to be met. The achievement of a carbon-efficient transport future, combined with holding travel levels at present levels, is likely to be very difficult. A major transformation in the way transport and urban planning is carried out is required. As transport and urban planners, we need to think very differently in tackling the new environmental and liveability imperative.

As a result of the Kyoto Protocol, the use of R134a in air conditioning system of new cars is going to be forbidden in the EU due to the high Global Warming Potential (GWP) of this substance. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the possible... more

As a result of the Kyoto Protocol, the use of R134a in air conditioning system of new cars is going to be forbidden in the EU due to the high Global Warming Potential (GWP) of this substance. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the possible alternatives as a cooling agent in mobile air conditioning applications and is desirable since it is a natural refrigerant. Cooling cycles using CO2 are currently achieving COP simi-lar to those of R134a cycles but there are promising options to further improve COP. One possibility is the application of an ejector instead of the valve. A Modelica library was developed that allows compu-tation of ejector cooling cycles in steady state with simplified component models that can be used as a design tool for the construction of an ejector proto-type. The library uses a new object-oriented library that serves as an interface to external medium librar-ies to compute thermodynamic and transport proper-ties for the refrigerant.

In this paper, we present an overview of guidelinesdeveloped for the monitoring, evaluation, reporting,verification, and certification (MERVC) ofenergy-efficiency projects for climate changemitigation. The monitoring and evaluation... more

In this paper, we present an overview of guidelinesdeveloped for the monitoring, evaluation, reporting,verification, and certification (MERVC) ofenergy-efficiency projects for climate changemitigation. The monitoring and evaluation ofenergy-efficiency projects is needed to determine moreaccurately their impact on greenhouse gas (GHG)emissions and other attributes, and to ensure that theglobal climate is protected and that countryobligations are met. Reporting, verification andcertification will be

This essay will explore the nature of the Paris Agreement and look at how it affects developing countries. It will also seek to look at whether the agreement has been adequate enough in addressing the concerns of the poorer nations or... more

This essay will explore the nature of the Paris Agreement and look at how it affects developing countries. It will also seek to look at whether the agreement has been adequate enough in addressing the concerns of the poorer nations or whether it failed in that regard. With developing countries being at the forefront of those that will be hardest hit by global warming, it is no surprise then they have garnered significant political momentum to see that this agreement get passed through. It will also look at the several commitments that are required from developing countries in this agreement. It is important to remember early on that a constant theme in the agreement is the application of differentiation, although to a lesser extent in comparison to previous agreements. One will therefore see how differentiation is applied in each obligation to developing countries.

Rules governing the global environment and the international economy are currently decided in separate arenas. Yet, environmental agreements can have strong economic implications, particularly with the growing use of market mechanisms.... more

Rules governing the global environment and the international economy are currently decided in separate arenas. Yet, environmental agreements can have strong economic implications, particularly with the growing use of market mechanisms. Economic liberalization rules, meanwhile, may limit the effectiveness of environmental agreements. This paper assesses the potential interaction between one important market-based environmental mechanism – the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol on climate change – and the framework of international investment law.

2018. MIT Press, Cambridge Mass. Ed. Urs Luterbacher and Detlef F. Sprinz

ABSTRACT: For Romania, who has limited resources of capital on internal plan, foreign investments represent more than a necessity, foreign capital, besides the contribution to supplementation of financial resources of the country, having... more

ABSTRACT: For Romania, who has limited resources of capital on internal plan, foreign investments represent more than a necessity, foreign capital, besides the contribution to supplementation of financial resources of the country, having support role for inevitable ...

Climate change is regarded as one of our times greatest environmental, social and economic challenges. The impacts of climate change on natural ecosystems, human society and economics are potentially severe, making it one of the most... more

Climate change is regarded as one of our times greatest environmental, social and economic challenges. The impacts of climate change on natural ecosystems, human society and economics are potentially severe, making it one of the most significant political issues facing the international community. The EU’s response to global climate change, from the Kyoto Protocol in 1997 with the 8% emission reduction to 2008 years Climate and Energy Package with a 20% reduction, illustrates a clear increase in ambition for the region.

Greenhouse-gas emissions increasing since the industrial revolution is among the major reasons for the global climate change. Climate change, whose effects have been seen nowadays, is threatening the lives of the human beings. Therefore,... more

Greenhouse-gas emissions increasing since the industrial revolution is among the major reasons for the global climate change. Climate change, whose effects have been seen nowadays, is threatening the lives of the human beings. Therefore, it’s highly important to a struggle against climate change where common responsibility of all humankind.
The effects created by greenhouse gases in global warming result in warming of the earth, melting of the glaciers and the rise in the sea levels. United Nations Climate Change Framework Convention (UNCCFC) was established by international institutions in order to resolve mentioned problems. Afterwards, regarding UNCCFC activities and decisions, Kyoto Protocol (KP) adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997, with setting internationally binding emission reduction targets. Kyoto Protocol includes project and market-based analyses for the climate change and flexibility mechanisms which are named as Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM), Joint Implementation (JI) and Emission Trade (ET).
Projects are developed aiming reduction of the greenhouse gases followed by carbon markets dealing with the purchase and selling transactions of the obtained reduction certificates.
In this study we are supposed to explain function, process, volume of carbon emission market, development and effects of such markets on economics and technology.
Key Words: Climate Change, Kyoto Protocol, United Nations Climate Change Framework Convention, Emission Trade

Climate policies and ethics have been crucial aspects of distributive justice in climate change. Atmosphere, being the global common, requires a global agreement on mitigation and adaptation to climate change. But such agreements face... more

Climate policies and ethics have been crucial aspects of distributive justice in climate change. Atmosphere, being the global common, requires a global agreement on mitigation and adaptation to climate change. But such agreements face ethical issues that are prone to moral corruption(Gardiner, 2011). In the words of Stephen Gardiner (2006), climate change is a “perfect moral storm”. Ethical issues like commoditization of the social and environmental values via carbon reduction markets, intergenerational ethics, sustainability, etc have been studied in this paper, concerning the transition in climate regime from Kyoto Protocol to Paris Agreement. The climate agreement’s evaluation is based on ethical values.
The paper analyses and compares the ethical perspectives of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Sustainable Development Mechanism (SDM). It has been observed in the study that the policy transition cannot bridge the climate change gap without safeguards for human rights, gender equality, inter/intra-generation equity, etc. The Paris Agreement provides a new shell of sustainability to carbon markets of the Kyoto Protocol, but the market mechanism remains the same in principle. Recommendations have been proposed which shall enhance the climate change mitigation efforts and build policy safeguards. As the parameters defining the SDM are not finalized yet, reforms are proposed to be incorporated from the experiences and shortcomings of CDM.

Bu yazının temel amacı, küresel ısınmaya çözüm amaçlı Kyoto Protokolü tarafından oluşturulmuş esneklik mekanizmalarını (emülsiyon ticareti ve temiz kalkınma mekanizması) kritik olarak analiz etmek ve Türkiye‟nin durumunu Kyoto Protokolü... more

Bu yazının temel amacı, küresel ısınmaya çözüm amaçlı Kyoto Protokolü tarafından oluşturulmuş esneklik mekanizmalarını (emülsiyon ticareti ve temiz kalkınma mekanizması) kritik olarak analiz etmek ve Türkiye‟nin durumunu Kyoto Protokolü ve gönüllü karbon piyasası açısından gözden geçirerek bazı eleştiri ve önerilerde bulunmaktır. Genelde karbon piyasası ve özelde Kyoto Protokolü esneklik mekanizmaları gerçekte sera gazlarının emülsiyonunu azaltmaya yönelik değil, daha fazla metalaştırma ve kapitalist pazarın büyümesini sağlamak amaçlı üretilmiş mekanizmalar haline gelmiştir. Karbon piyasaları toplumların fosil enerjilere bağımlılığı sorununu çözmeye yardımcı olamayacaktır. Gerçekte, karbon piyasaları bunun tersine bir sonuç doğurmaktadır. Fosil enerji kullanımının azaltılmasında etkin bir rol oynayamadığı için var olan sistemin aynen devam etmesini sağlamakta ve küresel iklim değişikliği sorununu ya fakir toplumlara ya da gelecek nesillere aktarma eğilimi göstermektedir. Kyoto Protokolü Temiz Kalkınma Mekanizması (TKM) projelerinin insan haklarını ihlal ettiği, olumsuz sosyal, ekonomik, politik ve çevresel etkiler yarattığı birçok araştırmacı tarafından belgelenmekte ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerin sürdürülebilir kalkınmasına olumsuz etkileri olduğu vurgulanmaktadır. Türkiye de bazı temiz enerji üretim projeleri ile gönüllü karbon piyasasında yer almakta ve bu piyasada payını artırmayı hedeflemektedir. Ek olarak, eğer 2012‟den sonra Kyoto Protokolü politikaları yürürlükte kalırsa Türkiye, Kyoto Protokolü TKM projelerine ev sahipliği yapma konumuna gelmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Diğer ülkelerde olduğu gibi Türkiye‟de de bu projelerin asıl amacı, güçlü sürdürülebilir kalkınma ölçütlerine uyum sağlayarak küresel ısınma sorununa çözüm bulmaya katkıda bulunma yerine, karbon piyasaları kazancından daha fazla pay elde etmektir. Durum bu ise, Türkiye‟de gönüllü karbon piyasasında yer alan projelerin sosyal ve çevresel olumsuz etkilerinin en aza indirgenmesi konusunda çalışmalar yapılmalıdır ve kamuoyu bu konularda bilgilendirilmelidir. Türkiye‟de gerçek kapsamlı ulusal sürdürülebilir kalkınma ölçütleri oluşturulmalıdır.