Policies Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development has called for halving the global per capita food waste from retail to consumer level and the reduction of food losses along production and supply chains by 2030 (United Nations 2015). Globally,... more

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development has called for halving the global per capita food waste from retail to consumer level and the reduction of food losses along production and supply chains by 2030 (United Nations 2015). Globally, state and non-state actors have introduced measures (e.g., regulatory and other incentive mechanisms) to mitigate food waste (FW) at the national, regional or local/supply chain level (Chalak et al. 2016).

This paper reviews the recent (post-2000) literature which assesses the importance of institutions as a factor determining cross-country differences in growth rates or in the contemporary level of “prosperity”. It first sketches how... more

This paper reviews the recent (post-2000) literature which assesses the importance of institutions as a factor determining cross-country differences in growth rates or in the contemporary level of “prosperity”. It first sketches how institutional economics has evolved. It then examines critically the methods of analysis employed in the recent literature. The paper finds that this literature has made a major contribution to the analysis of the causes of economic growth but the relative importance of institutions as a determinant of long-run growth and prosperity is still a wide open question.

A Web crawler is a computer program that browses the World Wide Web in a methodical, automated manner or in an orderly fashion. Web crawling is an important method for collecting data on, and keeping up with, the rapidly expanding... more

A Web crawler is a computer program that browses the World Wide Web in a methodical, automated manner or in an orderly fashion. Web crawling is an important method for collecting data on, and keeping up with, the rapidly expanding Internet. A vast number of web pages are continually being added every day, and information is constantly changing. This Paper is an overview of various types of Web Crawlers and the policies like selection, re-visit, politeness, parallelization involved in it. The behavioral pattern of the Web crawler based on these policies is also taken for the study. The evolution of these web crawler from Basic general purpose web crawler to the latest Adaptive web crawler is studied.

DOD is considering a change in policy governing the acquisition of special tooling/special test equipment (ST/STE). An IDA study team analyzed the potential effect on contractor profits, using a case study analysis to evaluate how five... more

DOD is considering a change in policy governing the acquisition of special tooling/special test equipment (ST/STE). An IDA study team analyzed the potential effect on contractor profits, using a case study analysis to evaluate how five alternative ST/STE policies would affect target profits. Three conclusions emerged from the analysis. * First, it can be much more profitable for a company to acquire test equipment as ST and STE on behalf of the government when prices covering no more than (roughly) 70% of a company's business adjust to reflect the acquisition. * Second, acquiring ST and STE appears more profitable from the perspective of a particular contract-that is, ignoring price adjustments on other contracts than it is to the company as a whole. * Third, acquiring contractor-owned assets tends to be profitable when prices covering more than (roughly) 85% of a company 5 business adjust. In this case, however, profitability may require that the equipment be worth at least its...

: Recent developments in the population engagement strategies associated with Operation Enduring Freedom and the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan have led to the emergence of Female Engagement Teams (FETs). These... more

: Recent developments in the population engagement strategies associated with Operation Enduring Freedom and the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan have led to the emergence of Female Engagement Teams (FETs). These Teams seek to provide insight and intelligence while engendering American and ISAF efforts in the region by utilizing female marines and soldiers to actively engage and interact with the population. Cultural norms and religious dictates have traditionally prevented male troops from reaching the female portion and even certain segments of the male portion of the Afghan constituency. Such interactions are thought to serve the greater population engagement strategy as well as aid in intelligence gathering and counterinsurgency efforts. Due to the relatively recent evolution of this program little academic research has been done on the exact nature of the program and whether or not it has seen the level of success hoped, with regard to population engagemen...

Although planning policies are often implicit in the recommendations that financial planners provide their clients, taking the next step and transforming these into formal written statements can better help clients stay the course in an... more

Although planning policies are often implicit in the recommendations that financial planners provide their clients, taking the next step and transforming these into formal written statements can better help clients stay the course in an uncertain world. This article advances a framework for how planners might formulate such written policies.The ideal policy will be broad enough to encompass new or unexpected events, yet specific enough to minimize doubt as to what action to take in response to changing circumstances.Using the Integral framework, within which clients are viewed from the fourfold perspective of individual/interior, individual/exterior, collective/interior, and collective/exterior, can be very helpful when developing formal planning policies.The article provides several examples of financial planning policies developed using the integral framework.A six-step process is suggested for formulating policies that bridge interior client goals and values to concrete exterior ...

COVID-19 has been under global discussion from the beginning of 2020 due to its unexpectedly rapid spreading around the world and influencing all spheres of peoples’ lives. The new virus kick-up that started in China and its further... more

COVID-19 has been under global discussion from the beginning of 2020 due to its
unexpectedly rapid spreading around the world and influencing all spheres of peoples’ lives. The
new virus kick-up that started in China and its further penetration to other parts of the world
showed vulnerability of not only low and middle-income countries but also most of the
developed countries' public health systems. As well as questioning, the lack of the readiness and
proper mechanisms under which high-income economies can sustain and overpass externalities
and aftermath of this pandemic has become the concern of the researchers and world actors. The
COVID-19 with being hard to make a forecast of spreading changed the views and values of
nations showed that people cannot fully follow preventive measures and they are not ready for
deprivation of liberty. The categories of particular specializations become more demanded and
valued as doctors, nurses, scientists, bioengineers, psychologists, etc. COVID-19 threat can be
solved once there will be an invention of a vaccine until if governments want to restart their
economies, they must have strong public health systems that detect and respond to the cases
(Craven et.al, 2020).

The goal of this article is to establish the importance of human resource management (HRM) and how it emerged, to provide some evidence of its context, to discuss its potential and future development. Many specialists underlined the fact... more

The goal of this article is to establish the importance of human resource management (HRM) and how it emerged, to provide some evidence of its context, to discuss its potential and future development. Many specialists underlined the fact that human resource requires more attention and careful management then any other resource of an organization. The role of the HR manager must parallel the needs of the changing organization. Successful organizations are becoming more adaptable, resilient, quick to change directions, and customer-centered. Within this environment, the HR professional must learn how to manage effectively through planning, organizing, leading and controlling the human resource and be knowledgeable of emerging trends in training and employee development.

Sustainable management of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a critical issue around the world, especially in South Asia where waste generation is expected to double by 2050. Closing the food-nutrient cycle through composting biodegradable... more

Sustainable management of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a critical issue around the world, especially in South Asia where waste generation is expected to double by 2050. Closing the food-nutrient cycle through composting biodegradable MSW has the potential to meet human needs, including sanitation and food security, while protecting the environment. We use an interdisciplinary case study approach including systems thinking to assess Sri Lanka's national MSW composting system, which primarily receives residential and commercial food waste. We embed quantitative compost quality analysis and interviews at 20 composting facilities within a broader qualitative assessment informed by ~60 stakeholders in total. This approach yields insights on how institutional, economic, social, and biophysical aspects of the system are interrelated, and how challenges and solutions can create undesirable and desirable cascading effects, respectively. Such dynamics can create risks of composting faci...