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- Stakeholders, Social Justice, Case Studies, Islam

The central focus of this paper is the notion that the home can provide a locale in which people can work at attaining a sense of ontological security in a world that at times is experienced as threatening and uncontrollable. The paper builds on and develops the ideas of Giddens and Saunders on ontological security and seeks to break down and operationalise the concept and explore it through a set of empirical data drawn from interviews with a group of older New Zealand home owners. The extent to which home and home life meets the conditions for the maintenance of ontological security is assessed through an exploration of home as the site of constancy in the social and material environment; home as a spatial context in which the day to day routines of human existence are performed; home as a site free from the surveillance that is part of the contemporary world which allows for a sense of control that is missing in other locales; and home as a secure base around which identities are...

- by Ann Dupuis
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- Sociology, Property Rights, Property, Meaning

The article aims to analyse the concept of normativity in the philosophy of weak thought developed by Gianni Vattimo. Weak thought refers to the theory of a weakening of being in an era of the end of metaphysics, as well as a challenge to the Cartesian concept of the subject. Such a philosophical theory does not entirely abandon normativity in the moral dimension. Vattimo proposes a weak notion of normativity, i.e. persuasion, without claims to universal applicability. Weak normativity derives from dialogue and respect for tradition, it recommends compliance with specific moral principles, but it does not acknowledge universal ethical obligations. This version of normativity is grounded in cultural heritage, agreement and social contract.

- by Andrzej Kobyliński
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- Natural Law, Nihilism, Gianni Vattimo, Weak Thought
- by Liz Jackson
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- International Relations, Multiculturalism, International Law, Human Rights

Der Gedanke, der sich in der modernen Idee der Autonomie verdichtet, ist ein doppelter: Die Figur der Autonomie enthält zugleich eine neue Auffassung von Normativität und eine eigene Konzeption von Freiheit. Dem Gedanken der Autonomie zufolge ist ein Gesetz, das wahrhaft normativ ist, eines, als dessen Urheber wir uns selbst betrachten können; und eine Freiheit, die im vollen Sinne wirklich ist, drückt sich in Gestalt eben solcher selbstgegebener Gesetze aus. Die Idee der Autonomie artikuliert so die Einsicht, dass man Freiheit und Gesetz nicht durch ihre Entgegensetzung bestimmen kann, sondern durcheinander erläutern muss. Wirkliche Freiheit ist nicht Freiheit von Gesetzen, sondern Freiheit in Gesetzen; verbindliche Normen sind nicht das, was Freiheit äußerlich beschränkt, sondern das, was Freiheit innerlich verwirklicht. Die Idee der Autonomie, die für die moderne praktische Philosophie seit Rousseau und Kant grundlegend ist, zielt so darauf, Freiheit und Verbindlichkeit in einem Zuge zu artikulieren: durch die Form selbstgegebener Gesetze. Mit Beiträgen von Robert Brandom, Judith Butler, Thomas Khurana, Christoph Menke, Terry Pinkard und Sebastian Rödl.

- by Thomas Khurana
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- Hegel, Autonomy, Immanuel Kant, Paradoxes
- by Nicolae Morar and +2
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- Critical Theory, Discourse Analysis, History, Cultural History

Previous scholarly studies have discussed the use of Zen Buddhism
within the person-centred approach of Carl Rogers, demonstrating the feasible influence of Buddhism over Rogers’s theories. The present research delves into the convergence and divergence of person-centred therapy and the Mahāyāna (one of the current mainstreams of Buddhism) philosophy explicated within the Vimalakīrti Nirdeśa Sūtra (a significant Mahāyāna canon); in particular, the bodhisattva spirit and four immeasurables, including loving-kindness, compassion, empathetic joy, and equanimity. Findings indicate that Carl Rogers’s counselling principles and practices comply with the Buddhist teachings of phenomenal vision, actualising tendency, and innate eagerness to alleviate suffering. This discussion also analyses ideas that have
seldom been examined in person-centred principles, such as bodhisattva
altruism, mind purity in nature and impurity caused by bewilderment,
compassion fatigue, causes of suffering, and counselling techniques.
Mahāyāna wisdom potentially offers references to the Rogerian family of
theories, which also sheds light on the use of Buddhist-influenced non-medical interventions.

Dr. Hugh Brody (29th October, 2013) - The other side of Eden. The Ecology, Cosmos and Consciousness Salon, The Institute of Ecotechnics, October Gallery, Bloomsbury, London. (Host) For tens of thousands of years, over 90% of our life... more

Il tema della libertà costituisce nel pensiero ricoeuriano un elemento sorgivo della sua riflessione, che progressivamente diventa un fiume carsico: un che di sommerso che tuttavia riemerge di tanto in tanto nella sua scrittura. Alla luce di questa idea il presente saggio intende sondare la presenza di un pensiero della libertà nell’ampio orizzonte dell’opera ricoeuriana, al fine di evidenziare alcune dinamiche proprie del pensatore francese nell’orizzonte di una riflessione sempre unitaria, anche se mai totalizzante. Il tema della libertà nella sua realizzazione personale diviene così il centro dell’argomentazione a partire dal quale si irradiano le tematiche più care a Ricoeur: dal tema del linguaggio e della metafora, a quello del tempo e della narrazione, fino a giungere alla dimensione etica, legata al tema della volontà e del male e da ultimo sfociante nella questione del riconoscimento, tra giustizia e amore. Il tentativo di questo lavoro è propriamente quello di ricercare nella dimensione della libertà quella tessitura profonda e costante che tiene insieme il vasto orizzonte delle ricerche ricoeuriane.

- by marco casucci
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- Philosophy Of Language, Ethics, Personality, Embodiment

The themes of ‘freedom’ and ‘resistance’ have histories and philosophical arguments that can be mapped across human history. This thesis uses these thematic concerns to explore the work of Irish artist Samuel Beckett. In so doing, this piece challenges the reader to re-evaluate Beckett’s work away from being a modernist artwork detached from time and context. Instead, what we need to see in Beckett is his relentless desire to reveal a brutally damaged 20th century that saw individuals exposed to extreme political ideas that led in many cases to physical and mental abuse. To aid this highly contextualised view of his work, this thesis employs the works of Berlin, Hegel, Marx and Adorno to give a deeper understanding of the philosophical context or to provide prisms through which a modern-day reader might understand Beckett’s narrative form.
This piece illustrates how, by encapsulating philosophical concepts of freedom and resistance, Beckett’s literature not only offers a glimpse into how he saw the world, but also why Jean Paul Sartre argued that he needed to focus on how “a fictional technique always relates back to the novelist’s metaphysics.”

- by Timi Isaac O'Neill
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- Marxism, Postcolonial Studies, Samuel Beckett, Short story (Literature)

An overview of Augustine of Hippo's views about freedom. I argue that Augustine the bishop was one of the first theological compatibilists, who believed that responsibility is compatible with at least certain kinds of necessity and that... more

- by Jesse Couenhoven
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- Philosophy, Ethics, Philosophy Of Religion, Theology

The European Union (EU) has closely correlated different aspects of the peace process in Bosnia with progress towards European accession. The ‘power of attraction’ of EU membership would presumably induce the Bosnian authorities to accept the adaptation costs of political and economic transformation. However, the Europeanisation approach has not produced the expected results. The track record of the EU’s policies towards Bosnia represents a paradigmatic case of what would happen if almost nothing works as efficiently as in the case of the countries that joined the EU in 2004 and 2007. The article investigates the causes of EU policy failure in Bosnia and claims that the EU has not effectively responded to three challenges: 1) adjust the process to the needs of an ethnically divided post-war state; 2) preserve the credibility of accession conditionality, and 3) convey the proper messages on how to comply with EU rules. Therefore, the article argues for a more cohesive and consistent EU approach towards Bosnia.

Among the deficiencies demonstrated by the world financial crisis of 2008–9, one was the limited capacity of G-8 to provide for global economic governance. The developed economies quickly realised that they should seek joint solutions and coordinated policies in cooperation with the leading emerging-market economies. As a result, the G-20 turned into the main forum for managing the crisis. This in fact pointed to an early institutional acknowledgement that important changes were underway in the global distribution of power. These changes derive from the substantially higher growth rates of the emerging-market economies in comparison with those of the developed economies, a trend named ‘the rise of the rest’ (Zakaria, 2008, pp. 2–3).

- by Nikolaos Tzifakis
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- Geography, Political Geography and Geopolitics, Latin American Studies, Law

This article argues that the post-Dayton political organisation of Bosnia represents an exemplary illustration of the difficulties associated with the empirical application of the pluralist model of “consociational democracy”. The country’s political system has been predicated on the existence of consensus and the spirit of cooperation among the three ethnic groups without, however, offering any electoral or political incentives to their leaderships to cooperate. Also, the inclusion of several elements to the Dayton accords of a partition approach to conflict resolution has even encouraged the ethnic leaderships to maintain their nationalistic programs and their endeavours to exploit the aforementioned power-sharing arrangements. Indeed, the structural deficiencies of the Dayton agreement have permitted nationalists to continue implementing their ethnic
agendas and have accounted for the slow progress towards the implementation of the Bosnian peace process. Therefore, this article elaborates on the international policies in Bosnia, aimed at transforming the country into a viable multiethnic state, and highlights the significance of motivations for implementing the peace process.

- by Nikolaos Tzifakis
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- History, Social Movements, International Relations, Multiculturalism
- by Nikolaos Tzifakis
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- Languages, Eastern European Studies, European Studies, International Relations
- by Özgürcan Şenbayrak
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- Sociology, Academic Freedom, Politics, Freedom of thought

Philosophy tries to answer the questions regarding the source of being. This endeavour reached the highest point with Aristotle in ancient Greece. Our claim is that Aristotle contructs his ontologic theory as the truth by using a historical fiction. Furthermore, being explicable becomes the most important feature of a theory. In modern period this historical fiction has been used in the opposite way. Being explicable and historical fiction brings a question that whether the truth is constructed or explored by philosopher? Our claim is that although different from each other, both periods show that the metaphysical aspect of philosophy inevitably runs its own destruction. Lastly in this article we discuss this situation within the context of Islamic thought perspective. In this section we emphasize the importance of historical fiction in order to resurrect Islamic thought. Furthermore, through an article of Omer Turker we criticise contemporary Islamic thought in Turkey.

- by Mehmet Günenç
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- Metaphysics, Aristotle, Immanuel Kant, Islamic Thought & Philosophy

Este artigo pretende analisar a trilogia Matrix, tratando dos acontecimentos do ambiente virtual como uma escravidão instintiva que torna os seres humanos em objetos para as máquinas. Busca
mostrar a caracterização da desobediência civil na luta pela liberdade e extinção da situação de servidão voluntária com base em Étienne de La Boétie. Traz a desobediência civil de Thoureau, Gandhi e Martin Luther King, no âmbito político, para repelir governos opressores e injustos
como forma de restabelecer a ordem de direitos fundamentais, comparando-a com as ações humanas em Matrix. Por meio da análise de conceitos de liberdade, foi possível justificar a resistência à opressão da inteligência artificial em Matrix, como uma ação suficiente para
restabelecer a paz e garantir direitos, sem perder de vista que as relações pacíficas são instáveis e duram até o próximo choque de interesses.

- by Vinícius Scherch and +1
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- Matrix Theory, Freedom, Voluntary Servitude, Civil Desobedience
- by harriett sly
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- Ethics, Health Promotion, Government, Health Care

Although Pakistan is listed as a highly intolerant country, this intolerance has rarely been investigated in the context of Pakistan. The current study aims to provide a contextual account of religious tolerance in Pakistan with a special focus on schools (including madrasas) and religiosity. Building on the pre-existing literature we tested to what extent madrasas, secular (worldly) education schools, and individual religiosity explain religious tolerance among students. We measured four dimensions of religious tolerance: freedom, respect, discrimination, and acceptance. Random sampling techniques were used to collect data from students (N = 937) of madrasas and mainstream schools. Structural equational modelling analyses revealed that madrasa students were least tolerant of religious minorities and private school students were the most tolerant. The study also found that the higher the religiosity of an individual, the lower their levels of religious tolerance, particularly, among private school students. Implications for research and policy are discussed.

- by Majid Hassan Ali and +1
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- Discrimination, Pakistan, Madrasa education, Respect

Leibniz defende que há formas de necessidade compatíveis com a moralidade e outras que o não são. Para dar razão desta afirmação analisam-se diversas classificações da necessidade apresentadas por Leibniz, procurando salientar a sua irredutibilidade. Este facto permite pensar que a doutrina da necessidade de Leibniz não pode ser reduzida a um único plano de análise, seja ele lógico ou metafísico, mas deve ter em conta simultaneamente diversos planos de análise. The senses of necessity in Leibniz Leibniz considers that there are forms of necessity that are compatible with morality and forms that are not compatible with morality. In order to understand this thesis we analyze different classifications of necessity proposed by Leibniz, seeking to explore their irreducibility. This irreducibility allows us to propose that Leibniz doctrine of necessity is incomprehensible from a unique logical or metaphysical point of view, and it must consider simultaneously different irreducible perspe...

- by Marta Mendonca
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- Determinism, Freedom

Philosophically, the most interesting objection to the reliance on advance directives to guide treatment decisions for formerly competent patients is the argument from the loss of personal identity. Starting with a psychological continuity theory of personal identity, the argument concludes that the very conditions that bring an advance directive into play may destroy the conditions necessary for personal identity, and so undercut the authority of the directive. In this article, I concede that if the purpose of a theory of personal identity is to provide an answer to the question What is it for a person to persist over time?, then reflection on personal identity poses a potentially serious threat to the moral authority of advance directives. However, as Marya Schechtman observes, questions about how a single person persists through change are not what most of us are interested in when we think about who a person is. Rather, we are interested in what it means to say that a particular...

- by Jeffrey Blustein
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- Law, Ethics, Applied Ethics, Decision Making
- by Caroline Latham
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- Health Psychology, Education, Quality of life, Diet

The book presents an interdisciplinary exploration aimed at renewing interest in Luigi Einaudi’s search for “good government”, broadly understood as “good society”. Prompted by the Einaudian quest, the essays - exploring philosophy of law, economics, politics and epistemology - develop the issue of good government in several forms, including the relationship between public and private, public governance, the question of freedom and the complexity of the human in contemporary societies.

- by Paolo Silvestri
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- Public Finance, Public Economics, Anthropology, Political Philosophy

Dr David Roberts argues that matters normally prioritized as security issues in international politics, such as terrorism and nuclear weapons, cause very limited harm, and that preventable global infant and maternal mortality, counted in the millions, is dismissed from security agendas by policy makers, who are mostly white, mostly male, and mostly secure. He will argue that the security needs of the most vulnerable do not resonate with the people who determine what security those people can have; and that international law does not apply to the public institutions which most undermine human security. Dr Roberts will propose a fast-working solution to this dilemma that will reduce the scale of deaths substantially almost overnight, and will identify the means by which this change can be effected.

- by Maria Eduarda Gonçalves
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- Computer Science, Law, Privacy, Political Science

The killing of Mahmoud al-Mabhou reportedly by agents of Israel‟s Mossad service in Dubai a year ago1 serves as a quick reminder that extrajudicial executions, assassinations and other targeted killing operations are taking place and are part of a modern democracy‟s arsenal of antiterrorism and counter-terrorism means. Targeted Killing Operations reportedly form part of NATO‟s operational practice: depending on the circumstances they represent just another option of the lawful use of force in an armed conflict or assimilated situations. Consequently, it is argued that International Law does not impose an explicit ban on the lethal neutralization of certain persons in an armed conflict scenario. This opinion provides a provocative view on possible justifications using targeted killing as an actual means of present day security operations – which must not be confused with traditional methods of domestic „policing‟ in a democratic state.

- by Ulf Haeussler
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- Criminology, Criminal Law, Ethics, International Law
- by John Dudley
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- Literary studies, Determinism, Freedom, Historical Studies

(47) „Der Begriff der ‚menschlichen Freiheit’ nach Schellings Freiheitsschrift“. In: F. Hermanni, D. Koch, J. Petersohn (Hgg.): „Der Anfang und das Ende aller Philosophie ist – Freiheit“. Schelling in der Sicht neuerer Forschung,... more

- by Thomas Buchheim
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- Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, Schelling, Freedom

In this paper I examine Lukács’ claim that the overcoming of reification amounts to the realization of the identity philosophies of Fichte and Hegel. I suggest that Lukács does indeed contrast reification with a Hegelian conception of social freedom that remains plausible today. Reification occurs when the preconditions of freedom and social participation are eroded through practices such as commodification and juridification. I conclude with the claim that reification diminishes freedom, and that criticism of reification is itself a form of freedom.

- by Timo Jütten
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- Philosophy, Hegel, Georg Lukács, Freedom

How do we judge what is right while, at the same time, respect the freedom of others? In considering this question, I bring Simone de Beauvoir and Hannah Arendt into dialogue to better understand how the pursuit of freedom necessitates a willingness to judge others. In my discussion, I explore how these writers treat the themes of ambiguity, oppression, and revolution. By comparing how they relate these themes to freedom, we see how liberty is interconnected with personal accountability, and a willingness to question our beliefs. It is when we are unwilling to engage in an ongoing dialogue, I argue, that we risk losing that which is most precious to us, namely, freedom. I begin by examining Beauvoir’s Ethics of Ambiguity to see how she connects ambiguity with ethical action. Then, I consider how ethical action is sometimes obscured by self-centered desires, which bar us from thinking about how our actions may negate the freedom of others. Next, I look at their different approaches t...

- by Rita Gardiner
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- Sociology, Judgment, Freedom

This essay attempts to clarify Leibniz’s theories of freedom and contingency by viewing them against the backdrop of his efforts to reengineer important philosophical concepts. In developing a concept of freedom, Leibniz is above all concerned to preserve divine and human responsibility (Section 1). His account of freedom requires him to reject necessitarianism, that is, the view that all things are absolutely necessary (Section 2). Leibniz therefore carves out two concepts of contingency. The first is centered on the thought that something may be contingent considered by itself – that is, per se – even if it is necessary in light of God’s goodness or will (Section 3). The second is centered on the thought that it may be possible to draw a distinction between contingent and necessary propositions in terms of logic alone (Section 4).

- by Jeffrey McDonough
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- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Freedom, Necessity, Contingency

-An open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licence
-Provides empirically grounded analysis for politicians and voters to understand the possibilities and limits of democracy
-Examines how and why the two traditional democratic values (freedom and equality) are implemented in the largest European countries
-This wide-ranging study examines how freedom and equality have developed across a thirty year period since 1990, particularly focusing on the impact of the 2008 Great Recession

- by Leonardo Morlino and +1
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- European Studies, Equality, Freedom, Democracy in the European Union
- by Lawrence Agbemabiese
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- Sociology, Social Change, Political Economy, Poverty
- by Sandra Lorenzano
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- Freedom, Rights, Derechos, Nomadas

This article explores the place of religion within Australian primary and secondary education. It is divided into three parts. The first examines religion within the Australian legal and constitutional structure. The second considers the accommodation of religion in government (public or state) and nongovernment (private) schools, using the State of South Australia as a representative example. The overarching question addressed in the third part is twofold: (1) Does religion find a place in Australia's schools, both government and nongovernment? (2) To the extent that it does, are there current legal threats to that place—in other words, to the freedom of religious faith in schools? The final section offers some brief concluding observations about the place of religion in Australian life generally, suggesting that there may still be some judicial support for the place of religion in the public sphere, which may auger well for its future in Australian education.

- by Ben Mylius
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- Religion, Religious Education, Political Science, Educational reform
- by Stuart Kaye
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- Navigation, Freedom, Region, Indo
- by Artea Panajotovic
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- Daoist Philosophy, Daoism, Science Fiction, Taoist Philosophy

The article attempts a comprehensive review of the human security concept in order to question its utility for both research and policy-making. It notes the term’s interdisciplinary and extensively normative content that have facilitated its evolution into a successful security discourse. On the other hand, human security’s wide appeal has as a side-effect an extended conceptual polysemy inhibiting the cumulation of knowledge and the development of a relevant theory. Absence of conceptual clarity has also complicated its policy implementation. The article attempts to break the deadlock and move the debate forward by using the work of John Gerring and Paul A. Barresi on concept formation as an organizing device.