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Barony by writ ist ein Begriff aus dem englischen Adelsrecht. Eine solche Baronie ist eine der beiden Arten, in der im mittelalterlichen England und danach (bis 1722) eine erbliche Baronie mit einem Sitz im Oberhaus geschaffen werden konnte. (de) The hereditary peers form part of the peerage in the United Kingdom. As of September 2022, there are 808 hereditary peers: 29 dukes (including five royal dukes), 34 marquesses, 191 earls, 111 viscounts, and 443 barons (disregarding subsidiary titles). Not all hereditary titles are titles of the peerage. For instance, baronets and baronetesses may pass on their titles, but they are not peers. Conversely, the holder of a non-hereditary title may belong to the peerage, as with life peers. Peerages may be created by means of letters patent, but the granting of new hereditary peerages has largely dwindled; only seven hereditary peerages have been created since 1965, four of them for members of the British royal family. As a result of the Peerage Act 1963 all peers except those in the peerage of Ireland were entitled to sit in the House of Lords, but since the House of Lords Act 1999 came into force only 92 hereditary peers, elected by and from all hereditary peers, are permitted to do so, unless they are also life peers. Peers are called to the House of Lords with a . (en) La parìa ereditaria costituisce una parte della parìa del Regno Unito. Vi sono oltre ottocento pari che detengono titoli ereditari. Precedentemente, gran parte di loro aveva il diritto di sedere alla Camera dei lord, ma col passaggio dell'House of Lords Act 1999, solo 92 di loro hanno permesso di svolgere funzioni parlamentari pur rimanendo tutti pari a vita. I pari sono chiamati ad essere membri della Camera dei lord con un . Un titolo ereditario non è necessariamente un titolo di parìa. Ad esempio, i baronetti hanno titoli ereditari trasmissibili ma non sono pari. Per controparte, il detentore di un titolo non ereditario può appartenere alla paria come pari a vita. Un titolo di parìa può essere creato tramite una lettera patente, ma col tempo la creazione di nuovi parìe ereditarie è stata ridotta, con solo sei parìe create dal 1965. Nel 2020 ci sono 814 pari ereditari: 31 duchi (di cui 7 reali), 34 marchesi, 193 conti, 112 visconti e 444 baroni (trascurando i titoli sussidiari). (it) 世襲貴族（英語: hereditary peer）とは、爵位を世襲できるイギリスの貴族のことである。 イギリスでは一代貴族、法服貴族、聖職貴族など非世襲の貴族が存在するため、それと区別するための分類である。2021年11月現在総計809家の世襲貴族家が存在する。内訳は公爵家30家（うち王族公爵が6家）、侯爵家が34家、伯爵家が191家、子爵家が111家、男爵家が443家である。 (ja) Parowie dziedziczni (ang. hereditary peers) – grupa członków Izby Lordów, izby wyższej brytyjskiego parlamentu, posiadających dziedziczne tytuły szlacheckie. Do roku 1999 miejsce w Izbie było przez nich dziedziczone wraz z tytułem, zaś grupa ta liczyła ponad 700 osób. Ustawa o Izbie Lordów (House of Lords Act) z 1999 roku znacznie ograniczyła ich liczebność i zmieniła zasady nabywania przez nich członkostwa w Izbie. Zmiana ta była częścią programu wyborczego rządzącej od 1997 Partii Pracy, która obiecała gruntowną reformę izby wyższej. Ustawa z 1999 wprowadza stałą liczbę parów dziedzicznych, która została ustalona na 92 osoby. Dwa miejsca zarezerwowane są dla arystokratów pełniących ważne funkcje dworskie: Lorda Wielkiego Szambelana i Hrabiego Marszałka. Decyzję o sposobie obsadzenia pozostałych mandatów pozostawiono samej Izbie. Pulę 90 miejsc podzielono między trzy główne partie oraz lordów niezależnych (crossbenchers) według następującego parytetu: * Partia Pracy – 2 miejsca * Liberalni Demokraci – 3 miejsca * Partia Konserwatywna – 42 miejsca * Lordowie niezależni – 28 miejsc * Cała Izba – 15 miejsc Każda z grup wybiera parów dziedzicznych (w granicach swojej puli) w głosowaniu wszystkich dotychczasowych lordów z danej grupy. Wybór ma charakter dożywotni, zaś miejsca opróżnione wskutek śmierci jednego z lordów są zapełniane tą samą metodą. Kandydatami mogą być wyłącznie osoby posiadające dziedziczne tytuły szlacheckie (nabycie tytułu szlacheckiego specjalnie w celu zasiadania w Izbie Lordów jest możliwe tylko w grupie parów dożywotnich). (pl) Os pares hereditários fazem parte do Pariato no Reino Unido. São mais de setecentos pares com títulos de nobreza que podem ser herdados por seus sucessores. Antigamente, todos tinham assento na Casa dos Lordes, mas desde 1999, com o "House of Lords Act", somente 92 pares são permitidos, embora esta redução esteja em discussão no Tribunal Europeu dos Direitos Humanos. Os pares são chamados à casa dos Lordes por intimação. Um título de par hereditário não é necessariamente um título do pariato. Por exemplo, Baronetes podem repassar seu título aos herdeiros, mas não são pares. Semelhante, um título não hereditário pode fazer parte do pariato, como fica evidente no caso do Príncipe de Gales e seus Títulos Vitalícios. Títulos podem ser criados por cartas de patentes. (pt) 世袭贵族（英語：Hereditary peer），英国的一种贵族爵位。全国大约有八百个持有世袭头衔的贵族。大部分世袭贵族以前在上议院拥有席位。国会通过1999年上议院法令（House of Lords Act 1999）后，大部分世袭贵族都丧失了担任上议院议员的资格，只有九十二人保留了席位。世袭贵族可經特别的令状（Writ of summons）獲传召到上议院议事。 具有世袭头衔者，不一定就是世袭贵族。举例而言，世袭头衔从男爵就并非世袭贵族的其中一个等级。相反，不具有世袭头衔的人，如终身贵族，也有可能是贵族。世袭贵族爵位通常由君主签发制誥创设，不过自1965年以来，英国只创设了六个新的世袭贵族爵位。 (zh) |
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Barony by writ ist ein Begriff aus dem englischen Adelsrecht. Eine solche Baronie ist eine der beiden Arten, in der im mittelalterlichen England und danach (bis 1722) eine erbliche Baronie mit einem Sitz im Oberhaus geschaffen werden konnte. (de) 世襲貴族（英語: hereditary peer）とは、爵位を世襲できるイギリスの貴族のことである。 イギリスでは一代貴族、法服貴族、聖職貴族など非世襲の貴族が存在するため、それと区別するための分類である。2021年11月現在総計809家の世襲貴族家が存在する。内訳は公爵家30家（うち王族公爵が6家）、侯爵家が34家、伯爵家が191家、子爵家が111家、男爵家が443家である。 (ja) 世袭贵族（英語：Hereditary peer），英国的一种贵族爵位。全国大约有八百个持有世袭头衔的贵族。大部分世袭贵族以前在上议院拥有席位。国会通过1999年上议院法令（House of Lords Act 1999）后，大部分世袭贵族都丧失了担任上议院议员的资格，只有九十二人保留了席位。世袭贵族可經特别的令状（Writ of summons）獲传召到上议院议事。 具有世袭头衔者，不一定就是世袭贵族。举例而言，世袭头衔从男爵就并非世袭贵族的其中一个等级。相反，不具有世袭头衔的人，如终身贵族，也有可能是贵族。世袭贵族爵位通常由君主签发制誥创设，不过自1965年以来，英国只创设了六个新的世袭贵族爵位。 (zh) The hereditary peers form part of the peerage in the United Kingdom. As of September 2022, there are 808 hereditary peers: 29 dukes (including five royal dukes), 34 marquesses, 191 earls, 111 viscounts, and 443 barons (disregarding subsidiary titles). (en) La parìa ereditaria costituisce una parte della parìa del Regno Unito. Vi sono oltre ottocento pari che detengono titoli ereditari. Precedentemente, gran parte di loro aveva il diritto di sedere alla Camera dei lord, ma col passaggio dell'House of Lords Act 1999, solo 92 di loro hanno permesso di svolgere funzioni parlamentari pur rimanendo tutti pari a vita. I pari sono chiamati ad essere membri della Camera dei lord con un . Nel 2020 ci sono 814 pari ereditari: 31 duchi (di cui 7 reali), 34 marchesi, 193 conti, 112 visconti e 444 baroni (trascurando i titoli sussidiari). (it) Parowie dziedziczni (ang. hereditary peers) – grupa członków Izby Lordów, izby wyższej brytyjskiego parlamentu, posiadających dziedziczne tytuły szlacheckie. Do roku 1999 miejsce w Izbie było przez nich dziedziczone wraz z tytułem, zaś grupa ta liczyła ponad 700 osób. Ustawa o Izbie Lordów (House of Lords Act) z 1999 roku znacznie ograniczyła ich liczebność i zmieniła zasady nabywania przez nich członkostwa w Izbie. Zmiana ta była częścią programu wyborczego rządzącej od 1997 Partii Pracy, która obiecała gruntowną reformę izby wyższej. (pl) Os pares hereditários fazem parte do Pariato no Reino Unido. São mais de setecentos pares com títulos de nobreza que podem ser herdados por seus sucessores. Antigamente, todos tinham assento na Casa dos Lordes, mas desde 1999, com o "House of Lords Act", somente 92 pares são permitidos, embora esta redução esteja em discussão no Tribunal Europeu dos Direitos Humanos. Os pares são chamados à casa dos Lordes por intimação. (pt) |
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wikipedia-en:Hereditary_peer |
