Rationality (original) (raw)
Racionalita (z lat. ratio, rozum a rationalis, rozumný) je rozumnost či rozumovost, schopnost myslet, rozhodovat se a jednat na základě rozvahy, případně rozumných účelů a cílů, které lze obhájit důvody. Jako racionální se často hodnotí určité rozhodování a jednání právě vzhledem k nějakému cíli („cílová“ nebo „účelová racionalita“, instrumentální racionalita, ekonomická racionalita).
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| dbo:abstract | Racionalita (z lat. ratio, rozum a rationalis, rozumný) je rozumnost či rozumovost, schopnost myslet, rozhodovat se a jednat na základě rozvahy, případně rozumných účelů a cílů, které lze obhájit důvody. Jako racionální se často hodnotí určité rozhodování a jednání právě vzhledem k nějakému cíli („cílová“ nebo „účelová racionalita“, instrumentální racionalita, ekonomická racionalita). (cs) في علم النفس، العقلانية هي مصطلح شامل يشير إلى تلك الفروع من الدراسة التي تركز على الإدراك والفكر: على سبيل المثال، التخيل العقلي والوعي والمعرفة، كما هو الحال في علم النفس المعرفي. وقد استخدم مصطلح العقلانية في المقام الأول من قبل السلوكيين الذين يعتقدون أن علم النفس العلمي يجب أن يركز على هيكل العلاقات السببية للاستجابات، أو على وظائف السلوك. لا العقلية ولا السلوكيات من المجالات المتبادلة الحصرية؛ ويمكن رؤية عناصر واحدة في الآخرى، وربما أكثر من ذلك في العصر الحديث مقارنة مع ظهور علم النفس منذ أكثر من قرن. (ar) Rationalität beschreibt ein vernunftgeleitetes Denken und Handeln. Es ist an Zwecken und Zielen ausgerichtet. Gründe, die als vernünftig gelten, werden absichtlich ausgewählt. Der Ausdruck entstammt dem lateinischen rationalitas (‚Denkvermögen‘), abgeleitet von ratio (‚Berechnung‘, ‚Vernunft‘, ,Verstand', auch ‚Verhältnis‘, ‚(logischer) Grund‘, ‚Rechtfertigungsgrund‘, ‚Begründung‘). Rationalität kann, je nach Anwendungsbereich und je nachdem, was man als vernünftig betrachtet, unterschiedliche Bedeutungen haben. Man spricht in der Moderne deshalb auch von verschiedenen Rationalitäten der einen Vernunft. (de) La racionalidad es la capacidad que permite pensar, evaluar, entender y actuar de acuerdo a ciertos principios de mejora y consistencia, para satisfacer algún objetivo o finalidad. El ejercicio de la racionalidad está sujeto a mejora continua. Cualquier construcción mental llevada a cabo mediante procedimientos racionales tiene por tanto una estructura lógico-mecánica distinguible (razonamiento) (es) Arrazionaltasuna arrazoiz pentsatu, erabaki eta jarduteko jokabideen multzoa da, norberaren helburuak lortzeko koherentziaz eta printzipio zenbait jarraituz. Jokabide horiek arrazionalak direla esaten da orduan. Printzipio horiek jarraitu ez badira, jokabidea irrazionala edo irrazionaltasunez jokatu dela esaten da. Latineko rationalitas hitzetik dator eta azken hau aldi berean ratio (arrazoia, neurria, ulermena) hitzetik. Kontzeptuak hainbat esanahi ditu diziplina desberdinetan. (eu) En philosophie, en psychologie et en sociologie, la rationalité est un concept servant à définir et mesurer la capacité de raisonnement, telle qu'elle se manifeste dans un (ou des) comportement(s) humain(s). Plus précisément, le mot désigne la qualité de ce qui, dans l’ordre de la connaissance, est rationnel (c'est-à-dire relevant de l'usage de la raison, ou intellect) et de ce qui, plus rarement, dans l’ordre de la pratique, relève du raisonnable. Le concept de rationalité a été fortement valorisé au XVIIe siècle par le philosophe René Descartes et le rationalisme puis, au XVIIIe siècle, par la philosophie des Lumières, qui l'a opposé aux croyances (qualifiant celles-ci d'obscurantistes) et, de manière plus ou moins affichée, à la religion. Différents moralistes, notamment en Grande-Bretagne (en particulier Adam Smith) se sont alors appuyés sur ce concept pour fonder une nouvelle discipline : l'économie. Il est établi que le domaine où la rationalité se trouve le plus souvent mise à contribution est la science. À la suite de Smith, une majorité d'économistes ont élaboré leurs analyses et leurs théories sur le concept de rationalité, entendant par là même conférer à leur discipline le statut de science. Encore aujourd'hui, la formule « rationalité économique » sert à désigner le comportement d’agents qui, par le biais de procédures découlant de la raison, cherchent à optimiser des objectifs, en premier lieu le profit. Or cette prétention au statut de science et, plus généralement, cette absolutisation du concept de rationalité fait débat. Estimant au début du XXe siècle que cette quête d'optimisation avait non seulement monté en puissance et gagné l'ensemble de société des pays industrialisés mais qu'elle constituait la cause première de l'industrialisation, le sociologue Max Weber a parlé de « rationalité en finalité » et de « processus de rationalisation ». Depuis, le concept de rationalité questionne non seulement la sociologie mais l'ensemble des sciences humaines, jusqu'à ceux-là mêmes qui y recourent : « Les limites que rencontre l’application du principe de rationalité aux actions sociales (...) sont-elles les mêmes pour une science du modèle comme l’économie ou une science de l’enquête comme la sociologie ? ». (fr) Rationality is the quality of being guided by or based on reasons. In this regard, a person acts rationally if they have a good reason for what they do or a belief is rational if it is based on strong evidence. This quality can apply to an ability, as in rational animal, to a psychological process, like reasoning, to mental states, such as beliefs and intentions, or to persons who possess these other forms of rationality. A thing that lacks rationality is either arational, if it is outside the domain of rational evaluation, or irrational, if it belongs to this domain but does not fulfill its standards. There are many discussions about the essential features shared by all forms of rationality. According to reason-responsiveness accounts, to be rational is to be responsive to reasons. For example, dark clouds are a reason for taking an umbrella, which is why it is rational for an agent to do so in response. An important rival to this approach are coherence-based accounts, which define rationality as internal coherence among the agent's mental states. Many rules of coherence have been suggested in this regard, for example, that one should not hold contradictory beliefs or that one should intend to do something if one believes that one should do it. Goal-based accounts characterize rationality in relation to goals, such as acquiring truth in the case of theoretical rationality. Internalists believe that rationality depends only on the person's mind. Externalists contend that external factors may also be relevant. Debates about the normativity of rationality concern the question of whether one should always be rational. A further discussion is whether rationality requires that all beliefs are reviewed from scratch rather than trusting pre-existing beliefs. Various types of rationality are discussed in the academic literature. The most influential distinction is between theoretical and practical rationality. Theoretical rationality concerns the rationality of beliefs. Rational beliefs are based on evidence that supports them. Practical rationality pertains primarily to actions. This includes certain mental states and events preceding actions, like intentions and decisions. In some cases, the two can conflict, as when practical rationality requires that one adopts an irrational belief. Another distinction is between ideal rationality, which demands that rational agents obey all the laws and implications of logic, and bounded rationality, which takes into account that this is not always possible since the computational power of the human mind is too limited. Most academic discussions focus on the rationality of individuals. This contrasts with social or collective rationality, which pertains to collectives and their group beliefs and decisions. Rationality is important for solving all kinds of problems in order to efficiently reach one's goal. It is relevant for and discussed in many disciplines. In ethics, one question is whether one can be rational without being moral at the same time. Psychology is interested in how psychological processes implement rationality. This also includes the study of failures to do so, as in the case of cognitive biases. Cognitive and behavioral sciences usually assume that people are rational to predict how they think and act. Logic studies the laws of correct arguments. These laws are highly relevant for the rationality of beliefs. A very influential conception of practical rationality is given in decision theory: it states that a decision is rational if the chosen option has the highest expected utility. Other relevant fields include game theory, Bayesianism, economics, and artificial intelligence. (en) Rasional adalah suatu pola pikir dimana seseorang cenderung bersikap dan bertindak berdasarkan logika dan nalar manusia. Rasional juga diartikan adalah hal yang bisa dilakukan dengan hal yang ada. Gagasan atau ide berpikir rasional memiliki keterkaitan dengan cabang ilmu filsafat. Pemikiran rasional terjadi dengan mempelajari cara berpikir menggunakan logika secara lurus, tepat, dan teratur. Rasionalitas diartikan sebagai suatu konsep normatif yang mengarah pada keyakinan seseorang dengan alasan seseorang dapat percaya dan bertindak. Namun, istilah "rasionalitas" cenderung digunakan secara berbeda dalam berbagai disiplin ilmu, termasuk diskusi khusus ekonomi, sosiologi, psikologi, biologi evolusioner dan ilmu politik. Argumen yang dibangun dengan memenuhi kaidah logika yang ada, dan dapat diterima akal, maka hal ini dapat sebut sebagai bagian ekspresi rasionalitas. Sebuah keputusan yang rasional adalah salah satu yang tidak hanya beralasan, tetapi juga optimal untuk mencapai tujuan atau memecahkan masalah. Menentukan optimal untuk perilaku rasional membutuhkan formulasi diukur dari masalah, dan membuat beberapa asumsi utama. Ketika tujuan atau masalah melibatkan membuat keputusan, faktor rasionalitas dalam berapa banyak informasi yang tersedia (misalnya lengkap atau pengetahuan yang tidak lengkap). Secara kolektif, perumusan dan latar belakang asumsi yang model di mana rasionalitas berlaku. Menggambarkan relativitas rasionalitas jika seseorang menerima model yang diuntungkan diri sendiri adalah optimal, maka rasionalitas disamakan dengan perilaku yang mementingkan diri sendiri ke titik yang egois, sedangkan jika seseorang menerima model yang menguntungkan kelompok yang optimal, maka perilaku murni egois dianggap tidak rasional. Hal demikian berarti untuk menegaskan rasionalitas tanpa juga menentukan asumsi model yang menggambarkan bagaimana latar belakang masalah dibingkai dan dirumuskan. (in) 합리성(合理性, rationality)은 합리적인 성질이나 상태를 의미하며 이성에 기반을 둔다. 합리성은 철학, 경제학, 사회학, 심리학, 진화생물학, 게임 이론, 정치학에서 그 의미가 달라질 수 있다. (ko) Rationaliteit is consistent handelen op basis van de rede. Hierbij vindt ideevorming en handelen plaats op basis van feiten met kennis van oorzaak en gevolg en zijn de te verwachten baten groter dan de verwachte kosten, maximalisatie van het verwachte nut of vooruitzicht. Hoewel rationaliteit objectiviteit veronderstelt en daarmee vrij zou moeten zijn van emoties, is het wel rationeel om bij rekening te houden met de emoties die voort kunnen komen uit een beslissing. Naast deze zijn er beperkingen aan de beschikbaarheid van informatie, cognitieve beperkingen en de beperkte tijd om tot een besluit te komen, de beperkte rationaliteit. Rationaliteit is van groot belang in het werk van Max Weber. Het was volgens hem de rationalisering die de moderne maatschappij mogelijk had gemaakt. Hij maakte onder meer onderscheid tussen doelrationaliteit en waarderationaliteit. Wat rationaliteit nu echter precies inhoudt, blijkt niet eenduidig te beantwoorden en Weber zelf onderscheidt al zestien verschillende betekenissen bij het begrip. (nl) Il termine razionalità, dal latino "ratio" (razio, cioè ragione, motivo, senso) indica la proprietà di quei princìpi o processi dotati di una logica consequenziale e stabilita a priori. Nel parlare quotidiano indica il comportarsi in maniera equilibrata. (it) Racionalidade é a qualidade ou estado de ser sensato, com base em fatos ou razões. A racionalidade implica a conformidade de suas crenças com umas próprias razões para crer, ou de suas ações com umas razões para a ação. “Racionalidade" tem significados diferentes especializados em economia, sociologia, psicologia, biologia evolutiva e ciência política. Uma decisão racional é aquela que não é apenas fundamentada, mas também é ideal para alcançar um objetivo ou resolver um problema. Determinar otimização para o comportamento racional exige uma formulação quantificável do problema, e fazer várias suposições-chave. Quando o objetivo ou problema envolve a tomada de uma decisão, o fator de racionalidade em quanta informação está disponível (por exemplo, conhecimento completo ou incompleto). Coletivamente, a formulação e pressupostos de fundo são o modelo em que a racionalidade se aplica. Ilustrando a relatividade da racionalidade: se alguém aceita um modelo no qual beneficiando a si mesmo é o ideal, em seguida, a racionalidade é equiparado a um comportamento que é auto interessado, a ponto de ser egoísta; enquanto que, se alguém aceita um modelo no qual a beneficiar o grupo é o ideal, então o comportamento puramente egoísta é considerado irracional. É, portanto, sem sentido de afirmar a racionalidade sem especificar também os pressupostos do modelo de fundo que descrevem como o problema é enquadrado e formulado. (pt) Раціональність (від лат. Ratio — розум) — термін у найширшому сенсі означає розумність, свідомість, протилежність ірраціональності. У більш вузькому значенні — характеристика знання з точки зору його відповідності деяким принципам мислення. Використання цього терміну часто пов'язане з увагою до відмінностей в таких принципах, тому прийнято говорити про різні типи раціональності. (uk) 在哲學中，理性（英語：Rationality）是指人類能夠運用理智的能力。相對於感性的概念，它通常指人類在審慎思考各項客觀的證據後，以推理方式，推導出合理的結論。這種思考方式稱為理性。 感性和理性，都屬於意識的範疇，且為意識的性質。 理性，基於意識，是具有參照性的意識。 參照系，可以是生命，比如本能；也可以是知識，比如坐標；也可以是意識，比如自我。 理性，也代表其思想及行為不會被杏仁核劫持，能夠冷靜分析，控制情緒，是情緒智慧中重要的一部分。 (zh) Рациона́льность (от лат. ratio — разум) — термин, в самом широком смысле означающий разумность, осмысленность, противоположность иррациональности. В более специальном смысле — характеристика знания с точки зрения его соответствия некоторым принципам мышления. Использование этого термина часто связано с вниманием к различиям в таких принципах, поэтому принято говорить о различных типах рациональности. Существуют различные модели философского рассмотрения рациональности. Так, Макс Вебер различает формальную и субстантивную рациональность. Первая состоит в способности осуществлять калькуляцию и расчет в рамках принятия экономического решения. Субстантивная рациональность относится к более обобщенной системе ценностей и стандартов, которые интегрированы в мировоззрение. В других моделях рациональности в качестве её основы рассматривались согласованность, эмпирическая адекватность, способность к росту содержательного знания. В плюралистических трактовках подчёркивается, что рациональность представляет собой конструкт, выполняющий роль методологического обоснования знания, но не имеющий универсального объективного референта. Применительно к разным культурам и эпохам выделяют свои виды рациональности: рациональность Нового времени, классическая рациональность, неклассическая рациональность и т. п. Каждой из таких рациональностей свойственен свой стиль мышления, свои проблемы и методы их решения, свой особый тип разума, порождающий такое знание, которое для данной эпохи и культуры считается рациональным. Предпринимаются и попытки выделить общие для всех видов рациональности черты. В философии науки проблема рациональности связана с проблемой научности и выделением рациональных методов науки. Эта проблема известна как проблема демаркации и успешного решения не имеет. (ru) |
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| rdfs:comment | Racionalita (z lat. ratio, rozum a rationalis, rozumný) je rozumnost či rozumovost, schopnost myslet, rozhodovat se a jednat na základě rozvahy, případně rozumných účelů a cílů, které lze obhájit důvody. Jako racionální se často hodnotí určité rozhodování a jednání právě vzhledem k nějakému cíli („cílová“ nebo „účelová racionalita“, instrumentální racionalita, ekonomická racionalita). (cs) في علم النفس، العقلانية هي مصطلح شامل يشير إلى تلك الفروع من الدراسة التي تركز على الإدراك والفكر: على سبيل المثال، التخيل العقلي والوعي والمعرفة، كما هو الحال في علم النفس المعرفي. وقد استخدم مصطلح العقلانية في المقام الأول من قبل السلوكيين الذين يعتقدون أن علم النفس العلمي يجب أن يركز على هيكل العلاقات السببية للاستجابات، أو على وظائف السلوك. لا العقلية ولا السلوكيات من المجالات المتبادلة الحصرية؛ ويمكن رؤية عناصر واحدة في الآخرى، وربما أكثر من ذلك في العصر الحديث مقارنة مع ظهور علم النفس منذ أكثر من قرن. (ar) Rationalität beschreibt ein vernunftgeleitetes Denken und Handeln. Es ist an Zwecken und Zielen ausgerichtet. Gründe, die als vernünftig gelten, werden absichtlich ausgewählt. Der Ausdruck entstammt dem lateinischen rationalitas (‚Denkvermögen‘), abgeleitet von ratio (‚Berechnung‘, ‚Vernunft‘, ,Verstand', auch ‚Verhältnis‘, ‚(logischer) Grund‘, ‚Rechtfertigungsgrund‘, ‚Begründung‘). Rationalität kann, je nach Anwendungsbereich und je nachdem, was man als vernünftig betrachtet, unterschiedliche Bedeutungen haben. Man spricht in der Moderne deshalb auch von verschiedenen Rationalitäten der einen Vernunft. (de) La racionalidad es la capacidad que permite pensar, evaluar, entender y actuar de acuerdo a ciertos principios de mejora y consistencia, para satisfacer algún objetivo o finalidad. El ejercicio de la racionalidad está sujeto a mejora continua. Cualquier construcción mental llevada a cabo mediante procedimientos racionales tiene por tanto una estructura lógico-mecánica distinguible (razonamiento) (es) Arrazionaltasuna arrazoiz pentsatu, erabaki eta jarduteko jokabideen multzoa da, norberaren helburuak lortzeko koherentziaz eta printzipio zenbait jarraituz. Jokabide horiek arrazionalak direla esaten da orduan. Printzipio horiek jarraitu ez badira, jokabidea irrazionala edo irrazionaltasunez jokatu dela esaten da. Latineko rationalitas hitzetik dator eta azken hau aldi berean ratio (arrazoia, neurria, ulermena) hitzetik. Kontzeptuak hainbat esanahi ditu diziplina desberdinetan. (eu) 합리성(合理性, rationality)은 합리적인 성질이나 상태를 의미하며 이성에 기반을 둔다. 합리성은 철학, 경제학, 사회학, 심리학, 진화생물학, 게임 이론, 정치학에서 그 의미가 달라질 수 있다. (ko) Il termine razionalità, dal latino "ratio" (razio, cioè ragione, motivo, senso) indica la proprietà di quei princìpi o processi dotati di una logica consequenziale e stabilita a priori. Nel parlare quotidiano indica il comportarsi in maniera equilibrata. (it) Раціональність (від лат. Ratio — розум) — термін у найширшому сенсі означає розумність, свідомість, протилежність ірраціональності. У більш вузькому значенні — характеристика знання з точки зору його відповідності деяким принципам мислення. Використання цього терміну часто пов'язане з увагою до відмінностей в таких принципах, тому прийнято говорити про різні типи раціональності. (uk) 在哲學中，理性（英語：Rationality）是指人類能夠運用理智的能力。相對於感性的概念，它通常指人類在審慎思考各項客觀的證據後，以推理方式，推導出合理的結論。這種思考方式稱為理性。 感性和理性，都屬於意識的範疇，且為意識的性質。 理性，基於意識，是具有參照性的意識。 參照系，可以是生命，比如本能；也可以是知識，比如坐標；也可以是意識，比如自我。 理性，也代表其思想及行為不會被杏仁核劫持，能夠冷靜分析，控制情緒，是情緒智慧中重要的一部分。 (zh) Rationality is the quality of being guided by or based on reasons. In this regard, a person acts rationally if they have a good reason for what they do or a belief is rational if it is based on strong evidence. This quality can apply to an ability, as in rational animal, to a psychological process, like reasoning, to mental states, such as beliefs and intentions, or to persons who possess these other forms of rationality. A thing that lacks rationality is either arational, if it is outside the domain of rational evaluation, or irrational, if it belongs to this domain but does not fulfill its standards. (en) Rasional adalah suatu pola pikir dimana seseorang cenderung bersikap dan bertindak berdasarkan logika dan nalar manusia. Rasional juga diartikan adalah hal yang bisa dilakukan dengan hal yang ada. Gagasan atau ide berpikir rasional memiliki keterkaitan dengan cabang ilmu filsafat. Pemikiran rasional terjadi dengan mempelajari cara berpikir menggunakan logika secara lurus, tepat, dan teratur. Rasionalitas diartikan sebagai suatu konsep normatif yang mengarah pada keyakinan seseorang dengan alasan seseorang dapat percaya dan bertindak. Namun, istilah "rasionalitas" cenderung digunakan secara berbeda dalam berbagai disiplin ilmu, termasuk diskusi khusus ekonomi, sosiologi, psikologi, biologi evolusioner dan ilmu politik. Argumen yang dibangun dengan memenuhi kaidah logika yang ada, dan dapat (in) En philosophie, en psychologie et en sociologie, la rationalité est un concept servant à définir et mesurer la capacité de raisonnement, telle qu'elle se manifeste dans un (ou des) comportement(s) humain(s). Plus précisément, le mot désigne la qualité de ce qui, dans l’ordre de la connaissance, est rationnel (c'est-à-dire relevant de l'usage de la raison, ou intellect) et de ce qui, plus rarement, dans l’ordre de la pratique, relève du raisonnable. (fr) Rationaliteit is consistent handelen op basis van de rede. Hierbij vindt ideevorming en handelen plaats op basis van feiten met kennis van oorzaak en gevolg en zijn de te verwachten baten groter dan de verwachte kosten, maximalisatie van het verwachte nut of vooruitzicht. (nl) Racionalidade é a qualidade ou estado de ser sensato, com base em fatos ou razões. A racionalidade implica a conformidade de suas crenças com umas próprias razões para crer, ou de suas ações com umas razões para a ação. “Racionalidade" tem significados diferentes especializados em economia, sociologia, psicologia, biologia evolutiva e ciência política. Uma decisão racional é aquela que não é apenas fundamentada, mas também é ideal para alcançar um objetivo ou resolver um problema. (pt) Рациона́льность (от лат. ratio — разум) — термин, в самом широком смысле означающий разумность, осмысленность, противоположность иррациональности. В более специальном смысле — характеристика знания с точки зрения его соответствия некоторым принципам мышления. Использование этого термина часто связано с вниманием к различиям в таких принципах, поэтому принято говорить о различных типах рациональности. В философии науки проблема рациональности связана с проблемой научности и выделением рациональных методов науки. Эта проблема известна как проблема демаркации и успешного решения не имеет. (ru) |
| rdfs:label | عقلانية (علم نفس) (ar) Racionalita (cs) Rationalität (de) Racionalidad (es) Arrazionaltasun (eu) Rationalité (fr) Rasionalitas (in) Razionalità (it) 합리성 (ko) Rationality (en) 合理性 (ja) Rationaliteit (nl) Рациональность (ru) Racionalidade (pt) 理性 (zh) Раціональність (uk) |
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