CBSE Class 12 Syllabus 202425: Subjectwise PDF Download (original) (raw)
CBSE Class 12 Syllabus 2024-25: Subject-wise PDF Download
Last Updated : 21 Aug, 2025
**CBSE Class 12 Syllabus2024-25 has been released by the Central Board of Secondary Education(CBSE). Students can now download the subject-wise syllabus for CBSE Class 12. This year, CBSE has updated few topics and chapters which we have updated in the article below. Students are advised to go through the latest syllabus of CBSE Class 12th carefully to have a clear understanding of the CBSE Class 12th Exam.
By following the CBSE Class 12th syllabus and CBSE Class 12 exam pattern, Students can manage their time table effectively to get better CBSE results. GeeksforGeeks has covered all Class 12th subjects such as Mathematics, Science, Social Science, Languages, and Skill-Based Subjects to make students well prepared.
Let's take a detailed look at the **CBSE Class 12th Syllabus 2024-25.
CBSE Class 12 Syllabus 2024-25: Subject-wise PDF Download
Students of Class 12 under CBSE have to prepare for the following subjects:
Students are expected to have a sufficient level of language ability in English by the time they enter class XII, and the course primarily focuses on developing higher-order language abilities. For many students, the higher secondary stage will serve as a preparation for university, where a high level of **English proficiency may be necessary. For another majority of cases, however, the higher secondary level may serve as a preparation for professional admission. The Core Course should cater to both groups by promoting academic language skills as well as workplace language skills.
CBSE Class 12 English Core Detailed Syllabus:
**Section A: Reading Comprehension through Unseen Passage (18 Marks)
One unseen passage to assess comprehension, interpretation inference, and vocabulary. The passage may be factual, descriptive, or literary.
One unseen case-based passage with verbal/visual inputs like statistical data, charts, etc.**Note: The combined word limit for both passages will be 600-750.
****Multiple Choice Questions / Objective Type Questions will be asked. (10+8 = 18 Marks)**Note Making and Summarization based on a passage of approximately 200-250 words.Note Making:Title: 1Numbering and indenting: 1Key/glossary: 1Notes: 2Summary (up to 50 words): 3 MarksContentExpression
Section B
**Grammar
Questions on Gap filling (Tenses, Clauses)Questions on re-ordering/transformation of sentences(Total seven questions to be done out of the eight given).
**Creative Writing Skills
Short writing task – Classified Advertisements up to 50 words. One out of the two given questions to be answered (3 Marks: Format: 1 / Content: 1 / Expression: 1)Short writing task –Poster up to 50 words. One out of the two given questions is to be answered.(3marks: Format: 1 / Content: 1 / Expression: 1)Writing a Speech in 120-150 words based on verbal/visual cues related to some contemporary / age-appropriate topic.Writing a Debate based on visual/verbal inputs in 120-150 words. The theme should be contemporary topical issues. One out of the two given questions is to be answered. (5 Marks: Format: 1 / Content: 2 / Expression: 2)
**Section C
****Section 1:**Reference to the Context
One Poetry extracts out of two from the book Hornbill to assess comprehension, interpretation, analysis and appreciation. ****(3××1=3 Marks)**One Prose extract out of two from the book Hornbill to assess comprehension, interpretation, analysis and appreciation. ****(3××1=3 Marks)**One prose extracts out of two from the book Snapshots to assess comprehension, interpretation and analysis. ****(4××1=4 Marks)**
**Section 2: Two Short answer type questions (one from Prose and one from Poetry from the book Hornbill), out of four, to be answered in 40-50 words. Questions should elicit inferential responses through critical thinking. ****(3××2=6 Marks)**
**Section 3: One Short answer type question, from the book Snapshots, to be answered In 40- 50 words. Questions should elicit inferential responses through critical thinking. Any 1 out of 2 questions to be done. ****(3××1=3 Marks)**
****Section 4:**One Long answer type question, from Prose/Poetry Hornbill, to be answered in 120-150 words. Questions can be based on incident/theme/passage/extract/event as reference points to assess extrapolation beyond and across the text. The question will elicit an analytical and evaluative response from the student. Any 1 out of 2 questions to be done. ****(1××6=6 Marks)**
**Section 5: One Long answer type question, based on the chapters from the book Snapshots to be answered in 120-150 words to assess global comprehension and extrapolation beyond the text. Questions to provide evaluative and analytical responses using incidents, events, and themes as reference points. Any 1 out of 2 questions to be done. ****(1××6=6 Marks)**
This section will have a variety of assessment items including Multiple Choice Questions, Objective Type Questions, Short Answer Type Questions and Long Answer Type Questions to assess comprehension, analysis, interpretation and extrapolation beyond the text.
Class 12 Maths Syllabus 2024-25
Class 12 Maths curriculum is the foundation course for various competitive exams like JEE, NEET, Olympiads, etc. Therefore, GeeksforGeeks presented all the concepts covered in various numbers of the article that covers the whole syllabus of **CBSE class 12 Maths in detail, along with every chapter categorized into relevant topics prescribed by the CBSE board and as per the syllabus given in **NCERT Class 12 Maths textbooks.
CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus 2024-25 has changed over time to reflect the evolution of the subject and the changing needs of society. Senior Secondary is a stepping stone for students who want to pursue higher education in Physics or pursue professional courses such as Engineering, Physical and Biological Science, Commerce, or Computer Applications.
The current revised syllabus was created in accordance with the National Curriculum Framework 2005 and the guidelines provided by the Focus Group on Teaching of **Physics in 2005, with the goal of meeting the evolving needs of all student groups. Greater emphasis has been placed on the application of various concepts, which has been motivated by real-life situations and other subject areas.
The CBSE Chemistry Syllabus has changed over time to reflect the evolution of the subject and the changing needs of society. Senior Secondary is a stepping stone for students who want to pursue higher education in Chemistry or pursue professional courses such as Engineering, Physical and Biological Science, Commerce, or Computer Applications.
The current revised syllabus was created in accordance with the National Curriculum Framework 2005 and the guidelines provided by the Focus Group on Teaching of **Chemistry in 2005, with the goal of meeting the evolving needs of all student groups. Greater emphasis has been placed on the application of various concepts, which has been motivated by real-life situations and other subject areas.
The CBSE Biology Syllabus has changed over time to reflect the evolution of the subject and the changing needs of society. Senior Secondary is a stepping stone for students who want to pursue higher education in Biology or pursue professional courses such as Engineering, Physical and Biological Science, Commerce, or Computer Applications.
The current revised syllabus was created in accordance with the National Curriculum Framework 2005 and the guidelines provided by the Focus Group on Teaching of **Biology in 2005, with the goal of meeting the evolving needs of all student groups. Greater emphasis has been placed on the application of various concepts, which has been motivated by real-life situations and other subject areas.
CBSE Class 12 Biology Detailed Syllabus:
Unit Name
Topics Covered
**Unit I Reproduction
Reproduction in OrganismsSexual Reproduction in Flowering PlantsHuman ReproductionReproductive Health
**Unit II Genetics and Evolution
Principles of Inheritance and VariationMolecular Basis of InheritanceEvolution
**Unit III Biology in human welfare
Human Health and DiseaseStrategies for Enhancement in 165 Food ProductionMicrobes in Human Welfare
**Unit IV Biotechnology
Biotechnology: Principles and ProcessesBiotechnology and its Applications
**Unit V Ecology
Organisms and PopulationsEcosystemBiodiversity and ConservationEnvironmental Issues
The Male Reproductive SystemThe Female Reproductive SystemSpermatogenesisOogenesisMenstrual CycleFertilisation And ImplantationPregnancy And Embryonic DevelopmentParturition And Lactation
**Chapter 4: Reproductive Health
Population Stabilisation And Birth ControlMedical Termination Of Pregnancy (MTP)Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIS)Infertility
**Chapter 5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation
Inheritance Of One GeneMendel's LawLaw Of Dominance And Law Of SegregationInheritance Of Two GenesLaw Of Independent AssortmentChromosomal Theory Of InheritanceLinkage RecombinationPolygenic InheritancePleiotropySex DeterminationMutationPedigree AnalysisMendelian DisordersChromosomal Disorders
Common Diseases In HumansImmunityInnate And Acquired ImmunityAIDSVaccaniation And ImmuniationCancer Drugs And Alcohol AbuseAdolescence And Drug/Alcohol Abuse Addiction And Dependence Prevention And Control
**Chapter 9: Strategies For Enhancement in Food Production
Microbes In Household ProductsMicrobes In Industrial ProductsMicrobes In Sewage TreatmentMicrobes In the Production Of BiogasMicrobes As Biocontrol AgentsMicrobes As Biofertilisers
**Chapter 11: Biotechnology: Principles and Process
Restriction EnzymesCloning VectorsCompetent Host (for Transformation With Recombinant DNA)Processes Of Recombinant DNA TechnologyInsertion Of Recombinant DNA
**Chapter 12: Biotechnology and Its Application
Biotechnological Applications In AgricultureGenetically Engineered InsulinGene TherapyMolecular DiagnosisTransgenic AnimalsEthical Issues
**Chapter 12: Organisms and Populations
Organism And Its EnvironmentMajor Abiotic FactorsResponses To Abiotic FactorsAdaptationsPopulation AttributesPopulation GrowthLife History VariationPopulation InteractionsPredationCompetitionParasitismCommensalismMutualism
**Chapter 13: Ecosystem
Ecosystem – Structure And FunctionProductivityDecompositionEnergy FlowEcological PyramidsEcological SuccessionSuccession Of PlantsNutrient CyclingEcosystem – Carbon CycleEcosystem – Phosphorus CycleEcosystem Services
(Credit to the student's work over the academic session may be given)
4
Investigatory Project and itsProject Record + Viva Voce
5
Total
30
A. List of Experiments 60 Periods
Prepare a temporary mount to observe pollen germination.
Study the plant population density by quadrat method.
Study the plant population frequency by quadrat method.
Prepare a temporary mount of the onion root tip to study mitosis.
Isolate DNA from available plant material such as spinach, green pea seeds, papaya, etc.
B. Careful observation of the following (Spotting)
Flowers adapted to pollination by different agencies (wind, insects, birds).
Pollen germination on stigma through a permanent slide or scanning electron micrograph.
Identification of stages of gamete development, i.e., T.S. of testis and T.S. of ovary through permanent slides (from grasshopper/mice).
Meiosis in onion bud cells or grasshopper testis through permanent slides.
T.S. of blastula through permanent slides (Mammalian).
Mendelian inheritance uses seeds of different colours/sizes of any plant.
Prepared pedigree charts of any one of the genetic traits such as rolling of tongue, blood groups, ear lobes, widow's peak and colourblindness.
Controlled pollination – emasculation, tagging and bagging.
Common disease-causing organisms like Ascaris, Entamoeba, Plasmodium, and any fungus-causing ringworm through permanent slides, models or virtual images. Comment on symptoms of diseases that they cause.
Two plants and two animals (models/virtual images) were found in xeric conditions. Comment upon their morphological adaptations.
Two plants and two animals (models/virtual images) were found in aquatic conditions. Comment upon their morphological adaptations.
Class 12 Accountancy Syllabus 2024-25
CBSE Class 12 Accountancy is a practice through which business transactions are recorded, classified, and reported for the proper and successful running of an organization. The detailed syllabus of **Accountancy class 12 covers every important topic like Accounting for Non-for-Profit Organisations, Partnership, Admission of a Partner, Retirement of a Partner, Issue of Shares, Issue of Debentures, Financial Statements of a Company, Cash Flow Statement, Computerized Accounting of a Company and so on.
CBSE Class 12 Accountancy Detailed Syllabus:
PART – A (ACCOUNTING FOR PARTNERSHIP FIRMS AND COMPANIES)
**Chapter Name
**Topics Covered
**Chapter 1: Accounting for Non-for-Profit Organization
**Chapter 2: Accounting Application of Electronic Spreadsheet
Concept of Electronic Spreadsheet Features offered by Electronic Spreadsheet Application in generating accounting information: Bank Reconciliation Statement, Asset Accounting, Loan Repayment of Loan Schedule, and Ratio Analysis Data Representation: Graphs, Charts, and Diagrams
**Chapter 3: Using a Computerised Accounting System
Steps in the installation of CAS, codification and Hierarchy of account heads, creation of accounts Data: Entry, Validation and Verification Adjusting Entries, Preparation of Balance Sheet, Profit and Loss Account with Opening and Closing Entries Need and Security features of the system
Class 12 Business Studies Syllabus 2024-25
Business Studies for Class 12 CBSE is a study of how to control and manage an organization effectively and efficiently. The detailed syllabus of **Class 12 Business Studies covers every important topic, like Functions of Management, Principles of Management, Marketing, Stock Exchange, Training, Recruiting, Planning, and many more.
CBSE Class 12 Business Studies detailed Syllabus:
Part A: Principles and Functions of Management
**Unit Name
**Topics Covered
**Chapter 1: Nature and Significance of Management
Revision of Python topics covered in Class XI.Functions: types of function (built-in functions, functions defined in module, user-defined functions), creating user-defined function, arguments and parameters, default parameters, positional parameters, function returning value(s), flow of execution, scope of a variable (global scope, local scope)Introduction to files, types of files (Text file, Binary file, CSV file), relative and absolute pathsText file: opening a text file, text file open modes (r, r+, w, w+, a, a+), closing a text file, opening a file using with clause, writing/appending data to a text file using write() and write lines(), reading from a text file using read(), readline() and readlines(), seek and tell methods, manipulation of data in a text fileBinary file: basic operations on a binary file: open using file open modes (rb, rb+, wb, wb+, ab, ab+), close a binary file, import pickle module, dump() and load() method, read, write/create, search, append and update operations in a binary fileCSV file: import csv module, open / close csv file, write into a csv file using csv.writer() and read from a csv file using csv.reader( )Data Structure: Stack, operations on stack (push & pop), implementation of stack using list.
2. A stub program with Python SQL connectivity must be provided with blanks (4 blanks) to be filled by the student with the desired SQL query.
4
2
Report file: (i) Minimum 15 Python programs.(ii) SQL Queries – Minimum 5 sets using one table / two tables.(iii) Minimum 4 programs based on Python – SQL connectivity
7
3
Project (using concepts learnt in Classes 11 and 12)
8
4
Viva voce
3
Suggested Practical List:
**Python Programming
Read a text file line by line and display each word separated by a #.Read a text file and display the number of vowels/consonants/uppercase/lowercase characters in the file.Remove all the lines that contain the character 'a' in a file and write it to another file.Create a binary file with the name and roll number. Search for a given roll number and display the name, if not found display an appropriate message.Create a binary file with roll number, name and marks. Input a roll number and update the marks.Write a random number generator that generates random numbers between 1 and 6 (simulates a dice).Write a Python program to implement a stack using the list.Create a CSV file by entering user-id and password, and read and search the password for the given user id.
**Database Management
Implements the following SQL commands on the student table:ALTER table to add new attributes/modify data type/drop attributeUPDATE table to modify dataORDER By to display data in ascending/descending order o DELETE to remove tuple(s)GROUP BY and find the min, max, sum, count and averageA similar exercise may be framed for other cases.Integrate SQL with Python by importing suitable modules.
Suggested Reading Material for Computer ScienceNCERT Textbook for COMPUTER SCIENCE (Class XII)Support Materials on the CBSE website.
**At Last, Make Computer Science Projects.
Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2024-25
CBSE Class 12 Economics Detailed Syllabus:
Macroeconomics deals with the study of the national economy as a whole. The notes of **Class 12 Macroeconomics contain six chapters covering important topics, like National Income, Circular Flow of Income, Balance of Payment, Government Budget, and many more.
Economic Development is a wider concept than economic growth and deals with the programs, activities, and policies that aim at improving the economic well-being and quality of life of a country. The notes of Class 12 Indian Economic Development contain 10 chapters covering important topics, like World Trade Organisation, Economic Reforms, Agriculture, Industrial Sector, Sustainable Environment, GDP, Employment, Rural Development, Human Capital and Human Development, Unemployment, Liberalization, Privatisation, Globalisation, and many more.
Part B: Indian Economic Development
**Unit 6: Development Experience (1947-90) and Economic Reforms since 1991
Comparative Development Experiences of India and its Neighbours: Introduction Comparative Development Experiences of India and its Neighbours: Demographic Indicators
Class 12 Geography Syllabus 2024-25
CBSE Class 12 Geography Detailed Syllabus
Part A: Fundamentals of Human Geography (90 Periods)
**Unit Name
**Topics Covered
**Unit 1: Human Geography: Nature and Scope (07 Periods)
The Naturalisation of Humans and Humanisation of NatureHuman Geography through the Corridors of TimeFields and Sub-fields of Human Geography
**Unit 2: People (20 Periods)
The World Population- distribution, density and GrowthPopulation change – Components of population change, Demographic TransitionHuman development – concept; selected indicators, international comparisons
**Unit 3: Human Activities (32 Periods)
Primary activities – concept and changing trends; gathering, pastoral, mining, subsistence agriculture, modern agriculture; people engaged in agricultural and allied activities – some examples from selected countriesSecondary activities- concept; manufacturing: types – household, small scale, large scale; agro-based and mineral-based industries;Tertiary activities – concept; trade, transport and tourism; services; people engaged in tertiary activitiesQuaternary activities- concept; people engaged in quaternary activities – a case study from selected countries
**Unit 4: Transport, Communication and Trade (26 Periods)
Land transport – roads, railways; transcontinental railways Water transport- inland waterways; major ocean routesAir transport- Intercontinental air routes Oil and gas pipelinesSatellite communication and cyberspace importance and usage for geographical information; use of GPSInternational trade- bases and changing patterns; ports as gateways of international trade; the role of WTO in international trade
Map Work on the identification of features based on 1-5 units on the outline**Physical/Political map of the World (05 Periods)
Part B: India: People and Economy (90 Periods)
**Unit Name
**Topics Covered
**Unit 6: People (15 Periods)
Population: distribution, density and growth; composition of the population – linguistic, religious; sex, rural-urban and occupational-regional variations in the growth of population
**Unit 7: Human Settlements (10 Periods)
Rural settlements – types and distributionUrban settlements – types, distribution and functional classification
**Unit 8: Resources and Development (30 Periods)
Land resources- general land use; agricultural land use; geographical conditions and distribution of major crops (Wheat, Rice, Tea, Coffee, Cotton, Jute, Sugarcane and Rubber); agricultural development and problemsWater resources-availability and utilization irrigation, domestic, industrial and other uses; scarcity of water and conservation methods-rain water harvesting and watershed managementMineral and energy resources- distribution of metallic (Iron ore, Copper, Bauxite, Manganese); non-metallic (Mica, Salt) minerals; conventional (Coal, Petroleum, Natural gas and Hydroelectricity) and non-conventional energy sources (solar, wind, biogas) and conservationPlanning in India- target group area planning (case study); the idea of sustainable development (case study)
**Unit 9: Transport, Communication and International Trade (15 Periods)
Transport and communication-roads, railways, waterways and airways: oil and gas pipelines; Geographical information and communication networksInternational trade- changing pattern of India's foreign trade; seaports and their hinterland and airports
**Unit 10: Geographical Perspective on selected issues and Problems (15 Periods)
Environmental pollution; urban-waste disposalUrbanization, rural-urban migration; problems of slumsLand degradation
**Map work on locating and labelling of features based on the above units on an outline map of India (05 Periods)
Part C: Practical Work in Geography Part II (40 Periods)
**Unit Name
**Topics Covered
**Unit 1: Processing of Data and Thematic Mapping (25 Periods)
Type and Sources of data: Primary, Secondary and other sourcesTabulating and processing of data; calculation of averages, measures of central tendencyRepresentation of data- construction of diagrams: bars, circles and flowchart; thematic maps; construction of dot; choropleth and isopleths maps
**Unit 2: Spatial Information Technology (15 Periods)
Introduction to GIS; hardware requirements and software modules; data formats; raster and vector data, data input, editing and topology building; data analysis; overlay and buffer.
Class 12 History Syllabus 2024-25
CBSE Class 12 History Detailed Syllabus:
PART – I
**Unit Name
**Topics Covered
**Chapter 1: Bricks, Beads and Bones: The Harappan Civilization
Broad overview: Early urban centresStory of discovery: Harappan civilizationExcerpt: Archaeological report on a major siteDiscussion: How it has been utilized by archaeologists/ historians
**Chapter 2: Kings, Farmers and Towns: Early States and Economies
Broad overview: Political and economic History from the Mauryan to the Gupta periodStory of discovery: Inscriptions and the Decipherment of the script. Shifts in the Understanding of political and economic history. Excerpt: Ashokan inscription and Gupta period land grant Discussion: Interpretation of inscriptions by historians.
**Chapter 3: Kinship, Caste And Class: Early Societies
Broad overview Social Histories: Using the Mahabharata Issues in social history, including caste, class, kinship and genderStory of discovery: Transmission and publications of the Mahabharat Excerpt: from the Mahabharata, illustrating how it has been used by historians. Discussion: Other sources for reconstructing social history.
**Chapter 4: Thinkers, Bliefes and Buildings: Cultural Developments
Broad overviewA History of Buddhism: Sanchi Stupa A brief review of religious histories of Vedic religion, Jainism, Vaishnavism, Shaivism (Puranic Hinduism)Focus on BuddhismStory of discovery: Sanchi stupaExcerpt: Reproduction of sculptures from SanchiDiscussion: Ways in which sculpture has been interpreted by historians, and other sources for reconstructing the history of Buddhism.
PART-II
**Unit Name
**Topics Covered
**Chapter 5: Through the Eyes of Travellers: Perceptions of Society
Broad Overview: outlines of social and cultural life as they appear in the traveller's accountStory of their writings: A discussion of where they travelled, what they wrote and for whom they wrote. Excerpts: from Al Biruni, Ibn Battuta, Francois Bernier. Discussion: What these travel accounts can tell us and how they have been interpreted by historians?
**Chapter 6: Bhakti–Sufi Traditions: Changes in Religious Beliefs and Devotional Texts
Broad overview: Outline of religious developments during this period saints.Ideas and practices of the Bhakti-SufiStory of Transmission: How Bhakti-Sufi compositions have been preserved.Excerpt: Extracts from selected Bhakti-Sufi works.Discussion: Ways in which these have been interpreted by historians.
**Chapter 7: An Imperial Capital: Vijayanagara
Broad Over View: New Architecture: HampiOutline of new buildings during Vijayanagar period-temples, forts, irrigation facilities.Relationship between architecture and the political systemStory of Discovery: Account of how Hampi was found.Excerpt: Visuals of buildings at HampiDiscussion: Ways in which historians have analyzed and interpreted these structures.
**Chapter 8: Peasants, Zamindars and the State: Agrarian Society and the Mughal Empire
Broad overview: The Aini-AkbariStructure of agrarian relations in the 16th and 17th centuriesPatterns of change over the periodStory of Discovery: Account of the compilation and translation of Ain I AkbariExcerpt: from the Ain-i-AkbariDiscussion: Ways in which historians have used texts to reconstruct history.
**Chapter 9: Kings and Chronicles: The Mughal Courts
The Mughals and Their EmpireDifferent Chronicles of MughalsThe Paintings of the Mughal PeriodHistorical Text of Mughals: Akbar Nama and the Badshah NamaThe Ideal Kingdom of the Mughal EmpireCapitals and Courts of the MughalsThe Mughal HouseholdThe Officials in Mughal AdministrationJesuit Missionaries in the Mughal CourtAkbar's Quest for Religion
PART-III
**Unit Name
**Topics Covered
**Chapter 10: Colonialism and the Countryside: Exploring Official Archives
Colonialism and Rural Society: Evidence from Official ReportsLife of zamindars, peasants and artisans in the late18th centuryPermanent Settlement, Santhals and PahariasStory of official records: An account of why official Investigations into rural societies were undertaken and the types of records and reports produced. Excerpts: From Fifth ReportDiscussion: What do the official records tell and do not tell, and how they have been used by historians?
**Chapter 11: Rebels and the Raj: 1857 Revolt and its Representations
The events of1857-58 Vision of UnityHow these events were recorded and narrated.Focus: LucknowExcerpts: Pictures of 1857. Extracts from contemporary accounts.Discussion: How the pictures of 1857 shaped British opinion of what had happened.
**Chapter 12: Mahatma Gandhi and the Nationalist Movement: Civil Disobedience and Beyond
The Nationalist Movement 1918 -48 The nature of Gandhian politics and leadership.Focus: Mahatma Gandhi and the three movements and his last days as "finest hours"Excerpts: Reports from English and Indian language newspapers and other contemporary writings.Discussion: How newspapers can be a source of history
**Chapter 13: Framing the Constitution: The Beginning of a New Era
The Making of the Constitution an overviewIndependence and then a new nation-state.The making of the ConstitutionFocus: The Constituent Assembly DebatesExcerpts: from the debatesDiscussion: What do such debates reveal and how they can be analyzed?
Distribution of Ashokan inscriptions:Kushanas, Shakas, Satavahanas, Vakatakas,GuptasCities/towns: Mathura, Kannauj, Puhar, BraghukachchhaPillar inscriptions -Sanchi, Topra, Meerut Pillar and Kaushambi.Kingdom of Cholas, Cheras and Pandyas.
4
Page 43
Important kingdoms and towns:Kushanas, Shakas, Satavahanas, Vakatakas,Guptas.Cities/towns: Mathura, Kanauj, Puhar, Braghukachchha, Shravasti, Rajgir, Vaishali, Varanasi, Vidisha
5
Page 95
Major Buddhist Sites:Nagarjunakonda, Sanchi, Amaravati, Lumbini, Nasik, Bharhut, BodhGaya, Shravasti, Ajanta.
Territories under Babur, Akbar and Aurangzeb:Delhi, Agra, Panipat, Amber, Ajmer, Lahore, Goa.
**Book 3
8
Page 297
Territories/cities under British Control in1857:Punjab, Sindh, Bombay, Madras Fort St. David, Masulipatam, Berar, Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Avadh, Surat, Calcutta, Daccan, Patna, Benaras, Allahabad and Lucknow.
9
Page 305
Main centres of the Revolt of 1857:Delhi, Meerut, Jhansi, Lucknow, Kanpur, Azamgarh, Calcutta, Benaras, Gwalior, Jabalpur, Agra, Avadh.
10
Important centres of the National Movement:Champaran, Kheda, Ahmedabad, Benaras, Amritsar, ChauriChaura, Lahore, Bardoli, Dandi, Bombay (Quit India Resolution), Karachi.
Class 12 Informatics Practices Syllabus 2024-25
CBSE Class 12 Informatics Practices Detailed Syllabus:
Unit Name
Topics Covered
**Unit 1: Data Handling using Pandas
Introduction to Python libraries- Pandas, MatplotlibData structures in Pandas – Series and Data Frames.Series: Creation of Series from – ndarray, dictionary, scalar value; mathematical operations; Head and Tail functions; Selection, Indexing and Slicing.Data Frames: creation – from the dictionary of Series, list of dictionaries, Text/CSV files; display; iteration; Operations on rows and columns: add, select, delete, rename; Head and Tail functions; Indexing using Labels, Boolean IndexingImporting/Exporting Data between CSV files and Data Frames Data VisualizationPurpose of plotting; drawing and saving the following types of plots using Matplotlib – line plot, bar graph, histogramCustomizing plots: adding label, title, and legend in plots.
**Unit 2: Database Query using SQL
Math functions: POWER (), ROUND (), MOD ().Text functions: UCASE ()/UPPER (), LCASE ()/LOWER (), MID ()/SUBSTRING ()/SUBSTR (), LENGTH (), LEFT (), RIGHT (), INSTR (), LTRIM (), RTRIM (), TRIM ().Date Functions: NOW (), DATE (), MONTH (), MONTHNAME (), YEAR (), DAY (), DAYNAME ().Aggregate Functions: MAX (), MIN (), AVG (), SUM (), COUNT (); using COUNT (*).Querying and manipulating data using Group by, Having, and Order by.
**Unit 3: Introduction to Computer Networks
Introduction to networks, Types of network: LAN, MAN, WAN.Network Devices: modem, hub, switch, repeater, router, gatewayNetwork Topologies: Star, Bus, Tree, Mesh.Introduction to Internet, URL, WWW, and its applications- Web, email, Chat, VoIP.Website: Introduction, the difference between a website and a webpage, static vs dynamic web page, web server and hosting of a website.Web Browsers: Introduction, commonly used browsers, browser settings, add-ons and plug-ins, cookies.
**Unit 4: Societal Impacts
Digital footprint, net and communication etiquettes, data protection, intellectual property rights (IPR), plagiarism, licensing and copyright, free and open source software (FOSS), cybercrime and cyber laws, hacking, phishing, cyberbullying, an overview of Indian IT Act.E-waste: hazards and management.Awareness about health concerns related to the usage of technology.
**Project Work
The aim of the class project is to create tangible and useful IT applications. The learner may identify a real-world problem by exploring the environment. e.g. Students can visit shops/business places, communities or other organizations in their localities and enquire about the functioning of the organization, and how data are generated, stored, and managed.The learner can take data stored in CSV or database files and analyze using Python libraries and generate appropriate charts to visualize.If an organization is maintaining data offline, then the learner should create a database using MySQL and store the data in tables. Data can be imported into Pandas for analysis and visualization.Learners can use Python libraries of their choice to develop software for their school or any other social good.Learners should be sensitized to avoid plagiarism and violation of copyright issues while working on projects. Teachers should take the necessary measures for this. Any resources (data, images etc.) used in the project must be suitably referenced.The project can be done individually or in groups of 2 to 3 students. The project should be started by students at least 6 months before the submission deadline.
Class 12 Political Science Syllabus 2024-25
CBSE Class 12 Political Science Detailed Syllabus:
Part A: Contemporary World Politics
**Unit Name
**Topics Covered
**Chapter 1: The End of Bipolarity (22 Periods)
The disintegration of the Soviet UnionUnipolar World, Middle East Crisis – AfghanistanGulf WarDemocratic Politics Democratization – CIS and the 21st Century (Arab Spring).
**Chapter 2: New Centres of Power (18 Periods)
Organizations: European Union, ASEAN, SAARC, BRICS. Nations: Russia, China, Israel, India.
**Chapter 3: Contemporary South Asia (18 Periods)
Conflicts and efforts for Peace and Democratization in South Asia: Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Maldives.
**Chapter 4: United Nations and its Organizations (10 Periods)
Principle Organs, Key Agencies: UNESCO, UNICEF, WHO, ILO, Security Council and the Need for its Expansion.
**Chapter 5:Security in Contemporary World (12 Periods)
Security: Meaning and Types; Terrorism.
**Chapter 6: Environment and Natural Resources (12 Periods)
Environmental Movements, Global Warming Climate ChangeConservation of Natural Resources.
**Chapter 7: Globalization (12 Periods)
Globalization: MeaningManifestationsDebates.
Part B: Politics in India Since Independence
Unit Name
Topics Covered
**Chapter 8: Challenges of Nation-Building (16 Periods)
Nation and Nation Building, Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel and Integration of States, Legacy of Partition: Challenge of Refugee, Resettlement, Kashmir Issue, Nehru's Approach to Nation–Building, Political Conflicts over Language and Linguistic Organization of States.
**Chapter 9: Planned Development (8 Periods)
Changing nature of India's Economic Development, Planning Commission and Five-year Plans, National Development Council, NITI Aayog.
**Chapter 10: India's Foreign Policy (20 Periods)
Principles of Foreign Policy; India's Changing Relations with Other Nations: US, Russia, China, Israel; India's Relations with its Neighbours: Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Myanmar; India's Nuclear Programme.
**Chapter 11: Parties and the Party Systems in India (30 Periods)
Congress System, Bi-party System, Multi-party Coalition System.
**Chapter 12: Democratic Resurgence (30 Periods)
Jai Prakash Narayan and Total Revolution, Ram Manohar Lohia and Socialism, Deendayal Upadhyaya and Integral Humanism, National Emergency, Democratic Upsurges – Participation of the Adults, Backwards and Youth.
**Chapter 12: Regional Aspirations (36Periods)
Rise of Regional Parties, Punjab Crisis, The Kashmir issue, Movements for Autonomy.
**Chapter 13: Indian Politics: Recent Trends and Developments (36 Periods)
Era of Coalitions: National Front, United Front, United Progressive Alliance [UPA] – I & II,National Democratic Alliance [NDA] – I, II, III & IV, Issues of Development and Governance.
Class 12 Psychology Syllabus 2024-25
CBSE Class 12 Psychology detailed Syllabus
Unit Name
Topics Covered
**Chapter 1: Variations in Psychological Attributes
IntroductionIndividual Differences in Human FunctioningAssessment of Psychological AttributesIntelligencePsychometric Theories of Intelligence, Information Processing Theory: Planning, Attention-arousal and Simultaneous successive Model of Intelligence, Triarchic Theory of Intelligence; Theory of Multiple Intelligences.Individual Differences in IntelligenceCulture and IntelligenceEmotional IntelligenceSpecial Abilities: Aptitude: Nature and MeasurementCreativity
**Chapter 2: Self and Personality
IntroductionSelf and PersonalityConcept of SelfCognitive and Behavioural Aspects of SelfCulture and SelfConcept of PersonalityMajor Approaches to the Study of PersonalityType ApproachesTrait ApproachesPsychodynamic Approach and Post-Freudian ApproachesBehavioural ApproachCultural ApproachHumanistic ApproachAssessment of PersonalitySelf-report MeasuresProjective TechniquesBehavioural Analysis
**Chapter 3: Meeting Life Challenges
IntroductionNature, Types and Sources of StressEffects of Stress on Psychological Functioning and HealthStress and HealthGeneral Adaptation SyndromeStress and Immune SystemLifestyleCoping with StressStress Management TechniquesPromoting Positive Health and Well-beingLife SkillsPositive Health
**Chapter 4: Psychological Disorders
IntroductionConcepts of Abnormality and Psychological DisordersHistorical BackgroundClassification of Psychological DisordersFactors Underlying Abnormal BehaviourMajor Psychological DisordersAnxiety DisordersObsessive-Compulsive and Related DisordersTrauma-and Stressor-Related DisordersSomatic Symptoms and Related DisordersDissociative DisordersDepressive DisorderBipolar and Related DisordersSchizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic DisordersNeurodevelopmental DisordersDisruptive, Impulse-Control and Conduct DisordersFeeding and Eating DisordersSubstance-Related and Addictive Disorders
**Chapter 5: Therapeutic Approaches
Nature and Process of PsychotherapyTherapeutic relationshipTypes of TherapiesBehaviour TherapyCognitive TherapyHumanistic-Existential TherapyAlternative TherapiesFactors contributing to healing in psychotherapyEthics in PsychotherapyRehabilitation of the Mentally Ill
**Chapter 6: Attitude and Social Cognition
IntroductionExplaining Social BehaviourNature and Components of AttitudesAttitude Formation and ChangeAttitude FormationAttitude ChangeAttitude-Behaviour RelationshipPrejudice and DiscriminationStrategies for Handling Prejudice
**Chapter 7: Social Influence and Group Processes
IntroductionNature and Formation of GroupsType of GroupsInfluence of Group on Individual BehaviourSocial LoafingGroup Polarisation
**Practical
CBSE Class 12 Sociology Syllabus 2024-25
CBSE Class 12 Sociology Detailed Syllabus
Part-A. INDIAN SOCIETY
Unit Name
Topics Covered
**Unit 1: Introducing Indian Society (0 Periods)
Colonialism, Nationalism, Class and Community (Non-evaluative)
**Unit 2: The Demographic Structure of the Indian Society (10 Periods)
Theories and Concepts in DemographyRural-Urban Linkages and DivisionsPopulation Policy in India
**Unit 3: Social Institutions: Continuity and Change (12 Periods)
Caste and the Caste SystemTribal CommunitiesFamily and Kinship
**Unit 5: Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion (18 Periods)
Social Inequality and Social ExclusionSystems Justifying and Perpetuating Inequality – Caste, Tribe, the Other Backward ClassesAdivasi StrugglesThe Struggle for Women's Equality and RightsThe Struggles of the Differently Abled
**Unit 6: The Challenges of Cultural Diversity (22 Periods)
Cultural communities and the nation-stateRegionalism in the Indian ContextThe Nation-state and religion-related issues and identitiesCommunalism, secularism and the nation-stateState and Civil Society
**Unit 7 Suggestions for Project Work (10 Periods)
Social Reform MovementsDifferent Kinds of Social Change: Sanskritisation, Westernization, Modernization, Secularization
**Unit 11: Change and Development in Rural Society (10 Periods)
Agrarian Structure: Caste & Class in Rural IndiaLand Reforms, Green Revolution and Emerging Agrarian SocietyGreen Revolution and its social consequencesTransformation in Rural SocietyCirculation of labourGlobalization, Liberalization and Rural Society
**Unit 12: Change and Development in Industrial Society (12 Periods)
From Planned Industrialization to LiberalizationCHow people find JobsWork Processes: How work is carried out, working conditions, home-based work, Strikes and Unions
**Unit 15: Social Movements (18 Periods)
Concept of Social MovementsTheories and Classification of Social MovementsEnvironmental MovementsClass-Based Movements: Workers, PeasantsCaste-Based Movements: Dalit Movement, Backward Class/Castes, Trends in Upper Caste ResponsesTribal MovementsWomen's Movements in Independent India
